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An Adaptation Framework for Web Based Learning System. Paper presented at

An Adaptation Framework for Web Based Learning System. Paper presented at
An Adaptation Framework for Web Based Learning System. Paper presented at

Goh T. T. & Kinshuk (2004). An adaptation framework for Web based learning system. In Negoita, M. Gh., Howlett, R. J., & Jain, L. C. (Eds.) Knowledge-based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 3213), Berlin: Springer

(ISBN 3-540-23318-0), 277-283

An Adaptation Framework For Web based Learning

System

T.T. Goh1, Kinshuk2

1 School of Information Management, Victoria University of Wellington,

Wellington, New Zealand

tiong.goh@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/121602817.html,

2 Department of Information Systems, Massey University,

New Zealand

Kinshuk@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/121602817.html,

Abstract. There are many e-learning systems available nowadays but most of

them are geared towards access through desktop platforms. With increasing use

of mobile devices, it is apparent that the learners would need to access these

systems through a variety of devices such as PDA, mobile phone or hybrid de-

vices. Current design solutions do not cater for such multi-platform environ-

ments. This paper focuses on some of the issues from the perspective of mobil-

ity, multiple platforms and learner experience, and provides details of mobile

adaptation framework that is designed to circumvent these problems.

1 Introduction

The advances in wireless technologies and the increasing availability of high-bandwidth telecommunication network such as 3G infrastructures in recent years have provided a fertile environment for the extension of traditional e-learning to mo-bile devices. With many web-based e-learning systems (KBS 2000, CBR 2002, BlackBoard 2002, SQL 2002) already in existence, one would think that mobile de-vices would be able to access these resources just as a desktop machine, which is connected to a fixed network. The fact is that these resources are created specifically for desktop scenarios, and accessing them through mobile devices could not only degrade learning experience but also, in worst case, deny the access completely. Hence, there is a need to identify a framework that allows access to e-learning sys-tems adaptively in a multiple platform environment.

Goh T. T. & Kinshuk (2004). An adaptation framework for Web based learning system. In Negoita, M. Gh., Howlett, R. J., & Jain, L. C. (Eds.) Knowledge-based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 3213), Berlin: Springer

(ISBN 3-540-23318-0), 277-283

2 Related Work - Content Adaptation

The work on content adaptation in typical web-based systems provide good start-ing point for our adaptation framework (such as Bickmore & Schilit 1997, Bharadvaj et. al.,1998, Smith et.al., 1999, Fox et. al., 1998, Buyukkokten et. al., 2000 and Chen et. al., 2001). We shall discuss some of the significant research attempts here.

According to Bickmore and Schilit (1997), one straightforward method for content adaptation is to re-author the original web content. Manual re-authoring can be done but obviously it is not the most effective way. It also requires that the web pages must be accessible for re-authoring. This sometime poses some practical constraints. How-ever, the underlying principles and questions faced are identical regardless of the methods used. What are the strategies used to re-author the pages? What are the strategies used to re-designate the navigations? What are the presentation styles achievable? The underlying principle is to isolate and distinguish the web content objects, presentation objects, navigation objects and interactive objects for desktop publication and re-map them into other device capable objects. The re-authoring approach can be mobile device specific or can be tailored to multiple classes of de-vices. For multiple devices re-authoring, transformation styles sheets (XSLT) and cascading styles sheets (CCS) can also be used. An example of re-authoring is the Digestor system (Bickmore and Schilit 1997) which focuses on different display size rather then device capabilities or network condition. However the re-authoring tech-niques and heuristic guideline suggested that content should be structurally organ-ized. This finding is included in our adaptation framework.

Bharadvaj et al. (1998) used a transcoding technique by modifying the HTTP stream and changing its content dynamically without user intervention. Transcoding can be performed in both upstream and downstream directions. An implementation of this technique is MOWSER. MOWSER used proxy to perform transcoding. The HTTP stream is modified by the proxy to include the capabilities and preferences of the mobile users. The users’ preferences and capabilities are store in the server. Modi-fication and update of preferences is done by a CGI form on a URL at a web site maintained by the proxy. The proxy then fetches the files with the most suitable for-mat to the requesting client. This implementation assumes that different formats are available for content adaptation. Transcoding of images and videos is done using scaling, sub sampling or sub key frame techniques. Transcoding of HTML page is done by eliminating unsupported tags and allowing the users to select their prefer-ences. This implementation however did not touch on the aspect of navigation and might not work well if adaptive navigation is required.

The AWCD framework (Chen et. al., 2000) consists of user/client/network-discovery, decision engine, and content adaptation algorithm modules. The goal is to improve content accessibility and perceived quality of service for information access under changing network and viewer conditions. The approach intends to modify existing web content rather than providing an initial guideline for platforms multiple access environments. The session tracking approach by establishing session ID is adopted in our framework. Instead of combining the user/client/network-discovery module, we separate this module into three modules. The separation makes a clearer

Goh T. T. & Kinshuk (2004). An adaptation framework for Web based learning system. In Negoita, M. Gh., Howlett, R. J., & Jain, L. C. (Eds.) Knowledge-based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 3213), Berlin: Springer

(ISBN 3-540-23318-0), 277-283

should be noted that AWCD framework did not consider off-line scenario. Dynamic web page with embedded scripts, active server page and form were not highlighted in the framework. We need to consider these issues in our adaptation framework espe-cially in learning environment where the mode of feedback is mainly through form action.

3 The Adaptation Framework

The types of content adaptation discussed earlier are mostly multimedia rich trans-formation and e-commerce focused. In contrast, e-learning systems to suit multiple platforms environment, leaner mobility and satisfactory learning experience have yet to be researched extensively. In addition to failure in providing multiple platform environments, the traditional e-learning systems are also very static in nature. Tradi-tional e-learning systems deliver identical content regardless of learner conditions such as need, environment, device capabilities and communication condition. Tradi-tional e-learning systems did not take mobile user characteristics into consideration.

For example, according to Chen et al. (2002), mobile learner is different from desktop learner. From a mobility perspective, one of the unique characteristics of a mobile learner is the “urgency” of learning need. That is to say when a mobile learner engages in learning he/she is likely to require the information urgently. Thus the adaptation framework must have the competency of packaging content suitable for such a condition rather than delivering the content that might take a long to download.

Another example is the mobility of learning setting. With increasing mobility, learning environment could be anywhere, such as a hot spot, café, classroom, camp-ing ground, or even a train or bus. The learning environment can be quiet or noisy. The adaptation framework must be able to take this into consideration.

In this study, we identify the possible environmental dimensions and attributes that will influence the learning experience of a multiplatform environment.

The adaptation framework identified five core dimensions (Goh & Kinshuk 2002): content dimension, user dimension, device dimension, connectivity dimension and coordination dimension.

Dimension

3.1 Content

Content dimension represents the actual context and knowledge base of the appli-cation. It includes various sub-dimensions. The course modules organization sub-dimension includes attributes such as part, chapters and sections of the content. An-other sub-dimension is the granularity level of the content that indicates the level of difficulty of the content presented to the learner. Multimedia sub-dimension repre-sents the multimedia representation of the content. This includes the use of text, au-dio, animation, video, 3-D video, animation, and so on to represent the content to the learner. Pedagogy sub dimension represents the teaching models and domain expert that the system adopts.

Goh T. T. & Kinshuk (2004). An adaptation framework for Web based learning system. In Negoita, M. Gh., Howlett, R. J., & Jain, L. C. (Eds.) Knowledge-based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 3213), Berlin: Springer

(ISBN 3-540-23318-0), 277-283

the appropriate content and deliver according to the engaging situation.

Dimension

3.2 User

The learning model sub-dimension of the user dimension includes attributes such as module completed, weight and score, time taken, date of last access and so on, depending on the algorithms used in determining the learner profile. User preference sub-dimension contains attributes such as preferred difficulty level and learning style. Environmental sub dimension represents the actual location where the learner uses the system. Different environments such as café, hot spot and classroom situation will have to be adopted differently. The adaptation must take into account of the motiva-tion sub dimension such as urgency of use.

The adaptation framework must have the competency of organizing, extracting and utilizing the information to best suit the learner.

Dimension

3.3 Device

Device dimension consists of the capabilities sub-dimension, which includes at-tributes such as the media support types and their capabilities in presenting multime-dia content, display capability, audio and video capability, multi-language capability, memory, bandwidth, cookies, operation platform, and so on.

The adaptation framework must have the competency of identifying and utilizing some or all of these capabilities.

Dimension

3.4 Connectivity

Under this dimension, there are three operating sub-dimensions. The user can op-erate in a real-time online mode. Another sub-dimension is the pre-fetching capability of the application. Here device capability, network reliability and connecting type are the main consideration for adaptation. The third sub-dimension is the off-line syn-chronization sub-dimension. Here the attributes of depth and encrypted cookies need to be considered in order to provide seamless adaptation, especially for web based learning assessment application where parameters regarding users’ actions need to be returned to the server.

The adaptation framework must have the competency of deciding which mode of operation is best suited for the condition.

Dimension

3.5 Coordination

The coordination dimension represents the software and algorithms used for the application, the presentation, the interactivity and the navigation of the application. This dimension provides the coordination to support the other four dimensions.

The adaptation framework must have the competency of effectively isolating the content, presentation, navigation and interaction components and subsequently inte-grating them seamlessly and effectively.

Goh T. T. & Kinshuk (2004). An adaptation framework for Web based learning system. In Negoita, M. Gh., Howlett, R. J., & Jain, L. C. (Eds.) Knowledge-based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 3213), Berlin: Springer

(ISBN 3-540-23318-0), 277-283

3.6 Comparison

While some dimensions and attributes are similar to the traditional e-learning sys-tems we would like to highlight some of the significant differences between the adap-tation framework (MA) and the traditional e-learning systems.

(a)Traditional systems are typically designed for desktop access and not for

mobile access. MA provides multiple platforms access including access

through mobile devices.

(b)Traditional systems usually deliver identical content 24x7. MA adapts to

several environmental parameters such as connection, environment, motiva-

tion, and device capabilities.

(c)Traditional systems generally have only one type of content for delivery.

MA has different content for the same concept for adaptive delivery.

(d)Traditional systems mostly use browser feature to provide offline access.

MA uses application to ensure offline access is functional regardless of the

browser.

(e)Traditional systems might detect browser and adjust presentation but gener-

ally not the content. MA can detect the browser to present different content

(but same meaning).

(f)Assessment in traditional systems is typically not designed for offline mode.

MA assessment is designed to work offline.

(g)Traditional systems are usually static. MA provides dynamic and adaptive

environment.

(h)Traditional systems are unable to provide collaboration between devices.

MA opens the collaboration channel among devices with capabilities such

as Bluetooth.

4 Adaptation Framework Implementation

4.1 Prototype System

We developed a prototype system based on the five competencies of our adapta-tion framework. The system is a web based learning and assessment system. The learner is able to learn a module and later take an assessment. The system has been tested with multiple platforms such as desktop, laptop, PDA and cell phone simulator.

Once the user has been authenticated, the system will proceed to a recommenda-tion page. The recommendation is based on a decision tree within the algorithm sub-dimension. If the user accepts the recommendation the server side script selects the appropriate style sheet and packages the delivery to the user. Figure 1 shows an adap-tation of animated gif for revision instead of interactive flash if flash plug-in is not detected in the PDA. If flash is detected, an interactive flash is delivered as in Figure 2. In all these cases the task can be achieved without disparity.

Goh T. T. & Kinshuk (2004). An adaptation framework for Web based learning system. In Negoita, M. Gh., Howlett, R. J., & Jain, L. C. (Eds.) Knowledge-based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 3213), Berlin: Springer

(ISBN 3-540-23318-0), 277-283

vice. The physical distance between the server and the PDA was increased until it triggered below the acceptable roundtrip response time. The system then recom-mended an off-line operation for the user. Again the appropriate style sheet trans-formed and packaged the content for delivery.

4.2 Lessons Learnt

With respect to device dimension, our initial framework consisted of a device type sub-dimension. However after the prototype development, it became apparent that the device type is not appropriate as an influence for the content delivery but rather the capabilities of the device need to be determined for adaptation. In other words differ-ent device type such as PC or PDA can receive the same content if they have the same type of capabilities (which is increasingly the case due to significant technical advances in mobile device technology). The device type will only be useful in a situa-tion where the capabilities detection algorithm fails.

With respect to content dimension, we have structured and organized our content according to the recommendation of the framework. This helps the coordination di-mension in the selection of style sheet to perform transformation. In the pedagogy sub-dimension, we have adopted the multiple-representation approach for adaptation (Kinshuk & Goh 2003). We have used the principle of content revisit to enhance leaning experience. Thus users have second chance to learn the content if they are not successful in performing the exercises. The pedagogy works well for both on-line and off-line modes.

5 Conclusion & Future Work

The adaptation framework provides a competency guideline for developing a learning system that is capable of adapting and delivering content in a multiple plat-form environment. Using the content dimension, user dimension, device dimension, connection dimension and coordination dimension, the prototype system performed adequately. However we have yet to fully evaluate the system with respect to learning experience. In order to strengthen the framework, our future work will focus on com-paring the learning experience with that of traditional e-learning systems.

Goh T. T. & Kinshuk (2004). An adaptation framework for Web based learning system. In

Negoita, M. Gh., Howlett, R. J., & Jain, L. C. (Eds.) Knowledge-based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems

, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 3213), Berlin: Springer

(ISBN 3-540-23318-0), 277-283

Figure 1 Animated Gif image without

Interactivity (No Flash)

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翻译理论整理汇总

翻译理论整理汇总 翻译腔(translationeses)是在译文中留有源语言特征等翻译痕迹的现象,严重的翻译腔使译文读起来不够通顺。出现翻译腔有时是很难免的。形成翻译腔有以下几个原因:1)英汉语言本身的不同,包括句型结构等,在翻译时如果不能做到自由转换就会有种不是地道目标语的感觉。2)英汉文化的不同,不同的文化背景下,单词或习语有时会出现偏差甚至零对等(zero-correspondence)。有时只讲词对词的反应就会出现翻译腔。3)译者自身水平。奈达的功能对等就要求译者注重译文对读者的影响,好的译文让读者感觉是母语的写作、实现功能的对等。Venuti主张同化和异化的结合,通过同化让读者获得相识的反应,通过异化使读者领略异国语言和文化。译者应该提高自己翻译水平,在翻译策略上实现功能对等,从而尽量避免翻译腔的出现。 1. 中国的翻译理论家 严复、茅盾、鲁迅、朱光潜、傅雷、钱钟书 1)严复 信、达、雅——faithfulness、expressiveness、elegance/gracefulness 2)茅盾 他也主张“直译”,反对“意译”,他认为汉语确实存在语言组织上欠严密的不足,有必要吸引印欧语系的句法形态。但是矛盾与鲁迅观点同中有异,他认为“直译”并不是“字对字”,一个不多,一个不少。因为中西文法结构截然不同,纯粹的“字对字”是不可能的。 3)鲁迅 鲁迅的“宁信而不顺”是“凡是翻译,必须兼顾两面,一当然是力求易解,一则保存着原作风姿”,这是鲁迅的基本思想。针对当年那种“牛头不对马嘴”的胡译、乱译以及所谓“与其信而不顺,不如顺而不信”的说法(梁秋实),提出了“宁信而不顺”这一原则,主张直译,以照顾输入新表现法和保持原作的风貌。他还认为,翻译一要“移情”、“益志”,译文要有“异国情调”,二要“输入新的表现法”,以改进中文的文法,在当时主要表现为改进白话文。必须强调的是,鲁迅其实是主张翻译要通顺,又要忠实的。只是二者不可兼得的情况下,“宁信而不顺”。 4)林语堂 他是在中国议学史上第一个最明确地将现代语言学和心理学作为翻译理论的“学理剖析”的基础的。了解翻译的三条标准:忠实、通顺和美。 5)朱光潜 他的翻译标准是:第一,不违背作者的意思;第二,要使读者在肯用心了解时能够了解。 6)傅雷的“神似说”(spirit alikeness) 傅雷对翻译有两个比喻,一是“以效果而言,翻译应该像临画一样,所求的不在形似而在神似”。二是就手法而言“以甲国文字传达乙国文字所包含的那些特点,必须像伯乐相马,要得其精而忘其粗,在其内而忘其外”。 7)钱钟书的“化境”说(sublimation) 所谓“化境”(sublimation),是指原作在译文中就像“投胎转世”,躯体换了一个,但精魄依然故我。换句话说,译本对原作应该忠实得读起来不像译本,因为作品在原文里绝不会读起来想翻译出的东西的:“文学翻译的最高理想可以说是‘化’,把作品从一国文字转换成另一国文字,既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原作的风味,那就算得入于‘化境’”。 2. 国外的翻译理论家 1)John Dryden Metaphrase(逐词译), turning an author word by word, and line by line, from one language into another. Paraphrase(释译), or translation with latitude, where the author's words are not so strictly followed but his sense.

翻译方法

翻译方法 作为翻译实践和翻译理论中一个重要 的研究对象, 言表达形式的方法和策略,是翻译过程中译 者必需进行选择的一系列具体的操作步骤。 多年来,有关翻译方法的讨论大致围绕着 “直译”方法还是“意译”方法的话题展开。 多数研究者和译者认为翻译是翻译原文的 内容意义,而不是语言形式,提倡采取某种 “意译”的方法。也有一些学者认为语言之 间存在不可逾越的障碍,因此,翻译应该倾 向于尽量使用“直译”的方法。根据 Newmark(1988:45)的观点,翻译方法可以分为两大类型:以原语为主的方法和以译语为主的方法。在这两大类型中,又可以根据不同的语言转换处理方式,进一步细分出不同种类的具体翻译方法,如:

图3-1翻译方法的种类。摘自Newmark 1988:45 在本章中,我们将简要介绍这些不同类型的翻译方法,并结合翻译实践活动的性质和特点,阐释影响译者选择不同翻译方法的因素。 3.1以原语为主的翻译方法 图3-1中左边的四种翻译方法,从形式上完全一对一地逐字翻译到注重意义的语义翻译,均在不同程度上强调原文内容及其语言表达方式在译文中的再现。下面我们按照自上而下的顺序,分别简要介绍这四种翻译方法。 3.1.1逐字翻译 逐字翻译(word-for-word translation)指译文字词和原文字词一对一对应的翻译,

例如: (1)How old are you? A.怎么老是你? B.你多大年纪? (2)橱窗里摆着的是什么东西? A.Shop window in displayed is what thing? B.What?s that in the shop window? (3)好是很好,可是买这么多扇子干什么呀? A.Good is very good, but buy so many fans do what? B.That?s all well and good, but what are you buying so many fans for? (4)回国以后送给朋友。做得多精细呀! A.Return country after present friends made how delicate! B.I?ll give them to my friends when I go home. Aren?t they delicately made? Passengers up and down the boat be careful.

BAS系统在地铁环境控制中的应用及实现

BAS系统在地铁环境控制中的应用及实现 发布时间:2009-7-20 文章来源:本站 1 概述 广州地铁一号线共有14个地下车站、2个地面车站和一座地铁控制中心(OCC)大楼,全长18.6公里,采用了集散控制系统(DCS)对地铁全线环控设备及其它车站机电设备进行集中监控,由于引进了楼宇控制概念,地铁车站设备监控系统亦被称为BAS(Building Automation System)系统。广州地铁一号线采用美国CSI公司的I/NET2000系统对全线环控系统进行监控,并对全线车站的扶梯、给排水设备、应急电源进行监视报警。 2 BAS系统在地铁环控中的作用及功能 2.1. 地铁BAS系统在地铁环控中的主要作用: 控制全线车站及区间的环控及其它机电设备安全、高效、协调的运行,保证地铁车站及区间环境的良好舒适,产生最佳的节能效果,并在突发事件(如火灾)时指挥环控设备转向特定模式,为地铁乘车环境提供安全保证。 2.2. 广州地铁一号线BAS系统主要功能: (1) 监控并协调全线各车站及OCC大楼通风空调设备、冷水系统设备的运行。 (2) 监控并协调全线区间隧道通风系统设备的运行。 (3) 对车站机电设备故障进行报警,统计设备累积运行时间。 (4) 对全线环境参数(温、湿度)及水系统运行参数进行检测、分析及报警。 (5) 接收地铁防灾系统(FAS系统)火灾接收报警信息并触发BAS系统的灾害运行模式,控制环控设备按灾害模式运行。

(6) 通过与信号ATS接口接收区间堵车信息,控制相关环控设备执行相应命令。 (7) 紧急状况下,可通过车站模拟屏控制环控设备执行相关命令。 (8) 监视全线各站及隧道区间给排水、自动扶梯等机电设备的运行状态。 (9) 管理资料并定期打印报表。 (10) 与主时钟接口,保证BAS系统时钟同步。 3 BAS系统对环控设备的监控原理及内容: 3.1. 环控系统组成: 大系统——车站公共区(站厅/站台)通风空调系统; 小系统——车站设备用房通风空调系统; 水系统——地下站冷水机组系统; 隧道通风系统——执行隧道区间正常及紧急情况下通风排烟工况的环控子系统。 3.2. BAS系统监控点数的配置: 以陈家祠站为例,纳入BAS监控的环控设备总数约100台(包括风机、风阀和水系统设备等),环控监控总点数约430点(包括温湿度等参数检测约60点),车站监控点数分布情况如下: (1) 隧道通风系统:BAS系统对4台隧道风机及联动风阀、两台推力风机和组合风阀进行监视控制,监视风机过载故障报警信号,检测两端隧道入口温湿度,共计点数DO 20点、DI 28点,AI 8点 (2) 车站大通风空调系统:BAS系统对空调机、新风机、回排风机及联动风阀和调节风阀等设备进行监视控制,监视风机过载故障报警信号,检测新/排/混/送风及站厅/台温湿度,控制组合风柜出水二通阀开度来调节空调器送风温度,共计DO 44点、DI 72点,AI 30点、AO 4点

翻译硕士名词解释词条

绝对翻译absolute translation 摘要翻译 abstract translation 滥译 abusive translation 可接受性 acceptibility 准确accuracy 译者行动 translatorial action 充分性 adequacy 改编 adaptation 调整 adjustment 美学诗体翻译aesthetic-poetic translation 经纪人agent 类同形式 analogical form 分析 analysis 感染型文本 applied focused-texts 应用翻译研究 applied translation studies 古词废词 archaism 元译素 architranseme 关于范围的翻译理论 area-restricted theories of translation 听觉媒介型文本 audio-medial texts 委托 commission 自动翻译 automatic translation 自立幅度 autonomy spectrum

自译 autotranslation 逆转换 back-transformation 关于范围的翻译理论 back-translation 双边传译 bilateral interpreting 双语语料库 bilingual corporal 双文本 bi-text 空位 blank spaces 无韵体翻译 blank verse translation 借用 borrowing 仿造 calque 机助翻译 MAT 范畴转换 category shift 词类转换 class shift 贴近翻译 close translation 连贯 coherence 委托 commission 传意负荷 communication load 传意翻译 communicative translation 社群传译 community interpreting 对换 commutation 可比语料库 comparable corpora 补偿compensation

地铁BAS系统现场网络结构的说明V1

关于地铁BAS系统现场级网络应用的说明 1、概述 地铁BAS系统作为综合监控系统的重要组成部分承担着地下车站机电设备监控以及紧急情况下防灾救灾的重责。由于地下车站机电设备分布广泛,因此BAS系统核心控制器及远程IO之间一般通过网络通信的形式连接。随着城市轨道交通技术的发展,国内外地铁环境与设备监控系统已经走过了各站分离的阶段,进入了全线组网的新阶段,设备监控多采用分散控制、集中管理的系统模式。目前BAS系统现场级网络主要有全总线和工业以太网两种实现形式。 由于现场总线技术的各种标准之间转换困难、系统集成存在各种壁垒等种种制约性,而相对的工业以太网的种种优势,随着全球工业自动化技术的不断进步,造成了BAS系统网络正在从现场总线向工业以太网方向发展的趋势。 2、工业以太网与现场总线比较 目前国内城市轨道交通BAS系统普遍采用PLC设备,是一个基于网络的自动化系统,涉及多种通信及网络技术,如用于装置控制层的现场总线技术。而由于现场总线标准存在12种之多,如何统一现场总线标准经过了16年的标准大战,最终没有形成一个统一的标准,多标准等于无标准,因此无论是最终用户还是制造商,普遍都在关注现场总线技术的发展动态,寻求高性能低成本的方案。以太网技术由于其开放性、稳定性和可靠性,在全球范围取得了巨大成功,因此如何对以太网技术进行改进,使

其适合应用于工业控制领域的数字通信,已成为业内近些年内的热门研究方向,很多人都寄希望于现场总线技术在以太网技术的基础上达成统一,改变目前多标准并存的现状,同时用以太网统一工业控制网络的各个层次,实现真正的无缝信息集成。BAS系统网络也随着工业以太网的发展,逐渐实现装置控制层设备由采用现场总线改变为工业以太网技术。 1) BAS系统采用工业以太网方案对比传统的总线方案具有以下优点: 传统双现场总线方案中,车站两端冗余PLC各自负责一端的BAS系统设备。对于车站内需要联动运行的部分设备,如正常模式下分布在车站不同端的风机、风阀联动、火灾模式下的两端空调系统联动等均需要两端的冗余PLC之间首先相互联动和确认设备状态到位后才能执行下一步动作。在常规地铁设计中,车站两端的冗余PLC虽然采用了热备方式,配置了两块背板、两块CPU、两块电源等,但所有的模块均放置在同一房间甚至同一面控制柜内,当房间内发生火灾或电源故障,容易引起冗余PLC整体故障。而一端的冗余PLC一旦退出服务,则另一端的冗余PLC则可能因为联锁动作失败而导致系统整体瘫痪。若采用光纤环网方式连接两端冗余PLC,若一端冗余PLC发生整体性故障退出服务,系统将立即切换到另一端的一套冗余PLC上继续工作,保证系统在极端恶劣的情况下能正常运行,中央和车站下达的指令能迅速传达到现场设备。 传统双现场总线方案中,双总线均采用平行布线方式,两条总线紧靠着

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南京地铁BAS系统设计与应用

地铁BAS系统设计与应用 楼宇智能化系统所涉及的容众多。采用智能化系统分散管理。BAS系统利用计算机编程及网络通信技术,对这些设备的测量控制点进行集中管理和自动监测,对减少运行、操作、维护人力,保持设备的正常运转。地铁BAS(Building Automation System)本着“安全、可靠、节能”的原则进行设计,将现代科技的计算机及网络技术结合机电设备自动化控制原理,以专门的地铁环境通风空调及防灾处理等理论为基础的自动化控制系统,利用分布式微机监控系统对地铁车站及区间隧道的空调通风、给排水、照明、电梯、自动扶梯、导向标识等机电设备进行全面的运行管理与控制,在发生火灾或列车阻塞等事故情况时,能够及时迅速地进入防灾运行模式,根据火灾报警系统发送的着火点信息或列车自动控制系统发送的阻塞点信息自动调度送风和排风,进行通风排烟,引导人员疏散,极提高地铁运营的智能化和安全性。BAS可通过采用前反馈、后反馈众多调控形式进行实时在线运行与自动控制,并将在保证地铁热环境控制要求前提下,实现设备自动、稳定、安全、节能的运行。关键词PLC 楼宇自动化通风空调系统 目次 1 概述1 2 地铁1号线BAS系统监控对象及功能3 2.1 设计原则3

2.2 地铁1号线环境与设备监控对象4 2.3 BAS系统主要功能4 2.4 BAS系统的接口6 3 地铁1号线BAS系统的软件体系7 3.1 BAS系统软件的组成7 3.2 地铁BAS系统采用的第三方软件8 3.2.1 环境优化控制软件9 3.2.2 BAS与FAS通讯软件9 3.2.3 故障管理软件9 4 地铁BAS系统构成及网络结构9 4.1 BAS系统的构成9

功能翻译术语

功能翻译术语 Acceptibility 可接受性 Adaptation 改编;编译 Adequacy 在功能翻译理论中,“合适”(德语:Adaquatheit)用以形容译本对翻译纲要所规定的交际目的而言的合适性。它是与翻译行为过程有关的动 态概念。 Adjustment 调整 Agent 经纪人 Appeal-focused Texts 感染型文本(德文Appellbetonte Texte) Appellative Function 感染性功能(德语为Appellfunktion):使用言语或非言语交际符号,以使接受者作出一定的答复或反应。也称为“使役功能”或“意动功能”。可进一步分为:说明、劝诱、命令、教学、广告等功能。 感染功能的效果取决于接受者的敏感性、应激性、经验视野和知识水平。Appellative Texts 感染型文本 Assignment 任务:委托给译者的职责,包括工作条件(时间、薪酬等)、原文和(更理想的情况是包括)翻译纲要。 Audio-medial Texts 听觉媒介文本(德文Audio-mediale TextP) Brief 纲要:用于定义翻译行为所服务的交际目的。理想的翻译纲要明示或暗示以下信息:译文的预期功能、读者、传播媒介、出版时间和地点,必要的话,还包括创作译文或出版译文的动机。 Coherence 连贯(德文Koharenz) Commission 委托(德文Auftrag) Communication Load 传意负荷(又名Information Load[信息负荷]) Communicative Translation 交际翻译 Compensation 补偿 Contextual Consistency 语境一致[性] Conventions 常规:为人们所默认但不具强制约束力的行为规范,基于常识或建立在“期待”之上,即人们对特定场合中对于应该如何做的“期待”。 常规见于:常见文本类型或语篇体裁、一般的文体常规、习惯度量法、翻译传统等。 Correspondence 对应 Covert Translation 隐型翻译 Cultural Approach 文化途径 Cultural Borrowing 文化借用 Cultural Translation 文化翻译 Cultural Transplantation 文化移植 Cultural Transposition 文化移位 Culture Specificity 文化专属性:翻译时比较的两种文化中,文化专属现象(其形式或职能)只在于其一。但文化专属现象并非只限于一种特定文化之中。Cultureme 文化素:A文化中被本族成员认为有意义的一种社会现象。较之与B文化中对应的社会现象,即可发现其为A文化所专属。 Decision-making,Translation as 翻译即抉择 Documentary Translation 纪实性翻译:翻译类型的一种,旨在以译语重建源语

地铁BAS系统

地铁BAS系统 2003年5月,国家质量监督检验检疫总局和建设部,联合发布了国家标准——《GB 50157-2003地铁设计规范》,标准中正式命名“环境与设备监控系统,Building Automation System(BAS)”,并对其定义为:“对地铁建筑物内的环境与空气条件、通风、给排水、照明、乘客导向、自动扶梯及电梯、屏蔽门、防淹门等建筑设备和系统进行集中监视、控制和管理的系统”。 基本功能: 1.机电设备监控 具有中央和车站二级监控功能; BAS控制命令应能分别从中央工作站、车站工作站和车站紧急控制盘(IBP)人工发布或由程序自动判定执行,并具有越级控制功能,以及所需的各种控制手段; 对设备操作的优先级遵循人工高于自动的原则; 具备注册和权限设定功能。 2.执行防灾及阻塞模式功能 能接收FAS系统车站火灾信息,执行车站防烟、排烟模式; 能接收列车区间停车位置信号,根据列车火灾部位信息,执行隧道防排烟模式; 能接收列车区间阻塞信息,执行阻塞通风模式; 能监控车站逃生指示系统和应急照明系统; 能监视各排水泵房危险水位。 3.环境监控与节能运行管理功能 通过对环境参数的检测,对能耗进行统计分析,控制通风、空调设备优化运行,通过地铁整体环境的舒适度,降低能源消耗。 4.环境和设备管理功能 能对车站环境等参数进行统计; 能对设备的运行状况进行统计,据此优化设备的运行,实施维护管理趋势预告,提高设备管理效率。 地铁BAS监控内容: 正常运营模式的判定及转换; 消防排烟模式和列车阻塞模式的联动; 设备顺序启停; 风路和水路的联锁保护; 大功率设备启停的延时配合; 主、备设备运行时间平衡; 车站公共区和重要设备房的温度调节; 节能控制; 运行时间、故障停机、启停、故障次数等统计; 配置数据接口以获取冷水机组和水系统相关信息; 若冷水机组带有联动控制功能,则空调水系统冷冻水泵、冷却水泵、冷却塔、风机、电动蝶阀的控制程序由冷水机组承担,BAS仅控制冷水机组的投切、监测空调系统的参数和状态、冷量实时运算、记录及累计。

翻译专业术语

术语翻译贡献者Absolute Translation绝对翻译古阿德克(Gouadec) Abstract Translation摘要翻译古阿德克(Gouadec) Abusive translation滥译路易斯(Lewis)Acceptability可接受性托利(Toury) Accuracy准确 Adaptation改编 Adequacy充分性 Adjustment调整 Analogical Form类同形式霍尔姆斯(Holmes)Analysis分析奈达(Nida)和泰伯(Taber)Applied Translation Studies应用翻译研究霍尔姆斯(Holmes)Architranseme (ATR)元译素范·路文兹瓦特(van Leuven-Zwart)Autonomy Spectrum自立幅度罗斯(Rose) Autotranslation自译波波维奇(Popovic) Back Translation回译 Bilateral interpreting双边传译凯斯(Keith)Class Shift词类转换韩礼德(Halliday)Close Translation贴近翻译纽马克(Newmark)Communicative Translation传意翻译;交际翻译纽马克(Newmark)Community interpreting社群传译 Compensation补偿赫维(Hervey) Competence能力托利(Toury)Componential Analysis语义成分分析奈达(Nida)Comprehensive theory综合理论

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翻译术语理论笔译

A b s o l u t e t r a n s l a t i o n绝对翻译古阿德克(G o u a d e c) Abstracttranslation摘要翻译古阿德克(Gouadec) Abusivetranslation滥译路易斯(Lewis) Acceptability可接受性托利(Toury) Accuracy准确 Adaptation改编 Adequacy充分性 Adjustment调整 Analogicalform类同形式霍尔姆斯(Holmes) Analysis分析奈达(Nida)和泰伯(Taber) Appliedtranslationstudies应用翻译研究霍尔姆斯(Holmes) Architranseme(ATR)元译素范·路文兹瓦特(vanLeuven-Zwart) AutonomySpectrum自立幅度罗斯(Rose) Autotranslation自译波波维奇(Popovic) Backtranslation回译 Classshift词类转换韩礼德(Halliday) Closetranslation贴近翻译纽马克(Newmark) Communicativetranslation传意翻译;交际翻译纽马克(Newmark) Communityinterpreting社群传译 Compensation补偿赫维(Hervey) Competence能力托利(Toury) Componentialanalysis语义成分分析奈达(Nida) Comprehensivetheory综合理论 Conferenceinterpreting会议传译 Consecutiveinterpreting接续传译 Contextualconsistency语境一致奈达(Nida)和泰伯(Taber) Conventions常规诺德(Nord) Corpora语料库 Correspondence对应 Courtinterpreting法庭传译 Coverttranslation隐型翻译豪斯(House)] Creativetransposition创造性移位雅可布逊 Creativetreason创造性叛逆罗伯特·埃斯卡皮(RobertEscarpi) Deconstruction解构主义德里达(Derrida) Descriptivetranslationstudies描写性翻译研究霍尔姆斯(Holmes) Diagrammatictranslation图表翻译古阿德克(Gouadec) Differance分延德里达(Derrida) Documentarytranslation文献型翻译诺德(Nord) Domesticatingtranslation归化翻译韦努狄(Venuti) Dynamicequivalence动态对等奈达(Nida) Dynamicfidelity动态忠信比克曼(Beekman)与卡洛(Callow) Effortmodels用功模式贾尔(Gile)

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