语言学练习Exercise 5

E111 1125110312 张翩翩

Exercise 5

I. State whether each of the following statements is True or False. (30 points)

F 1. A grammatical sentence is also meaningful.

F 2. Some words are always superordinates while some others are always

hyponyms.

F 3. Synonyms are those words that can be used interchangeably in all contexts.

F 4. Antonyms have opposite meanings.

F 5. All English words have their referents.

T 6. The principle of compositionality refers to the idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.

T 7. One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.

F 8. In the classic semantic triangle, the symbol is directly related to the referent.

T 9. The superordinate term is more inclusive in meaning than its hyponyms.

T 10. To understand a sentence, we need knowledge about its syntactic structure and the meanings of the words used in it.

II. Give the respective antonym for each of the following words and then tell to which category they belong. (32 points)

1. boy – ( girl ) ( complementary antonymy )

2. wide – (narrow) (gradable antonymy)

3. lengthy –(brief ) (gradable antonymy)

4. thin – ( thick) (gradable antonymy )

5. dead – (alive ) (complementary antonymy)

6. interviewer – (interviewee ) (converse antonymy)

7. sell – (buy) (converse antonymy)

8. teacher – (student ) (converse antonymy)

III. Study the following pairs of words. What is the sense relation between these pairs of words? (18 points)

(1) shallow / deep ( antonymy ) (2) mature / ripe ( synonymy)

(3) lift / elevator (synonymy ) (4) table / furniture ( hyponymy)

(5) single / married (antonymy ) (6) move / run ( hyponymy)

IV. The noun “length”refers to the general dimension in which the adjectives “long”and “short”describe regions. Find such abstract nouns for the following pairs of adjectives. (20 points)

(1) tall: short (height ) (2) ) fast: slow (speed ) (3) heavy: light ( weight )

(4) far: near (distance ) (5) old: young ( age )

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《语言学概论》练习 一、名词解释： 1、语言学：语言学是研究语言的科学，研究语言的性质、功能、结构，揭示语言的发展规律的科学。 2、语言：语言是语音和语义结合的符号系统，是人类社会最重要的交际工具，是一种特殊的社会现象，是人类思维的最有效的工具。 3、符号：符号是用于传递信息、指代事物或思想的标记。 4、组合关系：组合关系就是两个同一性质的结构单位（如音位与音位、词与词等等）按照线性的顺序组合起来的关系。简单地说，就是符号与符号相互组合起来的关系。 5、聚合关系：聚合关系就是语言结构某一位置上能够互相替换的具有某种相同作用的单位（如音位、词）之间的关系，简单说就是符号与符号之间的替换关系。 6、语音：语音是语言符号系统的载体，它是由人的发音器官发出的、负载着一定的语言意义的语言的声音 7、音素从音质的角度划分出来的最小的语音单位。 8、发音部位：发音部位是指发辅音时形成阻碍的器官部位。 9 、音位：音位是指具体语言（或方言）中有区别词的语音形式的作用的最小的语音单位。 10、音位变体：是一个音位的不同变异形式，是音位在特定语音环境中的具体体现或具体代表。 11、区别特征：一个音位之所以区别于别的音位，是因为它具有某种特殊的不同于别的音位的语音特征。这种能区别音位的语音特征叫区别特征。 12、音节：音节是音位与音位组合起来构成的最小的语音结构单位。 13、语法：语法就是用词造句的规则系统，它是词的构成规则、变化规则、组合规则的总和。 14、句子：句子是交际中最基本的表述单位，是交流思想的基本语言单位。 15、词：词是造句的时候能够独立运用的最小单位； 16、语素：语素是最小的语音语义结合体，语言的最小单位； 17、变词语素：没有构词作用，但是能改变一个词的形式的语素，是变词语素，词尾就是变词语素。 18、构词语素：具有构词作用的语素就是构词语素，词根和词缀能参与构词，就是构词语素。 19、单纯词：是由一个词根语素构成的词。例如汉语的“人、手、水、河、啊、琵琶、枇杷、哗啦、坦克”等，英语如man、teach 、book、moon、sun、long 等都是单纯词。 20、合成词：合成词是由两个以上的语素构成的词。 21、复合词：完全由几个词根语素按一定规则构成的词就是复合词。例如汉语的“思想、学习、黄瓜、大豆、胆怯”等，英语的如“snowwhite、makeblieve、earthfall 、friendship 、motherland ”等。 22、语法意义：指相对于词汇意义而言由词的变化所体现出来的意义。 23、形态：也叫做词形变化，指词与词组合时发生的词形变化所形成的聚合。 24、社会方言：社会方言是指社会内部不同年龄、性别、职业、阶级、阶层的人们在语言使用上表现出来的、在全民语言基础上产生的语言变体。

语言学纲要修订版练习题及答案

第一章 一、填空 语言的功能 1、语言的功能包括（社会）功能和（思维）功能。 2、语言的社会功能包括（信息传递）功能和（人际互动）功能。 3、在各种信息传递形式中，语言）是第一性的、最基本的手段。（ 4、人的大脑分左右两个半球，语言功能及计数、推理能力等由（左）半球掌管，音乐感知、立体图形识别等能力由（右）半球制约。 5、儿童语言习得一般经过（独词句）阶段和（双词句）阶段，这是儿童学话的关键两步。二、判断正误（对）1、文字是建立在语言基础之上的再编码形式。（错）2、当说话者陈述一个客观事实时，话语中不具有主观性。（错）3、书刊上的话语不具有人际互动功能。（对）4、抽象思维要以语言为形式依托。（错）5、布洛卡区在大脑的右半球前部。（错） 6、聋哑人不会说话，所以不具有抽象思维的能力。（对） 7、不同语言结构的差异体现出思维方式的不同。（错） 8、汉语名词没有数的变化，所以汉语没有区别单数和多数的概念。三．思考题1、为什么说语言是人类最重要的信息传递的手段？除了语言之外，人们还使用其他的信息传递工具：（1）文字、旗语、红绿灯、电报代码、数学符号、化学公式等辅助性的交际工具（2）体态语等伴随性的副语言交际工具，（3）盲文、手语等类语言交际工具。但这些交际工具或者使用范围的有限，或者运用效率低下，或者使用频率不高，很难与语言这种交际工具相提并论。文字记录语言，打破了语言交际中时间和空间的限制，在社会生活中起着重大的作用，中小学语文教学主要就是教学生识字、阅读、写作。但是，文字在交际中的重要性远不能和语言相比。一个社会可以没有文字，但是不能没有语言；没有语言，社会就不能生存和发展。文字是在语言的基础上产生的，只有几千年的历史。在文字产生以前，语言早已存在，估计有几十万年。今天世界上没有文字的语言比有文字的语言多得多。文字产生以后要随着语言的发展而演变，它始终从属于语言，是一种辅助的交际工具。总之，在上述的种种信息传递工具当中，身势等伴随动作是非语言的交际工具；旗语之类是建立在语言，文字基础之上的辅助性交际工具；文字是建立在语言基础之上的一种最重要的辅助交际工具；语言是人类最重要的信息传递工具。 2、语言的人际互动功能表现在哪些方面？说话者在传递客观经验信息的同时，也在表达着主观的情感、态度和意图，寻求听话者的反馈。而受话者在接收说话者传递的客观经验信息的同时，也了解了说话者的主观情感态度，从而做出回应。这样语言就成为说话者和听话者间交际互动的工具。例如：张三和李四同时在教室看书，张三坐在窗子边的位置，李四坐在中间位置。 A.李四说：“今天气温很低。” B.张三说：“我马上关上。” A、B 的对话表达了一种委婉的请求。李四说“今天气温很低”的目的并不是反映今天的天气，而是向坐在窗户边的张三请求将窗户关上。 3、为什么说思维离不开语言？思维需要语言（1）语言是人类思维的工具，思维活动必须用语言作手段（2）语言是保存思维成果的媒介。思维成果必须依靠语言的巩固才能得以保持。（3）语言可帮助思维逐步深化（4）语言可帮助思维条理化（5）语言可帮助传递思维成果。思维的成果靠语言才能表达出来，使听读者了解。 4、语言思维功能的生理基础是什么，有哪些表现？人类的大脑的左右半球的分工是人类所特有的。人类以外的动物，没有这样的分 2 工,没有专门管语言的“左半球” ，因此它们没有逻辑思维的能力，也掌握不了语言。大脑中人类特有的语言功能区（1）说话中枢，也称布洛卡区，在大脑左半球前部，是19 世纪60 年代，法国神经解剖学家保罗·布洛卡(Paul Broca)发现的。这一区域受到损伤就会得失语症，丧失说话能力，但基本能听懂别人的话。（2）书写中枢，也在大脑左半球前部，靠近布洛卡

部分语言学课后练习答案

II.Give the description of the following sound segments in English. 1. [?] voiceless dental fricative 2. [?]: voiceless postalveolar fricative 3. [?]: velar nasal 4. [d]: voiced alveolar stop 5. [p]: voiceless bilabial stop 6. [k]: voiceless velar stop 7. [l]: alveolar lateral 8. [i]: high front lax unrounded vowel 9. [u:]: high back tense rounded vowel 10. [?]: low back lax rounded vowel III. Give the IPA symbols for the sounds that correspond to the descriptions below. 1.voiceless labiodental fricative: [f] 2.voiced postalveolar fricative: [?] 3.palatal approximant: [j] 4.voiceless glottal fricative: [h] 5.voiceless alveolar stop: [t] 6.high-mid front unrounded vowel: [i] 7.high central rounded vowel: [] 符号里没找到，就是在语音[U]上划一横 8.low front rounded vowel: [?] 9.low-mid back rounded vowel: [?] 10. high back rounded tense vowel: [u:] V. Discuss the following questions. 4) To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ? Phonetics is the branch of linguistics studying the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonology is the study of sound systems that occur in a language and the patterns where they fall in. Minimal pairs, phonemes, allophones, free variation, complementary distribution, etc., are all to be investigated by a phonologist. Both are concerned with the same aspect of language----the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; it focuses on chaos. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. A phonologist studies what he believes are meaningful sounds related with their semantic features, morphological features, and the way they are conceived and printed in the depth of the mind. Phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds which form meaningful utterances, to recognize a foreign “accent”, to make up new words, to add the appropriate phonetic segments to form plurals and past tenses, to know what is and what is not a sound in one?s language. It focuses on order.