高考语法(归纳)

第一节课

知识点

1,主干和枝叶

2,主从句关系

3,定从

4,习题

1，主干和枝叶

主干，

主

谓

宾

枝叶，

定

状

（补）

原理1,转换原理________________________________________________________________

2，主从句关系

从句本质，_________________________________________________

例如：1)我所需要的是您的帮助。

____________________________________

2)住在我隔壁的那个男士是个作家。

____________________________________

3)当他进来的时候，我正在洗澡。

____________________________________

3，定语从句

1)定义，_________________________________________________________________

2)本质，_________________________________________________________________

eg : God help those who help themselves .

Don’t expect people to do things which you would not do yourself.

October 1, 1999 was the day when People’s Republic of China was founded.

3)种类 ____________________________________________

He has two sons who work in the same company.

He has two sons , who work in the same company.

4),两个重要词

先行词，①词 ____________________

②短语 ____________________

③句子 ____________________

关系词，① _________________________

② _________________________

5），that 与which 的用法比较

用that 不用which 的5种情况；

① ________________________________________

② ________________________________________

③ ________________________________________

④ ________________________________________

⑤ ________________________________________

用which 不用that 的2种情况；

① ________________________________________

② ________________________________________

6),关系代词who , whom , whose 的用法

Luxun , _________ real name is Zhou Shuren , wrote many political novels and essays.

The man _______ you met just now is my old friend .

The man _________ is walking on the playground is my old friend.

7),关系代词和关系副词的比较

Do you still remember the days that / which we spent in Qingdao?

Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?

8),定从做题步骤

① ___________________________

② ___________________________

9),关系代词as 引导的定从

引导限制性定语从句常用下列句式，

such + 名词 + as 像…一样的

the same + 名词 + as 和…同样的

例如, We have found materials as are used in their factory.

He is not the same man as he was.

引导非限制性定语从句

as 与which 的比较

____ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth every month.

=

4,习题

① The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors,

________ are beyond our control.

A most of them

B most of which

C most of what

D most of that

② By serving others , a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself ,

___________ can be very eye-opening and rewarding.

A who

B which

C what

D that

③ We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to

us, _________ we gave some bells and glasses.

A to which

B to whom

C with whom

D with which

④We went though a period _____ communications were very difficult

in the rural areas.

A which

B whose

C in which

D with which

⑤ They will fly to Washington, _______ they plan to stay for two or three days.

A where

B there

C which

D when

⑥ By nine’o clock , all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount

Qomolangma , _________ appeared a rare rainbow soon.

A of which

B in which

C of which

D above which

⑦ All the neighbors admire this family _________ the parents are treating their

child like a friend.

A why

B where

C which

D that

第二节课

知识点

1，名词性从句

2，状语从句

1，名词性从句

1）定义 _______________________________________________________________

2) 本质 _______________________________________________________________

3) 种类 _______________________________________________________________

4) 来由① ____________________________________________________________

② ____________________________________________________________

③ ____________________________________________________________

5),练习

① Can you tell me ___________ (我如何去) get to the railway station ?

② These photographs will show you ________________________(我们村看上去时什么样

子的).

③_______ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural

differences from one aspect.

A What

B That

C This

D Which

④ ________ the Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is known to us all.

A Which

B Whenever

C What

D When

⑤ It’s still a complete mystery _________ caused the accident.

A what

B that

C how

D where

6) 名词性从句的几个难点，

① wh-ever 与no matter wh-的用法区别,

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________ Whatever I said , he wouldn’t listen to me .

= No matter what I said , he wouldn’t listen to me .

② that 引导的同位语从句与关系代词that引导的定语从句

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

The news that our football team won the match was encouraging .

The news that we heard was not true.

7) 历年真题

①When asked _______ they needed most ,the kids said they wanted to feel important

and loved.

A what

B why

C whom

D which

②Having checked all the doors were closed, and ___ all the lights were off, the

boy opened the door to his bedroom.

A why

B that

C when

D where

③With his work completed , the businessman stepped back to his seat , feeling pleased

_____ he was a man of action.

A which

B that

C what

D how

④I was surprised by his words , which made me recognize ____ silly

mistakes I had made.

A what

B that

C how

D which

⑤)I think father would like to know ______ I have been up to so far, so I decide

to send him a quick note.

A which

B why

C what

D how

2 状语从句

1）定义 _______________________________________________________________

2）种类 _______________________________________________________________

分别简述

时间状语从句

1），when , while和as

when ______________________________________________________________

When I lived here , I used to go to the seashore on Sundays .

while ______________________________________________________________

Please do not talk so loud While others are working.

as _______________________________________________________________

He hurried home ,looking behind as he went.

As time goes on , it is getting warmer and warmer.

另外：

When 还可以作并列连词，其意义为“在那时，在这时”相当于and at this/that time , We were having a meeting when someone broke in.

此外，when 还可以表示“原因，既然”如：

It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could easily walk there in five minutes.

While 作为并列连词，意为“而，却”，表示对比。

He likes pop music , while I am fond of folk music.

2) 表示“一…就”的短语： as soon as , no sooner … than , hardly … when

It began to rain as soon as I got home.

= ________________________________________________

= ________________________________________________

3) till , until 和not … until

肯定句：主句谓语动词必须是延续性动词，主句，从句都为肯定式，意为“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”

He remained there until she arrived .

否定句：主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动词，从句为肯定式，意为“某动作直到某时间才开始”

He won’t go to bed till/ until she returns .

地点状语从句

引导词 where , wherever

1)We should go where the Party needs us most .

Wherever there is smoke , there is a fire.

2) 注意区分where 引导的定语从句与状语从句。

You’d better make a mark where you have any questions .

You’d better make a mark at the place where you have any questions.

原因状语从句

引导词 ___________________________________________________

①– Why are you absent from the meeting?

-Because I am ill.

② As it is raining , we shall not go to the park.

③ Now that / Since everybody is here, let’s begin our class.

④ It must have rained last night, for it was wet all over.

目的状语从句

引导词 ___________________________________________________

in order that 与so that ,意为：“以便，为了”，引导的状语从句必须要有情态动词，

①I’ll speak slowly so that you can understand me.

②In order that we might see the sunshine ,we started for the peak early.

for fear that ,in case 与lest,这些从属连词引导的目的状语从句谓语动词要用（should+ 动词原形）

①The boy hid himself behind the tree in case / for fear that his father should

see him.

结果状语从句

引导词 ___________________________________________________

so + 形容词/副词 + that 从句

so + 形容词 + a / an + 可数名词单词形式 + that 从句

so + many / much / few / little + 名词 + that 从句

such + a / an+ 形容词 + 可数名词单词形式 + that 从句

such + 形容词 + 可数名词复数形式/ 不可数名词 + that 从句

such + a lot of / lots of + 名词 + that 从句

Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe him.

= _____________________________________________________

= _____________________________________________________

让步状语从句

引导词 ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Child as he is , he knows a lot.

Even if I were busy , I would go.

状语从句的紧缩现象

前提条件__________________________________________________________

eg, She always sings while doing her work.

Unless repaired , the machine is of no use.

补全下列被紧缩的句子；

①Pressure can be reduced when needed.

___________________________________________

②Once seen, it can never be forgotten.

____________________________________________

考察重点

1，根据上下文辨别状语从句的类型并选出相应的连接词。

________ their policy can be changed , the future for that country will be indeed bleak.

A Even if

B Unless

C Now that

D As long as

2,条件状语从句考点为虚拟语气。

3，让步状语从句：词尾为-ever的“wh-疑问词”可以和no matter + “wh-疑问词”换用。4，各类表示比较的结构，

①as…as 结构

He walked as far as the foot of the mountain. __________________

As far as I know, they are coming . _______________

The house was as good as sold. _______________

② more / less …than结构

The child was less hurt than frightened.

= _________________________________________

1) no less A than B 结构 :A和B一样

A whale is no less a mammal than a horse is.

2) no more A than B 结构 :A和B一样不。

One minute too late is no more in time than half an hour is.

③ more than 结构

The consequence was much more than what he imagined .

Her performance was more than good; it was perfect.

Television is more than just an electronics.

④ not so much A as B

Henry is not so much a writer as a reporter.

3) 易错题清单

① The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months ;it be a long time

________ we meet them again.

A after

B before

C since

D when

②They wanted to charge ＄5,000 for the car, ______ we managed to bring the price

down.

A but

B so

C when

D since

③ He transplanted the little tree to the garden ________ it was the best time for

it.

A where

B when

C that

D until

④ The cost of living in Glasgow is among the lowest in Britain, _______ the quality

of life is probably one of the highest.

A since

B when

C as

D while

⑤ We thought we’d be late for the concert, ________ we ended up getting there

ahead of time .

A but

B or

C so

D for

⑥ ______ the Internet is of great help , I don’t think it’s a good idea to spend

too much time on it.

A If

B While

C Because

D As

⑦ Most birds find it safe to sleep in the trees , but ____ they have eggs or young

chicks , they don’t use a nest .

A Why

B how

C unless

D where

⑧ A man can’t smile like a child , ______ a child smiles with his eyes, while

a man smiles with his lips alone.

A so

B but

C and

D for

⑨ Allow children space to voice their opinions, ______they are different from

your own.

A until

B even if

C unless

D as though

第三节

知识点：

1，非谓语

2，独立主格

非谓语

1，定义

_______________________________________________________________________

2，种类

_______________________________________________________________________

3，相关知识准备

1)具有句子结构的知识，分得情简单句，复合句，陈述句与祈使句

2)具有简单句最基本的五种句型的知识，要分得清双宾语和复合宾语

3)熟悉转换原理

4，非谓语动词句法功能

分别阐述

1），分词,不定式作宾补用法要点

i, 感官动词see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice等的宾语有如下情况，当宾语与宾语补足语之间存在逻辑上的主动关系时，需用______________________ 当宾语与宾语补足语之间存在逻辑上的被动关系时，需用______________________ 翻译, ① I heard her sing an English song just now .

_______________________________________________

② I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. _________________________________________________

③ I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her

room yesterday.

练习，用所给的动词的适当形式填空.

①At that moment I saw him _________ (cross) the road.

②I was glad to see the children well ________ (take) care of .

③ A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _________ (smoking)

ii, leave , have后接宾补时的用法

1）leave后接非谓语动词作宾语时，意为“使…处于某种状态”

leave

leave sb .doing sth ____________________________

leave sth. undone ____________________________

leave sb .to do sth ___________________________

leave sth .to be done __________________________

have 表示“使，让，叫”

have sth. done = 使，让某事由别人去作

have sb/sth doing

have sb to do sth使，让，叫某人去做某事

2）不定式，分词作定语用法要点

不定式作定语一般与被修饰的名词由2种关系；

I 动宾关系

I have a letter to write.

I need some paper to write on

I need a pen to write with .

II 主谓关系，且常被only, last, next, 序数词，最高级形容词的名词常用不定式作定语，所修饰的名词与不定式构成逻辑主谓关系.

I don’t think he is the best man to do the job.

The next train to arrive is from New York.

分词作定语本质就是_________________的省略形式.

The houses being built are for the teachers.

The broken glass is Tom’s.

不定式一般被动式to be done,过去分词 done 和现在分词一般被动式being done 作定语的区别，

Have you read the novel written by Dickens?

Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students.

The questions to be discussed at tomorrow’s meeting is a very important one. 练习，

①Do you know the boy ________ (lie) under the big tree?

②If the building project ______ (complete) by the end of this month is delayed,

the construction company will be fined.

3) 不定式，动名词作宾语用法要点

核心考点，部分动词既可跟动名词作宾语，又可跟不定式作宾语，但意义上又区别，要特别注意.

forget remember regret

stop try mean

go on can’t help

4) 不定式，分词作状语用法要点

不定式作状语略

分词作状语，本质就是__________________________.

分词作状语的基本原则有① ______________________

② ______________________

分词作状语的句法功能 _____________________________________________________

例如，

Be careful when / while crossing the street.

Generally speaking, When taken according to the directions , the drug has no side effect.

Having been told many times , he still repeated the same mistakes.

The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students.

① The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent

________ at the end of last March.

A has been launched

B having been launched

C being launched

D to be launched

② ________ this cake , you will need 2 eggs, 175g sugar and 175g flour.

A Having made

B Make

C To make

D Making

③ The old man, _______ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland .

A to work

B working

C to have worked

D having worked

④ The trees _________ in the storm have been moved off the road.

A being blown down

B blown down

C blowing down

D to blow down

⑤ __________ the project as planned , we will have to work two more hours a day.

A Completing

B Complete

C Completed

D To complete

⑥ Susan wanted to be independent of her parents . She tried _____ alone, but she didn’t like it and moved back home .

A living

B to live

C to be living

D having lived

⑦ As the lights turned green, I stood for a moment , not _________ , and asked

myself what I was going to do.

A moved

B moving

C to move

D being moved

⑧“Things _________ never come again!” I could not help talking to myself.

A lost

B losing

C to lose

D have lost

⑨ If you think that treating a woman well means always _______ her permission for

things ,think again.

A gets

B got

C to get

D getting

⑩ I sent you 100 dollars today, the rest ___________ in a year.

A follows

B followed

C to follow

D being followed

第四节课

知识点

1，倒装

2，虚拟

3, 强调

4，祈使句

5，主谓一致

倒装

1）定义 ______________________________________________________________________ 2) 种类 ______________________________________________________________________

部分倒装

1）句首有__________________________________________________________________.

Never will I marry you.

= ____________________________________________________

2) so + 形容词或副词及 to the extent / degree 放在句首，表示程度，句子要倒装. To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire.

3) 在含有___________________________的虚拟语气中，省去if,须倒装.

4) as引导的让步状语从句需倒装

5）only + _________ 置于句首，

Only by working hard can you achieve your goal.

6）在so/ nor / neither 引起的倒装，如前面为肯定句，用so 引导，否定句用nor 或nor 或neither 引导。

练习

1 我从未见过这么糟糕的演出。

2 只有当他说出那个词时，他才意识到他犯了个大错误。

真题

__________ both sides accept

虚拟

1 非真实条件中的虚拟语气

I 三个基本形态

翻译：如果现在我有很多钱,我就自己开一家公司.

_________________________________________

如果你当初不抓紧的话,你就错过了那个大车.

__________________________________________

如果他来的话,我就告诉他实情.

__________________________________________

II 三种特殊的情况:

1) 混合时间的虚拟语句.

如果当初我在学校学了英语,我现在就能读英文小说了.

_________________________________________________

前半句对______________

后半句对______________.

2) 倒装

当条件含有助动词should ,had ,were,可以省略前面的if,把助动词放在句前.

__________________________________________________

3) 含蓄虚拟句

常用的引导词有_____________________________

翻译

We could not succeed without you.

___________________________

But for your help , I could have failed.

___________________________

2 名词性从句中的虚拟语气

核心知识点，熟悉标志词.

常用的有________________________________________________________________

这些标志词用来表示愿望，建议，命令，请求，意志等语气。名词性从句虚拟语气只有一条规律，那就是______________________________________________________

1) 在下列的宾语从句中，从句谓语需用(should) + do 的形式

ask , advise , command , demand , decide , deserve , insist , order, prefer, suggest等

改写句子，

①His father urged that he studies medicine.

②The instructions ask that we not take more than three tablets once.

2) It is + 形容词，过去分词，或特定的名词+ that 从句… 的主语从句

It is requested that all members be present at the meeting.

It is natural that the customs of all national minorities be respected.

It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad.

3 其它虚拟语气

1）在wish 后的宾语从句中，

2) 在if only 感叹句中，

3）as if / as though 从句中

4）在It is (high) time (that) 从句中，

5）在would rather , 从句中，意指某人宁愿让另一个人作某事。

4历年真题练习:

① _________ the website of the Fire Department in your city , and

you will learn a lot about firefighting.

A Having searched

B To search

C Searching

D Search

② We live day by day , but in the great things , the time of days and weeks _________

so small that a day is unimportant .

A is

B are

C has been

D have been

③ As the busiest woman in Norton , she made _________ her duty to look after all

the other people’s affairs in that town.

A this

B that

C one

D it

④ Everyone was on time for the meeting __________ Chris, who is usually ten

minutes late for everything.

A but

B only

C even

D yet

第五节课

知识点

1，情态动词

2，动词的时态和语态

3，词类

情态动词

1)表能力的词有 __________________________________________________________

① I went there in 1984, and that was the only occasion when I ____ the journey

in exactly two days .

A must take

B must have made

C was able to make

D could make

2）表推测(可能性)，这类词常有________________________________________________

3) “情态动词+have done”用法一览

should/ought to have done

must have done

might have done

shouldn’t have done

needn’t have done

can have done

② You _______ Jim anything about it. It was none of your business.

A needn’t have told

B needn’t tell

C mustn’t have told

D mustn’t tell

4) need 既可实义又可情态

作实义动词时，表示____________________

作情态动词时，表示____________________

5) 历年真题

③ You don’t have to know the name of the author to find a book. You _______ find

the book of the title.

A must

B need

C can

D would

④ The biggest problem for most plants , which ______ just get up and run away when

threatened , is that animals like to eat them .

A shan’t

B can’t

C needn’t

D mustn’t

⑤ Some aspects of a pilot’s job _________ be boring, and pilots often ____________

work at inconvenient hours.

A can; have to

B may; can

C have to ;may

D ought to;must

动词的时态和语态

1）时态定义_____________________________________________________

2) 图表种类

3）专业四级8大时态 ___________________________________________________________ 4)时态易混点

一般过去时和现在完成时

He served in the army from 1952 to 1954.

He has served in the army for 5 years.

一般过去时和过去完成时

__________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

过去完成时与现在完成时

She had been ill for a week before she came back.

She has been ill for a week.

5 主动与被动

____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

6 易错题

① - I have got a headache .

-No wonder. You ___________ in front of that computer too long.

A work

B are working

C have been working

D worked

② -Has Sam finished his homework today?

-I have no idea. He ______ it this morning.

A did

B has done

C was doing

D had done

③ Years ago we didn’t know this , but recent science _____ that people who don’

t sleep well soon get ill.

A showed

B has shown

C will show

D is showing

7 做题步骤

1） ___________________

2) ___________________

3) ___________________

8 历年湖南真题

①I called Hannah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn’t get through .Her

brother __________ on the phone all the time!

A was talking

B has been talking

C has talked

D talked

②Do you have any problems if you __________ this job?

-Well. I am thinking the salary…

A offer

B will offer

C are offered

D will be offered

③As the years passed, many occasions – birthdays, awards , graduations- _____ with

Dad’s flowers.

A are marked

B were marked

C have marked

D had marked

④Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School , where

she _________ English for a year.

A studies

B studied

C is studying

D has been studying

⑤I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I _______ to half

a dozen other groups.

A was giving

B am giving

C had given

D have given

⑥In a room above the store , where a party _______ , some workers were busily setting

the table.

A was to be held

B has been held

C will be held

D is being held

3，词类

冠词

1）第一次提到或泛指的,用__________________

第二次提到或特指的,用_________________.

2）通常使用the的情形有：

1 __________________

2__________________

3 __________________

4 ___________________

___________ walk is expected to last a day, so bring _____ packed lunch.

A A ; The

B / ; a

C a; /

D The; a

3）通常不使用冠词的情况是

1) 学科名词前

2) 在以下四个名词前:

man space nature history

例如：人定胜天

_______________________________________.

名词

4个知识点

1名词的分类:

1）专有名词

2) 普通名词：a个体名词__________________

b集合名词___________________

注意：a, b这两种名词常_____

c物质名词先理解物质的概念:_________________

d抽象名词

注意：c, d这两种名词常______

2 名词的数

1) 集合名词的数

a:只能用做复数的________________

b:用做整体和个体都可以._____________________

2) 物质名词

a:物质名词可以度量________________

b:物质名词可以转为或个体名词

例如：这件旧家具______________________________

方法:在名词前加上__________________________.

3. 抽象名词

a:抽象名词不可数,可以度量例如：________________

b:抽象名词具体化,前面加不定冠词

时间time

玩得开心点:have a good time

本意: ______________________

给某人一个惊喜.

3) 名词的格

所有格

1.‘s形式的所有格

2.of所有格

高考重点:双重所在格

例如:a friend of my father’s

4) 注意名词一些小点

I名词修饰名词(中英文有相似之处)

英文：咖啡店：______________

鞋店：_________________

中文：__________________

II 不可数名词的可数化

体现在:work works ________________________

paper papers________________________

III 复合名词变复数:

mother-in-law(岳母/继母) 在mother后面加s即可

组合名词

两个女医生: two women doctors

代词

1.It的用法

1) 形式主语

当主语是________, __________, ____________通常用做形式主语,把真正主语放到句子后面例如：一个巴掌拍不响

______________________

2) 形式宾语

当宾语为_________, _____________, ___________通常用形式宾语

I found it impossible to form a good habit.

______________________

3) 强调结构

It is(was)+….that(who)…必须引起注意

4) it和ont的用法区别

it______________________________________

on_____________________________________

5). It有时可以非确定指代

take it easy

2.that的用法

可以指代前面提到的词语,可以指代不可数名词的复数形式为those

3.总结几组结构

(1) all _________

None ________

not all ________

(2)both _________

either________

neither__________

both of+n, 后接的谓语动词用_______形式

但either与neither of +n, 后接_________形式

(3)any 任何

4.总结

1).another再一个,又一个

确定知道有两个,一个是one,还有一个是the other

三者以上的,一些是some,其他的一些是the others

2).区别other和others

other其它的(小)

others其余的(大)

5.不定代词

注意事项有两点

1).不定代词的修饰语要后置;

__________________________

一些重要的事情

2).不定代词做主语,谓语用单数形式.

万事俱备

Everything is ready.

6 用法区别which 和what

which 哪一个(有范围)

what 什么(没有范围)

历年真题集锦

冠词

①Have you heard of _______ news ? The price of __________ petrol is going up again!

A The; the

B / ; the

C The ; /

D / ; /

②Polar bears live mostly on _______ sea ice , which they use as __________ as _________

platform.

A a; a

B a ; the

C / ; the

D the ; /

③In ________ review of 44 students , American researchers found that men and women who

ate six key foods daily cut the risk of _________ heart disease by 76%.

A a ; the

B the ; a

C a ; /

D / ; a

④I can’t remember when exactly the Robinsons left __________ city. I only

remember it was ___________ Monday.

A the ;the

B a ; the

C a ; a

D the ; a

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