大学英语语法 第二十五讲 句式与修辞
第二十五讲
句式与修辞
在英语语言的实际运用中, 不宜总是用“主—谓—表”、“主—谓—宾”等简单句结构。
简单句容量小, 有局限性, 用多了会使句型呆板、单调, 千句一面, 文章乏味, 没有可读性, 因
而也就不能较好地表达思想。要使语言新鲜、生动、富有吸引力, 不断地变换句子结构、句型及表达方式, 是非常必要的, 也是可能的。比如, 同一思想往往可以用简单句、复合句或并列句表达, 可用分词短语表达, 也可用介词短语表达; 可用主动语态表达, 也可用被动语态表达; 可用肯定形式表达, 也可用否定形式表达; 可用直陈语气表达, 也可用虚拟语气表达, 等等。另外, 从修辞学的角度讲, 英语句子有松散句( loose sentence )、尾重句( periodic sentence)和平衡句(balanced sentence )之分。在松散句中, 主要信息或实质部分先出现, 后跟修饰语或补充性细节; 在尾重句中, 主要信息或实质部分出现在句尾或句子后半部分; 在平行句中, 信息同等重要, 句式结构相同, 并驾齐驱, 相互独立。同时, 行文时, 还可使用某些修辞手法, 如明喻、暗喻、夸张、拟人等, 从而更加形象地描写事物, 更加生动地说明事理。
英语句式变化多样, 修辞手法丰富多彩, 我们完全可以根据思想表达的需要, 利用各种
词句表现手法, 安排句子的各种成分, 以达到理想的表达效果。下面对英语的典型句式和
修辞进行综合考察, 通过转换对比, 揭示出英语行文造句的灵活性和多样性。
一、统一性
1 . 从属关系准则
在一个句子中(指复合句) , 如果要表达的是两个或两个以上的思想, 而这些思想同等重
要, 互不依附, 处于并列的地位, 那就要把它们当作并列句处理, 用并列连词( and, but , or 等)连接起来。例如:
His father is a professor and his mother is a musician . 他父亲是一位教授, 母亲是一位
音乐家。
We love peace, but we are not afraid of war . 我们热爱和平, 但是我们并不怕战争。
.. 但是, 如果句子中所表达的两个或两个以上的思想不是同等重要的, 而是一个为主要思想, 其余的为次要的、附属性的思想(用以说明或限定主要思想) , 那就不能把它们当成并
列句处理, 而要用主从复合句或别的结构来处理。主从复合句只能用从属连词( when , where, so, because 等)连接, 不能用并列连词连接。
1)第一原则: 勿将句子中主要思想和次要思想的位置颠倒
The snow stopped when the old man died . (不妥)
The old man died when the snow stopped . (正)雪停的时候, 老人去世了。
The waiters were serving coffee when the ship struck the rock and sank . (不妥)
When the waiters were serving coffee, the ship struck the rock and sank . (正)服务
员上咖啡的时候, 船触礁下沉了。
2)第二原则: 勿在主从复合句中插入并列连词
He came out first in the football match , and which delighted us . (误)
He came out first in the football match , which delighted us . (正)他在足球赛中获得
第一名, 这使我们都很高兴。
I have two brothers, but who are younger than I . (误)
I have two brothers, who are younger than I . (正)我有两个兄弟, 年龄都比我小。
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848 第二十五讲
句式与修辞
3)第三原则: 正确选择连接词
In case she had been ill for a month , she was never absent from school . (误)
Although she had been ill for a month , she was never absent from school . (正)虽然
病了一个月, 但她从来没缺过课。
Because he speaks softly is no proof that he is kind . (误)
That he speaks softly is no proof that he is kind . (正)他说话温柔并不能证明他是善
良的。(主语从句)
2 . 平行结构准则
平行结构准则要求: 同等重要的、并列的句子成分(思想、概念)要用同类的语法形式来表示, 要用并列连词连接。在使用并列连词如and, but , or, neither . . .nor, either . . .or ,
not only . . .but also, both . . .and 等时, 所连接的应该是名词对名词, 副词对副词, 分词对分词, 不定式对不定式, 动词对动词, 句子对句子等等, 而不能把其中一个概念用分词结
构表达, 另外两个概念用不定式或从句表达。
.. 下面两个句子是违反平行结构准则的:
The painting was colour ful, shocking and could not easily be understood .
这个句子中的三个表语(三个概念)具有相同的语法功能, 都是说明主语的, 应该放在相
同的结构中, 都用形容词。可以把could not easily be understood 改为hard to understand。We saw Tom walking towards the river, taking o f f his clothes and to plunge into the
water .
这个句子中的三个宾语补足语表示三个平行的概念, 三个并列的动作, 即“走到河边, 脱
下衣服, 跳入水中”。因此, 应该用相同的语法结构表示, 都用现在分词短语。可以把to plunge 改为plunging。
.. 我们知道, 在不影响句意明晰的情况下, 句中相同的介词、代词、冠词等可以省略, 但如果
省略后会造成意思上的混乱或不合逻辑, 则不可省略。例如:
The woman denied that she had got into the shop at night and she had taken the ring .
因为第二个宾语从句前没有连词that , 全句的句意就是“那个妇女否认曾在夜晚进入该店, 然后偷了戒指。”
The woman denied that she had got into the shop at night and that she had taken the
ring . (正)
The woman denied that she had got into the shop at night and taken the ring . (正)
.. 考察下面两句:
In the picture she saw a doctor , solider and teacher . (一人还是三人?)
The dog is more of a danger to the strangers than the local residents . (歧义)
1)名词平行结构
The patient..s symptoms were f ever, dizziness, and his head hurt . (误)
The patient..s symptoms were f ever, dizziness, and headache . (正)病人的症状是发
烧、头晕、头痛。
The speaker called attention to the beginning and how it ended . (误)
The speaker called attention to the beginning and end of the movement . (正)演讲者
要人们注意这场运动的起始及其终结。
Studies serve for delight, for ornament , and for being able . (误)
Studies serve for delight , for ornament , and for ability . (正)读书能够带来愉悦, 使
人高雅、聪慧。
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
849 一、统一性
The award was for a combination of scholarship, someone who was a good leader ,
and ability in athletics . (误)
The award was for a combination of scholarship, a good leadership , and ability in athletics . (正)
She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and with uncertain
temper . (误)
She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper . (正)
2)形容词平行结构
Jack was honest, industrious, and he has talent . (误)
Jack was honest, industrious and talented . (正)杰克诚实、勤奋又聪明。
He was sympathetic, tolerant, and people respected him . (误)
He was sympathetic, tolerant, and respected by people . (正)他富有同情心, 胸襟博
大, 受到人民的爱戴。
I value a friend who is sweet, kind, and love . (误)
I value a friend who is sweet, kind, and loving . (正)我看重这样的朋友: 他性情温和,
心地宽厚, 并有爱心。
3)分词平行结构
I am thinking of the future of this country, threatened with the black waters of confusion, threatened with mob government , threatening with what I cannot see . (误)
I am thinking of the future of this country, threatened with the black waters of confusion, threatened with mob government , threatened with what I cannot see . (正)
The boys were running, shouting and to laugh . (误)
The boys were running, shouting and laughing . (正)男孩子们一边跑, 一边笑着、叫着。The old man returned home, disappointed and exhausting . (误)
The old man returned home, disappointed and exhausted . (正)老人回家来了, 筋疲力竭, 非常失望。
4)动名词平行结构
Jane prefers singing to dance . (误)
Jane prefers singing to dancing . (正)珍妮喜欢唱歌胜过跳舞。
Henry..s work is reading books and to write book reviews . (误)
Henry..s work is reading books and writing book reviews . (正)亨利的工作是读读书,
写写书评。
5)动词不定式平行结构
To know what is good and doing what is right is not the same thing . (误)
To know what is good and to do what is right is not the same thing . (正)知道什么
是好的和实际做得好是不同的。
He told us to look at the picture and that we should tell him what we f ound . (误)
He told us to look at the picture and to tell him what we found . (正)他让我们看一
看那张图画, 然后告诉他我们发现了什么。
She likes to knit , to sew and crocheting(用钩针织) . (误)
She likes to knit , to sew, and to crochet . (正)
To finish school and to getting a good job are his ambitions . (误)
To finish school and to get a good job are his ambitions . (正)
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850 第二十五讲
句式与修辞
She came to class prepared to take notes and with some questions to ask . (误)
She came to class prepared to take notes and to ask some questions . (正)
6)副词平行结构
The work is handsome and skill f ully done . (误)
The work is handsomely and skill f ully done . (正)这工作做得漂亮, 有水平。
7)介词短语平行结构
The room is fifteen feet in length and thir teen feet wide . (误)
The room is fifteen feet in length and thir teen feet in width . (正)这个房间长15 英
尺, 宽13 英尺。
They drove first to the lake, then to the river and finally the ocean . (误)
They drove first to the lake, then to the river and finally to the ocean . (正)
What is written without e f fort is in general read without pleasure .
She defended him when living, amidst the clamors o f his enemies; and praised him when dead, amidst the silence of his f riends .
8)谓语动词平行结构
The man walked up to the garden gate, hesitated and the bell rang . (误)
The man walked up to the garden gate, hesitated and then rang the bell . (正)
At the street corner, she stopped, stood straight and to look at the boy lying on the ground . (误)
At the street corner, she stopped, stood straight and looked at the boy lying on the ground . (正)
9)句子平行结构
A person who is able and the will to do things should be given an important task .
A person who is able and has the will to do things should be given an impor tant task .
一个有能力而又乐意干工作的人应委以重任。
I forgot that the bill was due on Monday and the company would close my account if
it wasn..t paid . (误)
I forgot that the bill was due on Monday and that the company would close my account if it wasn..t paid . (正)
They are looking for a house that has four bedrooms and sitting on a hillside lot . (误) They are looking for a house that has four bedrooms and that sits on a hillside lot . (正) Note: 连接词要放在平行的成分之前。例如:
She either is a painter or a musician . (误)
She is either a painter or a musician . (正)她或是一位画家, 或是一位音乐家。
He saw both the thief and reported it to the police . (误)
He both saw the thief and reported it to the police . (正)他看见了那个小偷, 并报
告了警察。
He is not only well-known in China but also in many other countries . (误)
He is well-known not only in China but also in many other countries . (正)他不仅
在中国有名, 而且在许多别的国家知名度也很高。
.. 考察下面的句子:
The early
A
settlers on the prairie
B
built
C
homes quickly , simply, and were cheap
D
.
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
851 二、连贯性
(D 项有问题)
Harry longed for
A
an
B
increase in
C
salary and to get
D
a longer vacation . (D 项有问题)
二、连贯性
连贯性的要求是: 句子前后之间要有照应、有衔接, 思想的表达应该是有序的、清楚的, 句子
与句子之间的过渡要符合逻辑, 不能造成歧义或矛盾。
1 . 正确使用人称代词
When I came back at midnight , you saw the light in his room was still on . (误)
When I came back at midnight , I saw the light in his room was still on . (正)我午夜
返回时, 看到他房间里的灯还亮着。
Every student must hand in their paper by the end of the term . (误)
Every student must hand in his paper by the end of the term . (正)每个学生在期末都
必须把论文交上来。
The committee are divided in its opinions . (误)
The committee are divided in their opinions . (正)委员们的意见有分歧。
2 . 正确选择视点
在作文时, 文思要连贯, 不可突然从一个视点转到另一个视点。
1)勿突然改变主语和语态
Great changes have taken place in China since the reform was begun in 1979 . (误) Great changes have taken place in China since the reform began in 1979 . (正)自1979 年改革以来, 中国发生了巨大的变化。
She came out successful in the speech contest and an award was received by her . (误) She came out successful in the speech contest and received an award . (正)她在演讲
比赛中取得了好成绩, 获得了一份奖品。
He ran to the station and the train was taken by him . (误)
He ran to the station and took the train . (正)他跑到车站, 乘上了火车。
2)勿在一个句子中突然改变时态
The old professor has worked in the university for over twenty years and publi shes many books . (误)
The old professor has worked in the university for over twenty years and ( has) published many books . (正)这位老教授在这所大学里已经工作了20 多年, 出版了
许多书。
He went to see her and tells her what happened . (误)
He went to see her and told her what happened . (正)他去看了她, 并告诉了她所发
生的事情。
3)勿突然改变语气
英语中有三种语气, 即陈述语气、虚拟语气和祈使语气。在复合句中, 语气应该相同。Come here and you must bring your book with you . (误)
Come here and bring your book with you . (正)到这里来, 并把书带来。
I f I had known that earlier , I told you . (误)
I f I had known that earlier , I would have told you . (正)要是我早点知道那件事, 我
就会告诉你了。
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852 第二十五讲
句式与修辞
3 . 勿用悬垂修饰语
悬垂修饰语指的是与句子中主语不能发生联系的分词、不定式或介词短语等。Having been bitten by a mad dog , the doctor tried to cure the boy with a new kind of medicine . (误)
Having been bitten by a mad dog , the boy was cured by the doctor with a new kind
of medicine . (正)那个男孩被疯狗咬了, 医生用一种新药为他治疗。
To f inish the work on time, some new and e f f ective measures have been taken by them . (误)
To f inish the work on time, they have taken some new and effective measures . (正)
为了按时完成工作, 他们采取了一些新的有效措施。
A f ter graduating f rom college, my father wanted me to pursue my education in the United States . (误)
A f ter I graduated f rom college, my father wanted me to pursue my education in the Untied States . (正)我大学毕业后, 父亲让我去美国继续深造。
4 . 句意要符合逻辑
He was made to study medicine when he was young and he loved music very much . (误) Although he loved music very much, he was made to study medicine when he was young . (正)他虽然很喜欢音乐, 但是年轻的时候却被迫学医了。
The two lovers committing suicide, their parents didn..t agree to their marriage . (误) Because their parents didn..t agree to their marriage, the two lovers committed suicide . (正)由于父母不同意他们的婚事, 这一对恋人自杀了。
5 . 注意修饰语在句中的位置
Wrapped in a piece o f silk cloth , Mother sent her daughter a birthday present . (误) Mother sent her daughter a birthday present , wrapped in a piece of silk cloth . (正)
母亲给女儿寄去了一份生日礼物, 用一块丝布包着。
He merely did it for his own interest . (误)
He did it merely for his own interest . (正)他做那件事纯粹是为了个人利益。
三、简洁性
1 . 文字要简洁
The chairman will give the explanation of the reason for the delay o f it . (差)
The chairman will explain the reason for its delay . (优)主席将要解释推迟的原因。
The factory was close to the point of being at bankruptcy . (差)
The factory was almost bankrupt . (优)这家工厂几乎破产了。
Professor Wang knows a great deal in terms of the condition of the American history . (差) Professor Wang knows a great deal about the American history . (优)王教授对于美国
历史有着渊博的知识。
Helen always behaves in a respect f ul manner towards others . (差)
Helen always behaves respect fully towards others . (优)海伦对人彬彬有礼。
2 . 删除重复的词
The government has decided to improve the living conditions of the people better . (差) The government has decided to improve the living conditions of the people . (优)政府
已经决定改善人民的居住条件。
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
853 四、句式转换与标点
They had suf f icient enough food to last them the whole winter . (差)
They had suf ficient food to last them the whole winter . (优)他们有足够的食物过冬。Whoever want to go he should repor t to the office . (误)
Whoever wants to go should report to the office . (正)谁想去谁就向办公室报告。History, as we know, it is apt to repeat itself . (误)
History, as we know, is apt to repeat itself . (正)我们知道, 历史往往是会重演的。
Jack who wants to call on his friends before he leaves for England . (误)
Jack wants to call on his f riends before he leaves for England . (正)杰克在动身去英
国之前想去看看朋友。
四、句式转换与标点
英语句式丰富多彩, 这就使得不同的句式进行转换成为可能。下面介绍一些常用的句式转换方法。
1 . 从句→分词短语
As he was lying in the grass, he thought of the seaside where he had spent the summer . Lying in the grass, he thought of the seaside where he had spent the summer .
2 . 伴随状语→独立主格
The dog edged toward me threateningly , his head lowered and teeth bared .
Head lowered and teeth bared, the dog edged toward me threateningly .
3 . 从句→不定式短语
He spoke louder so that the audience could hear him clearly .
For the audience to hear him clearly, he spoke louder .
4 . 正常语序→倒装语序
The sense of humour rarely deserted this noble man .
Rarely did the sense of humour desert this noble man .
5 . 从句→形容词短语
As he was tired and hungry, the man was unwilling to move on .
Tired and hungry , the man was unwilling to move on .
6 . 表语从句→主语从句
The most appealing to her was what was in him .
What was in him was the most appealing to her .
7 . 介词短语→主语
The war broke out on the evening o f November 3 .
The evening o f November 3 saw the break of the war . (时间名词作主语, 生动)
There is a beautiful lake in the city .
The city boasts a beautiful lake . (地点名词作主语, 简洁)
She was filled with great happiness at the thought o f seeing him soon .
The thought of seeing him soon filled her heart with great happiness . (动作名词作主语) He was walking alone in the field at dusk .
Dusk found him walking alone in the field . (自然现象名词作主语, 生动)
8 . 形容词→名词
The assemble was very quiet .
A hush fell upon the assembly . 会场一片寂静。(情景名词作主语, 生动)
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854 第二十五讲
句式与修辞
9 . 介词宾语→同源宾语
He expressed his relief with a deep sigh when hearing the news .
He sighed a deep sigh of relie f when hearing the news .
10 . 否定→双重否定
This is really an important question .
This is no unimportant question .
He was very satis f ied in her work .
He was never dissatis f ied in her work .
When I hear the bird..s song, I will think o f the springtime .
I never hear of the bird..s song without thinking of the springtime .
Never do I hear of the bird..s song but will think of the springtime .
11 . 其他结构→系表结构
When he left he was a poor boy, and when he returned he was a famous statesman . He le f t a poor boy and returned a famous statesman .
When Helen and Jane parted, they were good f riends .
Helen and Jane parted good f riends .
The moon was bright when it rose in the east .
The moon rose bright in the east .
12 . 名词→动词
The woman made a motion for the girl to come over .
The woman motioned for the girl to come over .
13 . 副词→名词
Jim looked about the room desperately .
Jim looked about the room with desperation .
14 . 形容词→名词
Her grace f ul movements won outbursts of applause .
The grace of her movements won outbursts of applause .
15 . 形容词→副词
The girl laughed a merry laugh .
The girl laughed merrily .
16 . 动词→名词
The living conditions have greatly improved in the countryside .
Great improvement has been made in the countryside .
17 . 副词→介词短语
Reluctantly, the man handed over his gun .
With reluctance, the man handed over his gun .
18 . 松散句→尾重句
尾重句(Periodic Sentence)是把关键意思或主要部分放在句尾, 形成整句的高潮, 从而达到强调的目的。
松散句(Loose Sentence)是想到哪里说到哪里, 不着重强调或突出哪一部分。
The garden is beautiful . It is situated on a hill . The garden belongs to Helen . The garden appeals to me very much .
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
855 四、句式转换与标点
Helen..s beautiful garden, which is situated on a hill, appeals to me very much .
(强调我喜欢这个花园)
Helen..s garden, which is situated on a hill and appeals to me very much is beauti ful . (强调花园美不胜收)
Helen..s beautiful garden, which appeals to me very much, is situated on a hill .
(强调花园所处的位置)
The beautiful garden , which is situated on a hill and appeals to me very much, belongs to Helen . (强调花园的归属)
It is strange enough that such a woman should have written one of the best books
in the world .
That such a woman should have written one of the best books in the world is
strange enough .
The boy wanted to reach the fruit inside . He t ried to open the car door . He was hungry
. He shook the car angrily and broke its window .
The hungry boy who wanted to reach the fruit inside by opening the car door shook
the car angrily and broke its window . (强调对车子造成的损坏)
The boy, who, in order to reach the fruit inside by opening the car door, shook the
car angrily and broke its window, was hungry . (强调男孩饥肠辘辘)
The hungry boy, who, trying to open the car door , shook the car angrily and broke
its window, wanted to reach the f ruit inside . (强调行为的目的)
The boy, who wanted to reach the fruit inside by opening the car door, was hungry,
so he shook the car angrily and broke its window . (并列句, 结构均衡, 信息同等重要)
19 . 尾重句→松散句
When reason is against a man, he will be against reason .
He will be against reason when reason is against a man .
20 . 标点符号使用中的易错点
1)逗号一般情况下不能用于连接两个独立分句(短而简单的句子有时有例外)
He couldn..t decide upon a new recorder, there were many att ractive models . (误)
He couldn..t decide upon a new recorder, for there were so many attractive models . (正) 2)如果独立分句之间没有and, but , for , or, nor 等并列连词连接, 要用分号
Philip wrote steadily for two hours the results were good . (误)
Philip wrote steadily for two hours; the results were good . (正)
3)插入语一般要用逗号同其他句子成分隔开
There are people I am sure who will say that the water is too cold . (误)
There are people, I am sure, who will say that the water is too cold . (正)
4)短语作同位语时一般要用逗号同其他句子成分隔开
Lee De Forest the inventor of the three-element vacuum tube patented more than 300 other
inventions . (误)
Lee De Forest , the inventor of the three-element vacuum tube, patented more than 300 other inventions . (正)
5)非限制性定语从句要用逗号同其他句子成分隔开
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Who would have thought that the Pulitzer Prize for reporting which is normally given annually
would not have been awarded this year ? (误)
Who would have thought that the Pulitzer Prize for reporting, which is normally given annually, would not have been awarded this year ? (正)
6)在以for example, moreover, for instance, furthermore, never theless , otherwise, that is , besides, therefore, also, accordingly , however , hence, still , consequently, instead, thus
等副词或词组连接的独立分句之间要用分号
Electronics is changing the habits of many people, for example, television viewing is becoming popular throughout the world . (误)
Electronics is changing the habits of many people; for example, television viewing is becoming popular throughout the world . (正)
7)冒号用在一系列同位语成分之前, 也用在as follows, the following 之后
The workers unlocked the cabin and carried in our furniture , a couch, four chairs,
a table, and two beds . (误)
The workers unlocked the cabin and carried in our furniture : a couch, four chairs, a
table, and two beds . (正)
8)在like, including, such as 以及be 动词后不用冒号
The three soups we tried were: bird..s nest , sweet and sour, and shark..s f in . (误)
The three soups we tried were bird..s nest , sweet and sour , and shark..s f in . (正)
9)分词短语、不定式短语、独立分词结构在句首作状语时, 一般要用逗号同其他成分隔开Not having enough hands they stopped the work half way . (误)
Not having enough hands , they stopped the work half way . (正)
10)状语从句位于句首或句中时, 一般要用逗号同其他成分隔开
When you have f inished reading will you help me with my lessons ? (误)
When you have f inished reading , will you help me with my lessons ? (正)
11)破折号常用于解释、说明、补充信息, 而逗号则不可
In the whole world there is only one person he really admires, himsel f . (误)
In the whole world there is only one person he really admires himself . (正)
12)句中when 有时相当于and then, 具有并列连词的功能, 这种用法的when 前应有逗号We were about to start when it began to rain . (不妥)
We were about to start , when it began to rain . (正)
13)应正确使用连字符
A group of f ive- foot soldiers marched towards the building . (含糊)
A group of f ive foot soldiers marched towards the building . (清晰)
A group of f ive foot-soldiers marched towards the building . (清晰)
.. five-foot 意为“五英尺”, foot-soldiers 意为“步兵”。
14)注意勿使标点引起歧义
Only a small part of his records, lectures, and speeches were destroyed by the fire . (正)
他只有一小部分录音带、授课稿和演说稿被火烧掉了。(烧掉了三样东西)
Only a small part of his records, lectures and speeches,were destroyed by the fire . (正)他
只有一小部分录音带———授课和演说的记录———被火烧掉了。(烧掉了一样东西)
五、修辞格
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857 五、修辞格
修辞格( figures of speech)指各种修辞方式, 如对偶、拟人等, 运用得当, 可使语言表达得鲜明而生动。现把英语主要修辞格介绍如下。
1 . 明喻(Simile)
明喻是直接把一物同某种与其具有同一性质或特点的另一物相比较, 常用比喻词有as , like, seem, like, as though 等。例如:
The moon is like a silver coin . 月亮就像一枚银币。
Childhood is like a swi f tly passing dream . 童年犹如一场短暂的梦。
Habit is easy to form but hard to break .
Habit may be likened to a cable: every day we weave a thread, and soon we cannot break it .
Good nature is very important in one..s life .
Good nature is the most precious gift of heaven, spreading itsel f like oil over the troubled sea of thought , and keeping the mind smooth and equable in the roughest weather .
2 . 暗喻(Metaphor)
暗喻是间接地把一物同与其具有某种相似点的另一物相比较, 不用比喻词。例如:
The road of li f e has many turns .
How noiseless falls the f oot o f time . That only treads on flowers !
Kindness plays a very important role in people..s relationship .
Kindness is the golden chain by which society is bound .
3 . 拟人(Personification)
拟人是把非人的事物当作人来写, 把人的特点赋予事物或某种抽象概念, 用本来只适用
于人的名词、形容词、动词来描写事物, 使其具有人的某些属性。例如:
The hungry f lames tore up the buildings faster than anything I had seen !
She watched the moon shining on the lake .
She watched the moonlight dancing on the lake .
The gentle breeze was blowing .
The gentle breeze caressed my cheeks and soothed my anger .
The ancient tower stood there and all day the sea rose and fell .
The ancient tower spoke to her of the disaster, and all day the sea-waves sobbed with sorrow .
The dog laughed and said“, Don..t deceive me that way .”
The treacherous fox broke his promise and ran away .
In such a society , f reedom blushes for shame .
Justice was forced to rise up under such heavy pressure .
The autumn wind is sighing .
4 . 夸张(Hyperbole)
夸张就是故意夸大事实, 给人以深刻的印象, 起强调作用。例如:
I will love you forever .
I will love you until the sky falls and the sea runs dry .
Thank you a thousand .
I..ll be damned if I will !
The waves were mountain high . 海浪山一样高。
.. 夸张常与暗喻连在一起, 如: flood of tears, heaps of time, a sea of faces, oceans of troubles
。
5 . 委婉语(Euphemism)
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委婉语即使用婉词来避免提及刺耳或不愉快的东西。例如:
die→pass away, go west , breathe one..s last , decease
kill→finish , make away with, put away, remove, settle
tell a lie→distor t the truth, misrepresent the facts
mad→insane
foolish→unwise
pregnant→in the family way
6 . 反语( Irony)
反语即讲反话, 故意使用同本意相反的说法。例如:
You..ve got us into a nice mess !
A pretty mess you..ve made of it !
“How unsel f ish you are !”said Hellen angrily .“你好不自私!”海伦愤怒地说。
How great you are to lord it over a small nation ! 你们欺侮一个小国家, 真是太伟大了!
7 . 对偶(Antithesis)
对偶即两个相同或相似的语言结构的对仗或对照。例如:
You..re going; I..m staying .
Unitied we stand, divided we fall . 团结则立, 分裂则亡。
Well begun, half done .
Idle young, needy old .
8 . 转喻(Metonymy)
转喻也叫换喻, 即借用与某物相关或相联的东西代称其物。例如:
The power of pen is mightier than sword . (这里pen 代替intelligence, sword 代替brute force)
The kettle boils . 壶开了。( the kettle = the water in the kettle)
Gray hairs should be respected . (gray hairs = old people)
from the cradle to the grave ( = from babyhood to death)
9 . 间接肯定法(Litotes)
间接肯定法是指用否定的形式来表示肯定的一种修辞方法。例如:
He is no ordinary diplomat . ( = He is a very remarkable diplomat . )
She won..t be sorry when a man like him dies . ( = She will be very glad when he dies . ) He is not without ambition . 他雄心勃勃。( = He is quite ambitious . )
That..s no laughing matter . 那可不是闹着玩的。( = That..s a serious matter . )
10 . 类比(Analogy)
类比就是把两种本质上不同的事物之间的共同点加以比较, 来说明道理, 把抽象的概念
具体化, 把深奥的哲理浅显化。例如:
Judicious praise is to children what the sun is to f lowers . 明智的赞扬对于孩子的作用,
犹如阳光对于花朵的作用一样。
Forests are to nature what the lung is to man . 森林之于大自然, 就像肺之于人一样。
11 . 提喻(Synecdoche)
提喻是以某事物的局部表示整体, 抽象表示具体, 特殊表示一般, 或者反之。例如:
More hands are needed in the work . 这项工作需要更多的人。( hand 是人体的一部分, 代表人)
There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in his character . 他既残暴又狡猾。( tiger 表
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示“残暴”, ape 表示“狡猾”, 是具体表示抽象)
He has five mouths to feed . 他要养活5 口人。(mouth 是人体的一部分, 代表人)
He is her admiration . 他是她崇拜的人。( admiration 表示被崇拜的人,是抽象代表具体) 12 . 拟声(Onomatopoeia)
拟声就是模拟声音, 突出人或物的动作声响, 使之生动, 使人如闻其声, 如临其境。例如:
The stream is murmuring down the hill . 小溪哗哗地流下山去。
Some girls are giggling in the yard . 一些女孩在院子里咯咯地笑着。
Rain drops were pattering on the window . 雨点啪哒啪哒地敲击着窗户。
He heard the twitter of bird..s among the bushes . 他听到树丛中鸟儿的嘁嘁喳喳声。Thump ! A table was overturned ! 哗啦! 桌子推翻了。
“What..s happened ?”he muttered .“怎么回事呀?”他喃喃地问。
Thunder rumbled in the distance . 远处雷声隆隆。
The stone f ell on his head . 石头吧嗒落在他的头上。
My stomach rumbled emptily . 我的肚子饿得咕咕响。
The logs were burning briskly in the fire . 木柴在火中哗哗剥剥地烧得正旺。
A crystal tear-drop plopped down on to the letter . 一颗晶莹的泪珠扑地落在信纸上。Tom f ell asleep almost immediately . 汤姆几乎倒头就呼呼睡了。
All was quiet and still except for the distant tinkling of a piano . 除了远处一架钢琴的叮
当叮当声外, 万籁俱寂。
The kids are crying loudly . 孩子们在哇哇大哭。
Crash ! The door was broken . 轰隆! 门砸开了。
He let the beer gurgle down his throat . 他咕噜咕噜地喝起啤酒。
The low whirr of the spinning wheel spoke to him of the warmth of home and his mother..s love . 嗡嗡的、低沉的纺车声, 传出了家庭的温暖和母亲的抚爱。
He heard them whispering and chattering all the time . 他听见他们吱吱喳喳讲个没完。
13 . 反论(Paradox)
反论是似非而是的说法, 乍听似乎荒唐, 但实际上却有道理。例如:
The child is father to the man . 儿童是成人之父。(从小可以看大。)
More haste, less speed . 欲速则不达。
The faster you try to finish , the longer it takes you . 你越想做得快, 你花费的时间就越多。
14 . 矛盾修饰法(Oxymoron)
矛盾修饰法是指修饰语和被修饰语之间看来似乎是矛盾的, 但实则相反相成。例如:
sour-sweet days 苦涩而甜蜜的岁月
poor rich men 贫穷的富人
creative destruction 创造性的破坏
living death 死一般的活着
15 . 双关(Pun)
双关是巧妙地利用同音异义或同形异义现象, 使同一个词或同一个句子表达两种不同
的含义, 使之含蓄幽默, 一语双关。例如:
We must all hang together , or we shall all hang separately . 我们必须团结在一起, 不然
我们将一个个地被绞死。(利用一词多义, 第1 个hang 表示“团结”, 第2 个hang 表示
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“绞死”)
A:Why is an empty purse always the same ?
B: Because there is never any change in it . (利用一词多义, change 可理解为“变化”或“零钱”)
“Mine is a long tale”( tail) , said the mouse to Alice .老鼠对艾丽丝说“: 我的故事是一个很长的故事”。(或者: 我的尾巴是一个很长的尾巴。) (利用同音双关, tale 与tail 同音) Seven days without water makes one weak (week) . 7 天不喝水使人虚弱。(或者: 没有
水的7 天构成1 周。) (利用同音双关, weak 与week 同音)
A:What makes the tower lean ? ( lean 可表示“倾斜”, 也可表示“瘦的”)
B: It never eats .
A: I would like a book , please .
B: Something light ? ( light 可以表示“轻松的(读物)”, 也可表示重量“轻的”)
A: Well, it doesn..t matter . I have a car with me .
A: I found it out . ( find sth . out 可以表示“查明”, 也可表示“发现..出去了”)
B: But I found it in the room . (这里的found 表示“发现”)
A: Are you engaged ? ( be engaged 可以表示“忙于”, 也可表示“订婚”)
B: Yes . I have been engaged to Mary . (这里的engaged 表示“订婚”)
16 . 转移修饰(Transferred Epithet)
转移修饰就是把通常形容人的词语用到修饰事物上, 或者把通常修饰甲类事物的形容
词转用来修饰乙类, 以产生简洁、新颖、形象的效果。例如:
a wide-eyed answer 睁大着眼睛回答
a helpless smile 无可奈何的微笑
embarrassed delight 既尴尬又高兴
dizzy height 令人晕眩的高度
an icy look 一副冷漠的神色
an amazed silence 一阵惊讶, 默不作声
the unthinking moment 想是想了, 但什么也想不出
isolated ignorance 由于隔绝而不了解
gnawing poverty 令人心酸的贫困
dry humour 冷面幽默
cheer ful wine 使人快乐的酒
17 . 一语双叙(Syllepsis)
一语双叙就是用一个词语同时与两个部分搭配, 含义上一个为字面意义, 一个为比喻意义, 可产生幽默、俏皮等效果。例如:
Yesterday she had a blue heart and coat . ( had a blue hear t 意为“忧郁”, had a coat 意为
“穿着一件大衣”)
He got up early and caught the train and a cold . ( caught the train 意为“赶上了火车”, caught a cold 意为“患了感冒”)
She left in a flood of tears and a car . ( in a flood of tears 意为“痛哭着”, in a car 意为“乘车”)
He picked up his hat and his courage . ( picked up his hat 意为“捡起了帽子”, picked up his courage 意为“鼓起勇气”)
She opened the door and her heart to him . ( opened the door 意为“开门”, opened her
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heart to him 意为“向..吐露了心声”)
He lost his position and his li f e . ( lost his position 意为“失去了职位”, lost his life 意为“丢了命”)
18 . 对照(Contrast)
对照就是把意义相反的字词、短语或句子等平行地排列起来, 在结构上对称, 揭示出事
物间的对立或矛盾。例如:
He is rich in goods but poor in spirit . 他物质丰富, 精神贫乏。
That they sow in tears shall reap in joy . 含泪耕种者将快乐地收获。
There is more danger from a pretended f riend than from an open enemy . 更多的危险来
自伪装的朋友, 而不是来自公开的敌人。
Some people are greedy and sel f ish while others are kindly and generous . 有些人贪婪、自私, 而另一些人善良、慷慨。
19 . 排比(Parallelism)
排比是用一连串内容相关、结构类似的句子成分或句子来表示强调和一层层的深入。
例如:
Studies serve for delight , f or ornament , and f or ability . 读书足以怡情, 足以增彩, 足
以长才。
If you don..t vote, don..t complain . Never be f ore in history have American citizens
held such power in their own hands . Never be fore have they had the opportunity to formulate
such well-inf ormed opinions . Never be fore have they been allowed such vigorous
and unrestrained debate on the issues . Not to vote is to throw away your simplest and most effective means of political influence .
The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labours , had it been early,
had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indi f f erent and cannot enjoy it; till I
am solitary, and cannot impart it; till I am known and do not want it . (本段出自18 世
纪英国文坛巨擘Samuel Jonhson 的名作“Letter to Chesterfield”。文中倾吐了作者历
经7 年, 孤身奋战, 编写第一部英语词典的艰辛和屈辱和愤慨。这段选文运用三个由
till 引导的排比从句, 环环相扣, 层层加深, 步步逼进, 表现了铮铮铁骨。)
20 . 头韵(Alliteration)
头韵指在一组词或一行诗中用相同的字母或声韵开头。例如:
He is all f ire and f ight .
The sun sank slowly .
They have returned home, saf e and sound . 他们已安抵家中。
He was fighting a losing battle with dust and dirt . 他是在打一场一败涂地的败仗。Ideological education is part and parcel of our education programme . 思想教育是我们的教育方案的一个组成部分。
They all worked with might and main . 他们都全力以赴地工作。
测试练习(二十五)
一、选择填空
1 . Sometimes it is more difficult to find qualified men than for our work .
A . get financial support
B . getting financial support
C . to get financial support
D . in getting financial support
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2 . You should come , or even earlier than , them .
A . as early
B . as early than
C . as early as
D . so early as
3 . He is .
A . one of the best , if not the best musician, I know
B . one of the better, if not the best musician, I know
C . one of the best musicians I know, if not the best
D . one of the good, if not the best musician, I know
4 .What one can say and are two different things .
A . what is doing
B . what can one do
C . what one can do
D . what should one do
5 . You can be either for the proposal or .
A . you are against the proposal
B . are against the proposal
C . to be against the proposal
D . against the proposal
6 .We saw the man jumping into the boat and into water .
A . plunging
B . to plunge
C . plunged
D . to be plunging
7 . Either you control them .
A . or to be controlled by them
B . or being cont rolled by them
C . or are you controlled by them
D . or you are controlled by them
8 . The kind-hearted woman both saved the boy and until he graduated from a university .
A . to give him financial support
B . giving him financial support
C . gave him financial support
D . that she gave him financial suppor t
9 . I prefer .
A . to stay at home to go downtown
B . to stay at home to going downtown
C . staying at home than to going downtown
D . staying at home to going downtown
10 . The new law can protect the water from being polluted and .
A . the animals from killing
B . the animals can not be killed
C . the animals from killed
D . the animals being killed
11 . was awarded the Nobel Prize .
A . The poet and the philosopher
B . Poet and philosopher
C . The poet and philosopher
D . Poet and the philosopher
12 . The book was .
A . not only very popular in China but also in many other count ries
B . not very popular only in China but also in many other countries
C . very popular not only in China but also in many other countries
D . not only very popular in China but in many other count ries also
13 . She killed him not because she loved him less but .
A . she loved the country more
B . loved the country more
C . loving the count ry more
D . because she loved the count ry more
14 .We should keep fit , .
A . to study well and to try to do more for the country
B . studying well and try to do more for the country
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C . study well and try to do more for the country
D . study well and trying to do more for the count ry
15 . He advised me .
A . either to give up the job or do it well
B . to either give up the job or to do it well
C . either to give up the job or to do it well
D . that I should give up the job or to do it well
16 . This film is , if not better than , the one we saw last week .
A . so good as
B . as well as
C . as good as
D . as better as
17 .Mr . Johnson was young, enthusiastic, and .
A . having interest in many activities
B . interesting in many activities
C . had interest in many activities
D . interested in many activities
18 . The natural resources in Kentucky include rich soils , mineral deposits, and plentiful plant and animal life .
A . thickly forested
B . forests are thick
C . thick forest
D . are forested thickly
19 . John liked neither the assignment in Fuyang nor .
A . the job in Guoyang
B . to be sent to Guoyang
C . did he like to go to Guoyang
D . in Guoyang
20 . Please buy me dictionary that you may come across during your stay in Beijing .
A . the smaller , more recently published, and less expensive
B . the smaller , most recently published , and less expensive
C . the smallest , most recently published, and less expensive
D . the smallest , most recently published, and least expensive
21 . To get a high score .
A . working hard is needed
B . one must work hard
C . working hard is very important
D . requirement is what is needed
22 . Jane sat in her room studying her lessons while her brothers were outside .
A . play their games
B . played their games
C . playing their games
D . to play their games
23 . Shut up and .
A . have your homework doing
B . do your homework
C . you do your homework
D . to do your homework
24 . The prices have been going up, so that the richer you get , the less rich you are than .
A . what you thought you ought to be
B . that you think you ought to be
C . you think you ought to be
D . what you thought you should be
25 . They decided not to cancel the t rip to some later time .
A . but postpone it
B . but postponing it
新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书
864 第二十五讲
句式与修辞
C . and had it postponing
D . but to postpone it
26 .Mary said she him if she knew where he was at that time .
A . wanted to and would have married
B . wanted marrying and would marry
C . wanted to marry and would have married
D . wanted and would marry
27 . Doctors consider going to bed early to be more healthful .
A . than to stay up late
B . than staying up lately
C . to staying up late
D . than staying up late
28 . The sailors returned twenty days later, .
A . felt ill, tired and unhappy
B . with illness , tired and unhappy
C . feeling ill , tire and unhappy
D . ill , tired and unhappy
29 . No one was .
A . permitted to go near him, let alone succeeded to persuade him out of the decision
B . permitted, let alone succeeded in persuading him out of decision, to go near him
C . permitted to go near him, let alone succeeded in persuading him out of the decision
D . permitting to go near him, let alone succeeding to persuade him out of his decision
二、辨认错误
1 . It
A
is a good idea to be
B
careful in buying or purchasing
C
magazines from sellers who
may
come to your door .
2 .It is hoped that
A
the rate of inflation will continue
B
to be reduced down
C
from its peak of
D
three months ago .
3 .Some international students use
A
a cassette recorder to make
B
tapes of their classes so that
C
they can repeat the lectures again
D
.
4 .She died when
A
she was ninety, not of
B
old age, but that she injured her head
C
when she
fell down a flight of stairs
D
.
5 .Partly
A
because of his influence
B
in politics, Ronald is a man with whom C
you will be glad
to be acquainted with
D
.
6 . Is there anyone among you to whom A
I can turn to
大学英语语法系列讲座--情态动词1
大学英语语法系列讲座 情态动词 中国地质大学（武汉）外语系许峰 情态动词(Modal V erbs)又称为情态助动词(Modal Auxiliaries)。英语中助动词主要有两类：一是基本助动词，如have，do，be等；二是情态助动词，如may，must，need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气，可表达建议、要求、可能、意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。在大学英语考试中，情态动词部分主要重点测试以下内容：情态动词+动词完成式。 情态动词must, should, may(might),ought to, can(could),need, would等都可以与动词完成式连用作谓语，其模式为“modal verb+ have+ v-ed”。这类结构表示对过去所发生动作的推测或判断。但是，不同的情态动词所表示的意思又有所不同。 1.must+have+v-ed和can't/couldn't +have+ v-ed “must+ have+ v-ed”表示对过去事情较有把握的、肯定性的推测，常译为“一定”，“准是”，“肯定”。当must用于推测意义时，其否定形式通常不是must not，而是can/could not。“can't/couldn't + have+ v-ed”表示对过去事情的否定性推测，常译为“决不可能”，“不太可能”。 例1：Since the ditch is full of water, it must have raine d last night.既然水沟里积满了水，可见昨天夜里一定是下过雨了。 例2：—You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, don't you? —No, officer, I couldn't have been. This car can't do more than 80. ——“你刚开车的速度为每小时100英里，不知道吗?” ——“不，警官先生，我不可能开那么快，因为这辆车每小时的速度不可能超过80英里。” 经典考点1：Mary's score on the test is the highest in her class; She have studied very hard.(CET-4，1989年6月) A)may B)should C)must D)ought to 巧解 本题应选C。must have v-ed表示推测过去某事一定发生了；may/might have v-ed 表示推测过去某事也许发生了；should/ought to have v-ed表示“本应该…”，表达的是对过去所发生的事情的一种责备、埋怨、反悔的情绪。C项符合题意。本题句意是：玛丽的考试分数是班上最高的；她一定学习非常用功。 经典考点2：You her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks.(CET-4，1996年1月) A)needn't have seen B)must have seen C)might have seen D)can't have seen 巧解 本题应选D。can't have v-ed表示对过去发生事情的否定推测；D项符题意。needn't+ have v-ed表示过去做了本不必做的事。本题句意是：上星期你不可能在她办公室见到她，她去外地已经两个星期了。 经典考点3：Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.(考研，1991年)
大学英语语法大全_太经典了
大学英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如： I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间 接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给 我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
大学英语语法 第二十四讲 否定
第二十四讲 否定 英语中的否定结构形式多样, 有部分否定、全部否定、几乎否定、双重否定等。在译成 汉语时, 有时要将否定结构译成肯定含义, 有时又要将肯定结构译成否定含义; 有时在英语中否定主语, 可是译成汉语时就转换成否定谓语。诸如此类的现象很多, 值得探讨。 一、常用否定表示法 1. 部分否定 代词或副词如all, both, every, everybody, every day, everyone, many, everything, entirely, altogether, absolutely, wholly, completely, everywhere, always , often 等与not 搭 配使用时, 表示部分否定, 意为“并非都是, 不是每个都是”等。例如: Both of them are not my brothers . 他们两个不全是我的兄弟。 这一句是部分否定, 不可译成“他们两个都不是我的兄弟”。如要表达这个意思, 要说: Neither of them is my brother . All is not gold that glitters . = Not all is gold that glitters . 发光的并非都是黄金。 Every man can not do it . = Not every man can do it . 不是每个人都能做这件事。 I do not remember all these formulas . 这些公式我并非全都记得。 This kind of tree is not found everywhere . 这种树并非哪里都能找到。 Everyone can not answer this question . 并非每个人都能回答这个问题。 The rich are not always happy . 富人未必总是幸福的。 Every couple is not a pair . 成对成双多, 珠联璧合少。( = Not every couple is a pair . ) Not all her work is successful . 并非她所有的工作都是成功的。 Not every child wants to become a film star . 并非所有的孩子都想成为电影明星。 Every man cannot be a writer . 并非每个人都可成为作家。 She is not always excited . 她并非总是兴奋。 I don..t altogether agree with you . 我并不完全同意你。 He is not absolutely wrong . 他并不完全错。 I don..t wholly believe it . 我并不完全相信它。 She is not entirely mistaken . 她并没有完全弄错。 Note: 汉语有句成语:“明修栈道, 暗度陈仓”, 指的是一种虚虚实实、声东击西、使人莫辨真 相的战术, 表现了虚指与实指、形式与实质的不同。说来也巧, 英语语言中的否定结 构也往往具有这种形与实不符的现象, 形式上否定的是A, 但实际意义上否定的却 是B, 等等。这种否定的虚实移位, 往往造成歧义, 须细加辨别。 ①否定主语, 但否定词not 在形式上往往否定谓语, 也就是上文所说的“部分否定”。 全称代词all , both 等作否定句主语时, 都可能产生否定移位, 形式上否定全体, 但 实际上否定部分, 参阅上文。再如: Everybody can not enjoy the music . ( = Not everybody can enjoy the music . )并非 每个人都能欣赏这首曲子。
初二英语语法总结
初二英语语法总结 1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如： When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？ 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如： Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？ 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用 should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如：How should I know? 我怎么知道？ Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点： 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。 3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与 Which...? 1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如：What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于： What does your father do?
大学英语语法直播课第二讲
简单句 谓语动词的变化-时态 So Charles was ahead of the game there, too. （CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) The marketers are also seeing big opportunities. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) 这些以竹为食的动物正面临许多威胁。(CET 4, 2014.12,Translation) The bamboo-eating animals are facing a lot of threats. … the process of urbanization will only accelerate in the decades to come… (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) But the Internet ’ s tremendous impact has only ju st begun. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) The royal environmentalist has been promoting radical ideas for most of his adult life. （CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) 谓语动词的变化-情态- 3 - …we can reduce urbanization ’s impact on the environment. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) 谓语动词的变化-语态 They are only limited by their curiosity and ambition. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) Silicon Valley executives are being shamed into adding women to their boards. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) 谓语动词的变化-否定 Governments don ’ t need informers any more. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) Sports cannot explain these similarities in performance. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section B) 谓语动词的变化-综合 The urbanization wave can ’ t be stopped … (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) 土豪和大妈可能会被收入新版牛津（Oxford）英语词典。(CET 6, 2014.06,Translation) The words tuhao and dama may be included in the new edition of Oxford English Dictionary. 主语宾语表语的变化 名词作主语 Many students entering college have weak skills in mathematics. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) That change is the rapid acceleration of urbanization. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) doing作主语 Finding ways to improve the lives of the remaining 20 percent seems more realistic than trying to restore an imaginary golden age. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) to do作主语
大学英语语法专项练习题
大学英语语法专项练习题 大学英语语法专项练习题 一、时态 1. By the end of April Peter here for three months. A. will have stayed B. will stay C. stays D. has stayed 2. I'm awfully sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply _____ what I did. A. ought to have done B. have to do C. had to do D. must do 3. We ________our breakfast when an old man came to the door. A. just have had B. have just had C. just had D. had just had 4. Ever since the family moved to the suburbs last year, they________ better health. A. could have enjoyed B. had enjoyed C. have been enjoying D. are enjoying 5. I bought a new house last year, but I ______my old house yet, so at the moment I have two houses. A. did not sell B. have not sold C. had not sold D. do not sell 6. I decided to go to the library as soon as I ________. A. finish what I did B. finished what I did C. would finish what I was doing D. finished what I was doing 7. He _________when the bus came to a sudden stop. A. was almost hurt B. was hurt himself C. was to hurt himself D. was hurting himself 8. I suppose that when I come back in ten years' time all those old houses _______down. A. will have been pulled B. will have pulled C. will be pulling D. will be pulled 9. Bob's leg got hurt ________the Purple Mountains. A. while he is climbing up B. while we were climbing up C. while we climbed up D. while he climbed up 10. Pick me up at 8 o'clock. I _______ my bath by then. A. may have B. will be having C. can have had D. will have had 11. If you smoke in a non-smoking section people________. A. will object B. objected C. must object D. have objected 12. By the end of this month, we surely _______ a satisfactory solution to the problem A. have found B. will be finding C. are finding D. will have found 13. We __________to start our own business, but we never had enough money. A. have hope B. hope C. had hoped D. should hope 14. The gray building is where the workers live, and the white one is where the spare parts______ A. are producing B. are produced C. produced D. being produced 15. While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television __________the newspaper completely. A. will replace B. have replaced C. replace D. replaced 16. It's reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory ________by
大学英语语法 第二十五讲 句式与修辞
第二十五讲 句式与修辞 在英语语言的实际运用中, 不宜总是用“主—谓—表”、“主—谓—宾”等简单句结构。 简单句容量小, 有局限性, 用多了会使句型呆板、单调, 千句一面, 文章乏味, 没有可读性, 因 而也就不能较好地表达思想。要使语言新鲜、生动、富有吸引力, 不断地变换句子结构、句型及表达方式, 是非常必要的, 也是可能的。比如, 同一思想往往可以用简单句、复合句或并列句表达, 可用分词短语表达, 也可用介词短语表达; 可用主动语态表达, 也可用被动语态表达; 可用肯定形式表达, 也可用否定形式表达; 可用直陈语气表达, 也可用虚拟语气表达, 等等。另外, 从修辞学的角度讲, 英语句子有松散句( loose sentence )、尾重句( periodic sentence)和平衡句(balanced sentence )之分。在松散句中, 主要信息或实质部分先出现, 后跟修饰语或补充性细节; 在尾重句中, 主要信息或实质部分出现在句尾或句子后半部分; 在平行句中, 信息同等重要, 句式结构相同, 并驾齐驱, 相互独立。同时, 行文时, 还可使用某些修辞手法, 如明喻、暗喻、夸张、拟人等, 从而更加形象地描写事物, 更加生动地说明事理。 英语句式变化多样, 修辞手法丰富多彩, 我们完全可以根据思想表达的需要, 利用各种 词句表现手法, 安排句子的各种成分, 以达到理想的表达效果。下面对英语的典型句式和 修辞进行综合考察, 通过转换对比, 揭示出英语行文造句的灵活性和多样性。 一、统一性 1 . 从属关系准则 在一个句子中(指复合句) , 如果要表达的是两个或两个以上的思想, 而这些思想同等重 要, 互不依附, 处于并列的地位, 那就要把它们当作并列句处理, 用并列连词( and, but , or 等)连接起来。例如: His father is a professor and his mother is a musician . 他父亲是一位教授, 母亲是一位 音乐家。 We love peace, but we are not afraid of war . 我们热爱和平, 但是我们并不怕战争。 .. 但是, 如果句子中所表达的两个或两个以上的思想不是同等重要的, 而是一个为主要思想, 其余的为次要的、附属性的思想(用以说明或限定主要思想) , 那就不能把它们当成并 列句处理, 而要用主从复合句或别的结构来处理。主从复合句只能用从属连词( when , where, so, because 等)连接, 不能用并列连词连接。 1)第一原则: 勿将句子中主要思想和次要思想的位置颠倒 The snow stopped when the old man died . (不妥) The old man died when the snow stopped . (正)雪停的时候, 老人去世了。 The waiters were serving coffee when the ship struck the rock and sank . (不妥) When the waiters were serving coffee, the ship struck the rock and sank . (正)服务 员上咖啡的时候, 船触礁下沉了。 2)第二原则: 勿在主从复合句中插入并列连词 He came out first in the football match , and which delighted us . (误) He came out first in the football match , which delighted us . (正)他在足球赛中获得 第一名, 这使我们都很高兴。 I have two brothers, but who are younger than I . (误) I have two brothers, who are younger than I . (正)我有两个兄弟, 年龄都比我小。
大学英语语法及练习
大学英语语法及练习 Last updated at 10:00 am on 25th December 2020
大学英语语法及练习 第一讲虚拟语气 I. 考点分析：分四级语法复习 虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。 虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考查历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有： 1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主从句的动词形式十分重要，因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类型列表归纳并进行对比，以便于同学们记忆掌握。
2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。 例如：If I were invited, I would come. If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things. 3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。
例如： Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad. Could I do it, I would surely do it. Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办） 4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时） 又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)； If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在) 5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如： I would have written the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.); A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.) 6. 注意介词短语 without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。
语法大纲
《英语语法》教学大纲 一、课程性质、地位与任务： 语法是语言的组织规则和结构形式，是结合语音文字系统和语义系统的枢纽。它是社会实际语言现象的科学概括。本专业的语法课程要帮助学生系统了解实用英语的语法规则和结构形式，以便能准确掌握英语语言，并用以指导英语语言实践，提高对语言的分析理解能力，有效提高英语实际应用能力。 二、课程的基本要求： 语法课程要传授知识,同时也要服务于培养语言素质和应用能力这个总目标。学习研究语法要着眼语言的社会实践运用，理论联系实际；了解当前语法也要适当了解语言的发展变化；精讲配合多练，从而让学生打好语言基础，提高语言素质。 三、本课程与其他课程的联系： 它是基础阅读课（精读、泛读）的基础，使学生通过大量的联系掌握语法基础，为听说读写提供基本的保障。该课程可使学生更加轻松的学习英语专业的学生在一、二年级精读、泛读课中所学过的语言材料。提升学生的学习兴趣。打下牢固的语言基础。 四、教学内容、基本要求及学时安排： 教学内容：本课程计划学时数为32学时，以赵萍主编的《新编高职高专英语语法教程》为教材。在语法内容结构上，循序渐进，从词素到单词，从单词到句子，从句子到语篇再到语段，环环相扣，从而使学生能够一面把握细节，一面掌握整个的英语语法体系。 课程内容和学时安排 授课次序授课内容学时数1导论、各个词类（名词、冠词、代词、数词、 8 动词、助动词、动名词、形容词、副词、连词 及其介词） 2 动词时态 2 3 被动语态 2
4 虚拟语气 2 5 非限定动词（不定式、-ING分词、-ED分词） 2 6 句子类型和直接、间接引语 2 7 名词性从句和定语从句 4 8 状语从句和it的用法 2 9 主谓一致 2 10 替代、省略、前置与倒装 2 11 复习及练习 4 教学要求： 第一讲导论、各个词类 1．教学目标：导论：让学生了解语法课程的性质、作用和学习方法 掌握名词、限定词、代词、助动词的定义及它们在句子中的功能和用法。形 容词的分类及用法、副词的分类及用法、介词的分类及用法 2．教学内容：导论：语法课程的性质、作用和学习方法 名词的类别、限定词的搭配、代词与其先行项的一致、情态助动词的意义。 形容词、副词、介词的类型，形容词作修饰语和补语，副词做修饰语和状语， 介词与其他词类的搭配 第二讲动词时态 1．教学目标：掌握英语中各个时态的用法和部分时态的异同 2．教学内容：动词的分类、一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行体、完成体、完成进行体 和将来时间表示法 第三讲被动语态 1．教学目标：掌握被动态的结构模式、被动态的英汉互译及其使用场合 2．教学内容：几种不同类型动词的被动模式，英汉被动意义表示法和使用被动态的制约因 素 第四讲虚拟语气 1．教学目标：掌握虚拟语气的用法 2．教学内容：虚拟语气的结构模式和在不同场合下的使用 第五讲非限定动词（不定式、-ING分词、-ED分词） 1．教学目标：掌握不定式、-ING分词、-ED分词的用法 2．教学内容：不定式的结构形式、不定式搭配和ING分词的搭配、ED分词作修饰语 第六讲句子类型和直接、间接引语 1．教学目标：掌握句子的类型，直接引语和间接引语的互换 2．教学内容：句子的的基本形式及其变体，各类句子的间接引语
(完整版)大学英语语法专项练习题
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虚拟语气语法讲座
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