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2017年成人高考专升本生态学基础问答题及答案

2017年成人高考专升本生态学基础问答题及答案
2017年成人高考专升本生态学基础问答题及答案

2017年成人高考专升本生态学基础问

答题及答案(2)

1、常用生命表的主要有哪些类型及各自的特点。

常用生命表主要有以下几种类型:

(1)简单的生命表只是根据各年龄组的存活或死亡数据编制的。

(2)综合生命表与简单生命表不同之处在于增加了描述了各年龄的出生率。

(3)动态生命表是根据对同年出生的所有个体进行存活数动态监察资料编制而成。这类生命表或称为同生群生命表。动态生命表中个体经历了同样的环境条件。

(4)静态生命表,是根据某一特定时间对种群作一年龄结构调查资料编制的。静态生命表中个体出生于不同年(或其他时间单位),经历了不同的环境条件。因此,编制静态生命表等于假定种群所经历的环境是没有变化的,有的学者对静态生命表持怀疑态度,但在难以获得动态生命表数据时,如果将静态生命表应用得法,还是有价值的。

2、写出逻辑斯谛方程,并指出各参数的含义。

dN/dt:rN(1-N/K)=rN(K-N/K)

式中:N表示种群大小;t表示时间;dN/dt表示种群变化率;r表示瞬时增长率;K表示环境容量。

或写该方程的积分式:Nt=K/l+ea-rt

式中:e表示自然对数的底;a表示曲线对原点的相对位置

3、自然种群的数量变动包括哪些类型?

(1)季节消长 (2)不规则波动 (3)周期性波动 (4)种群爆发或大发生

(5)种群平衡 (6)种群的衰落与灭亡 (7)生态入侵

4、动物的领域性及决定领域面积的规律。

领域性是指由个体、家庭或其他社群单位所占据的空间,并积极保卫不让同种其他成员侵入,以鸣叫、气味标志或特异的姿势向入侵者宣告具领主的领域范围;以威胁或直接进攻驱赶入侵者等的行为。决定领域面积的几条规律:

(1)领域面积随领域占有者的体重而扩大。

(2)食肉性种类的领域面积较同样体重的食草性种类大,并且体重越大,这种差别也越大。

(3)领域行为和面积往往随生活史周期性变化,尤其是繁殖节律而变化。例如,鸟类一般在营巢期中领域行为表现烈,面积也大。

5、种群出生率和死亡率可区分为哪几种类型?

种群出生率是描述任何生物种群产生新个体的能力或速率。出生率还可分为下列几种:

(1)绝对出生率是指单位时间内新个体增加的数目。

(2)专有出生率是指每个个体的绝对出生率。

(3)出生率是指种群处于理想条件下(无任何生态因子的限制作用,生殖只受生理因素所限)的出生率。

(4)实际出生率是在特定环境条件下种群实际的出生率,亦称生态出生率。

死亡率可以用单位时间内死亡个体数表示;也可以用死亡的个体数与开始时种群个体数之比来表示。死亡率亦可区分为以下几种:

(1)最低死亡率是指在最适环境条件下测得的死亡率,种群中的个体都是由于活到了生理寿命才死亡的。

(2)实际死亡率是在某特定条件下的死亡率,它随种群状况和环境条件的改变而改变,亦称生态死亡率。

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