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2016徐汇区高三物理二模试题(附答案 )

2016徐汇区高三物理二模试题(附答案 )
2016徐汇区高三物理二模试题(附答案 )

(A ) (B ) (C ) (D )

2015学年第二学期徐汇区学习能力诊断卷

高三物理 试卷

2016.4

(考试时间120分钟,满分150分)

1.答第Ⅰ卷前,考生务必在答题卷上用蓝色或黑色的钢笔或圆珠笔清楚填写姓名、考号,并用2B 铅笔在答题卷上正确涂写考号。

2.本试卷重力加速度g =10m/s 2

,sin37o=0.6,cos37o=0.8。

第 Ⅰ 卷(共56分)

一、 单项选择题 ( 每小题2分,共16分,每小题只有一个正确选项。) 1.下列图中属于双缝干涉图像的是( )

2.卢瑟福通过α粒子散射实验提出了( )

(A )无核原子模型 (B )葡萄干蛋糕模型 (C )原子核式结构模型(D )玻尔原子模型 3.放射性元素

210

84

Po 衰变为20682Pb ,此衰变过程的核反应方程是( )

(A )210

84Po

206 82Pb +10n + 0 1β (B )210

84

Po 206 82Pb +4

2

He (C )210

84Po +2 0

-1β

206 82Pb +410n (D )210

84Po 206 82Pb +42He +41

n 4.在发现质子实验中荧光屏的作用是( )

(A )α粒子与荧光屏反应后产生质子 (B )阻挡α粒子

(C )统计核反应过程产生全部质子的数量 (D )质子通过荧光屏引起闪光

E K

O

5.用不同频率光照射某一金属发生光电效应时,光电子逸出最大初动能随入射光频率变化的图像如图所示,则图中图线斜率的含义为( )

(A )普朗克常数 (B )逸出功 (C )极限频率 (D )极限波长

6.如图所示,木板 P 下端通过光滑铰链固定于水平地面上的 O 点,物体 A 、 B 叠放在木板上且处于静止状态,此时物体 B 的上表面水平。现使木板 P 绕 O 点缓慢旋转到虚线所示位置,物体 A 、 B 仍保持静止,且相对木板没有发生移动,与原位置的情况相比( )

(A )A 对 B 的作用力减小 (B )B 对 A 的支持力减小 (C )木板对 B 的支持力减小 (D )木板对 B 的摩擦力增大

7.如右图所示,固定着的钢条上端有一小球,在竖直平面内围绕虚线位置发生振动,图中是小球振动到的最左侧,振动周期为0.3s 。在周期为0.1s 的频闪光源照射下见到图像可能是( )

8.一根横截面积为S 的铜导线,通过电流为I 。已经知道铜的密度为ρ,铜的摩尔质量为M ,电子电荷量为e ,阿佛加德罗常数为N A ,设每个铜原子只提供一个自由电子,则铜导线中自由电子定向移动速率为( ) (A )

MI

ρN A Se

(B )

MIN A

ρSe

(C )

IN A

M ρSe

(D )

IN A Se

M ρ

二、单项选择题( 每小题3分,共24分,每小题只有一个正确选项。)

9.一物体以初速度5m/s 做平抛运动,在第1秒内,第2秒内,第3秒内的位移大小之比为( ) (A )1: 2 : 3 (B )1: 5 :13 (C )1: 5 :3 (D )1:3:5

(A ) (B ) (C ) (D )

10. 两颗互不影响的行星 P 1 、 P 2,各有一颗卫星S 1、S 2绕其做匀速圆周运动。将每颗卫星到行星中心距离r 改变后,卫星做匀速圆周运动的加速度 a 也随之改变, a 与 1

r

2 关系如

图所示,图线1、2分别表示S 1绕P 1运动、S 2绕P 2运动的情况,则( ) (A )S 1的质量比 S 2的大 (B )S 1的质量比 S 2的小 (C )P 1的质量比 P 2的大 (D )P 1的质量比 P 2的小

11.如图所示,甲从A 地由静止匀加速跑向B 地,当甲前进距离为S 1时,乙从距A 地S 2处的C 点由静止出发,加速度与甲相同,最后二人同时到达B 地,则AB 两地距离为( )

(A )S 1+S 2 (B )(S 1+S 2)2

4S 1 (C )S 12

4(S 1+S 2) (D )(S 1+S 2)2

(S 1-S 2)S 1

12.如图(甲)所示,足够长的木板B 静置于光滑水平面上,其上放置小滑块A 。木板B 受到随时间t 变化的水平拉力F 作用时,木板B 的加速度a 与拉力F 关系图象如图(乙)所示,则小滑块A 的质量为( ) (A )4kg (B )3kg (C )2kg (D )1kg

13.如图所示,一质量为m 的匀质金属球C 的左端由长为L 的水平轻杆AB 栓住,杆的一端A 可绕固定轴转动,金属球搁置在一块质量也为m 的水平木板D 上,木板置于地面上,当用水平拉力匀速将木板拉出时,下列哪种情况拉力最小( )

(A )拉力方向向右,金属球与木板之间摩擦系数为μ,木板与地面之间光滑 (B )拉力方向向右,金属球与木板之间光滑,木板与地面之间摩擦系数为μ (C )拉力方向向左,金属球与木板之间摩擦系数为μ,木板与地面之间光滑 (D )拉力方向向左,金属球与木板之间光滑,木板与地面之间摩擦系数为μ

1/r 2

a O

1

2

A

B

C D

F/N a/(m ·s -2

)

O

F

A B

6 8 图(甲)

图(乙)

14.如图所示,两个电荷量相等的负点电荷分别固定在绝缘的粗糙水平面上A 、B 两点。在AB 连线中点O 左侧的P 点由静止释放一个带电小滑块,滑块由静止开始一直向右运动到AB 连线上的某一点M (图中没有画出)而静止。下列关于电势说法中正确的是( ) (A )P 点的电势一定高于M 点的电势 (B )P 点的电势一定低于M 点的电势 (C )P 点的电势可能高于M 点的电势 (D )P 点的电势可能等于M 点的电势

15.如图所示电路中的电源为恒流源,不管外电路的电阻如何变化,它都能够提供持续的定值电流。电压表、电流表都为理想电表,当闭合电键后滑动变阻器R 的滑动触头向右滑动时,电压表V 示数变化的绝对值为△U ,电流表A 示数变化的绝对值为△I ,下列说法中正确的是( ) (A )A 示数减小,△U

△I = R 1

(B )A 示数减小,△U

△I = R 2

(C )A 示数增大,△U

△I = R 1

(D )A 示数增大,△U

△I

= R 2

16.如图所示,气缸上下两侧气体由绝热活塞隔开,活塞与气缸光滑接触。初始时活塞和两侧气体均处于平衡态,因活塞有质量所以下侧气体压强是上侧气体压强两倍,上下气体体积之比V 1∶V 2=1∶2,温度之比T 1∶T 2=2∶5。保持上侧气体温度不变,改变下侧气体温度,使两侧气体体积相同,此时上下两侧气体的温度之比为( ) (A )4:5

(B )5:9

(C )7:24 (D )16:25

V 1

V 2 R 1

V R 2

电源

A

R

P B A

? ?

?

O

三、多项选择题(每小题4分,共16分. 每小题有两个或三个正确选项。全选对的,得4分;选对但不全的,得2分;有选错或不答的,得0分。)

17.如图是氧气分子在不同温度下的速率分布规律图,横坐标表示分子速率

v ,纵坐标表示速率v 处单位速率区间内的分子数百分率,图线1、2对应的

温度分别为t 1、t 2,由图可知( ) (A )温度t 1低于温度t 2

(B )图线中的峰值对应横坐标数值为氧气分子平均速率 (C )温度升高,每一个氧气分子的速率都增大

(D )温度升高,氧气分子中速率小于400m/s 的分子所占的比例减小 18.如图(甲)所示,静止在水平地面上的物块A ,受到水平拉力F 的作用,F 与时间t 的关系如图(乙)所示。设物块与地面间的最大静摩擦力f max 的大小与滑动摩擦力大小相等,则( ) (A )t 1时刻物块的速度为零 (B )物块的最大速度出现在t 2时刻

(C )t 1~t 3时间内F 对物块先做正功后做负功 (D )拉力F 的功率最大值出现在t 2~t 3时间内

19.一列沿x 轴正方向传播的简谐横波,其振幅为2 cm ,波速为30 cm/s 。在传播过程中有平衡位置相距30 cm 的两质点均在x 轴上方距离x 轴1 cm 的位置,此时两质点运动方向相反,如图所示,则下列说法中正确的是( ) (A )此波的周期可能为0.5 s

(B )此波的周期可能为1.5 s

(C )从此时刻起,经过1.25 s 质点b 可能处于波峰位置处 (D )a 质点速度最大时,b 质点速度可能为零

20.如图(甲)所示,平行光滑金属导轨水平放置,两轨相距L =0.4 m ,导轨一端与阻值R =0.3Ω的电阻相连,导轨电阻不计。导轨x >0一侧存在沿x 方向均匀增大的恒定磁场,其方向与导轨平面垂直向下,磁感应强度B 随

y /cm 2

1 a b 0 x /cm -1 -2

F

A

图(甲)

x

O

R

B L

图(甲)

图(乙)

B /T x /m

O 1.0 2.0

v ×100m/s )

f (v )

2

1 5

10 15 20

v

位置x 变化如图(乙)所示。一根质量m =0.2 kg 、电阻r =0.1 Ω的金属棒置于导轨上,并与导轨垂直,棒在外力F 作用下从x =0处以初速度v 0=2m/s 沿导轨向右变速运动,且金属棒在运动过程中受到的安培力大小不变。下列说法中正确的是( ) (A )金属棒向右做匀减速直线运动

(B )金属棒在x =1 m 处的速度大小为0.5m/s

(C )金属棒从x =0运动到x =1m 过程中,外力F 所做的功为-0.175 J (D )金属棒从x =0运动到x =2m 过程中,流过金属棒的电量为2C

第 Ⅱ 卷(共94分)

四、填空题(每小题4分,共20分)

21. 一物体沿x 轴做直线运动,其位移随时间的变化规律为x =5+t 2

,(式中各量均采用国际单位制),则该物体在第2秒内的位移为__________m ,第3秒末的速度为__________m/s 。

22A .质量为m 的小球A 以速率v 0向右运动时跟静止的小球B 发生碰撞,碰后A 球以v 0

2 的速率反向弹回,

而B 球以v 0

2 的速率向右运动,则B 的质量m B =__________

,碰撞过程中B 对A 做功为__________。

22B .牛顿在发现万有引力定律时曾用月球的运动来检验,物理学史上称为著名的“月地检验”。已经知道地球的半径为R ,地球表面的重力加速度为g ,月球中心与地球中心距离是地球半径K 倍,根据万有引力定律,可以求得月球受到万有引力产生的加速度为__________。又根据月球绕地球运动周期为T ,可求得月球的向心加速度为__________,两者数据代入后结果相等,定律得到验证。 23.如图所示电路中,电流表和电压表均为理想电表, R 3=4Ω,开始闭合电键时,电流表读数为0.75A ,电压表读数为2V 。后来由于某一电阻断路,使电流表读数变为0.8A ,电压表读数变为3.2V 。则断路的电阻是__________(选填“R 1”、“R 2”或“R 3”),电源电动势是__________V 。

24.在某介质两列相向传播的简谐波A 、B (A 为半个波形的脉冲波,B 为连

续波),t =0时刻所形成的波如图所示,两列波的传播速度均为v =1.0m/s ,则在t =0到t =20s 内横坐标位置x =18m 的质点通过的路程为__________cm ,在这段时间内A 波波峰与B 波波峰相遇的次数为__________。

25.如图所示,两根间距为L 、长度足够的光滑竖直导轨MN 、PQ 之间存在垂直于导轨平面的匀强磁场,磁场下边界CD ,上无限,磁感强度大小为B 0。导轨下端连接阻值为R 的定值电阻,质量为m 长度为L 阻值也为R 的导体棒可沿导轨在竖直平面内自由滑动并保持良好接触,其余电阻不计。使棒从位置AB 以初速度v 0竖直向上运动,AB 与磁场下边界CD 相距d 。由于从棒开始运动起磁场同时开始随时间有规律的变化,使得棒恰好向上做竖直上抛运动,经过一定时间到达最高点,此后在AB 下方的磁场随时间变化规律再次发生变化,AB 上方的磁场则保持上述过程末的数值不再变化,使得棒在最高点保持静止不动,重力加速度为g 。则磁场B 在棒竖直上抛过程中随时间t 变化规律为__________,在棒静止t' 时间内AB 下方磁场B ' 随时间变化规律为__________。

五、实验题(共24分)

26.(6分)在验证力的平行四边形定则实验中,如图(甲)、(乙)所示,某同学分别用弹簧秤将橡皮条的结点拉到同一位置O ,记下(甲)图中弹簧秤的拉力:F 1=2.0N 、F 2=2.6N ;(乙)图中弹簧秤的拉力:

F'=3.6N ,力的方向分别用虚线OB 、OC 和OD 表示.

(1)请你按图中的比例尺,在图(丙)中作出F 1、F 2 的合力F 与F'的图示.

(2)通过多组实验,得到规律是 。

(甲)

(乙)

C

1N 2N

D

(丙)

27.(4分)如图(甲)所示容积未知的烧瓶内有一个大气压的空气,瓶口塞子上方竖直插入注射器,它的活塞质量不计,截面积为S ,开始时注射器和容器内封闭一定质量空气,注射器内气体体积为V 1,当活塞上加质量为m 的砝码后,活塞下降,读得减少的体积为△V 。依次更换不同质量的砝码,重复多次刚才的实验并记录数据(每次更换的砝码质量比前一次大)。已知重力加速度为g ,大气压强P 0远大于mg

s

(1)通过多组数据画出△V-m 图像,如图(乙),得到图线的斜率为K ,则烧瓶的容积为___________。 (2)若实验过程中由于摩擦生热,导致后一组实验数

据对应的温度都比前一组有所提升,则通过线性拟合得出的图线斜率求烧瓶容积与真实的烧瓶容积相比___________。(填“偏大”“偏小”或“不变”)

28.(6分)如图所示是饮水器的自动控制电路。左边是对水加热的容器,内有密封绝缘的电热丝发热器和接触开关S 1。只要有水浸没S 1,它就会导通;水面低于S 1时,不会加热。饮水器的使用原理是同时满足水位高于S 1及水温较低,饮水器对水加热。 (1)R x 是一个热敏电阻,低温时呈现高电阻,右边P 是一个___________(选填“与”、“或”、“非”)逻辑门,接在0~5V 电源之间,图中J 是一个继电器,可以控制发热器工作与否。R y 是一个可变电阻,低温时

R x 应_____________(选填“远大于”、“远小于”)R y 。

(2)为了提高加热起始温度,变阻器R y 应该调的_____________(选填“大一些”或“小一些”)。

29.(8分)现准备通过以下实验验证动能定理,物体A 放在带滑轮的固定水平粗糙长板上,用跨过滑轮(滑轮的大小可不计)的细线将A 与另一个物体B 相连。开始时B 离地面高度为h ,A 离长板右端距离也为h ,从静止释放B 后,B 会带动A 做加速运动,当B 落地时A 正好离开长木板,最后A 也落地(A 在空中运动时细线始终处于松弛状态,A 、B 落地后均不会反弹)。A 与木板间摩擦因素为

μ,重力加速度为g ,测量工具仅有刻度尺和天平。

(1)欲通过该实验验证A 、B 两物块组成系统满足动能定理。需要测量物体A 质量m A ,物体B 质量m B ,

砝码

注射器

烧瓶

图(甲)

图(乙)

O

m

△V

接触开关

R y

R

容器

发热器

+5V

A

B

P Q

J

0V

S 2

C

S 1

R x

A

B

h

还需要测量的物理量为。

(2)该系统动能定理表达式为。

(3)为了实现上述运动过程,应该满足条件为。

六、计算题(共50分)

30.(10分)如图(甲)所示,某水银气压计的玻璃管顶端高出水银槽液面1m,因上部混有少量的空气使读数不准,当气温为27℃时标准气压计读数为75cmHg,该气压计读数为70cmHg。

(1)若在气温为17℃时,用该气压计测得的气压读数为71cmHg,求当时实际气压值P0';

(2)若在气温为27℃,实际气压为75cmHg时,某同学将该气压计玻璃管倾斜一个角度使用,如图(乙)所示,测得的气压读数正好为75cmHg,求此时玻璃管与竖直方向夹角θ。

31.(13分)如图所示,足够长的对接斜面AO 和BO 均与水平方向成角α=53°,质量为m =2kg 的小物块由AO 上高度h =4m 处静止释放。小物块与斜面AO 间摩擦因数为μ=13 ,

斜面BO 光滑,每次经过对接O 处前后瞬间小物块的速度大小保持不变。求: (1)小物块第一次冲上斜面BO 所达到的最大高度h 1;

(2)小物块在斜面AO 和BO 上运动足够长时间后滑过粗糙面的总路程S 1; (3)小物块在斜面AO 和BO 上运动足够长时间后所经过的总路程S 2。

32.(13分)如图所示,不带电物体A 和带正电的物体B (带电量为q )用跨过定滑轮的绝缘轻绳连接,A 、B 的质量分别是m 和2m 。物体A 静止在水平面上,物体B 在外力F 作用下静止于倾角为θ的绝缘斜面上,斜面上与物体B 距离L 固定一正点电荷C ,使得 B 所处位置电场强度大小为

mg sin θ

q

。绝缘轻绳恰好处于伸直状态,物体A 离开滑轮的距离足够长,不计一切摩擦。已知重力加速度为g ,场源电荷C 形成的电场中各点的电势表达式为φ=

k Q

r

(式中K 为常数未知,Q 为场源电荷电荷量未知,r 是离开点电荷的距离)。当撤去外力F 以后物体A 和B

O

开始运动,求:

(1)撤去外力瞬间物体A的加速度a;

(2)物体B速度达到最大时与点电荷C的距离L';

(3)物体A的最终运动速度大小v;

33.(14分)相距L=0.5m的平行导轨MNL和PQR如图所示。质量

m1=0.2kg的导体棒ab垂直置于光滑的水平导轨MN、PQ段上,质

量m2=0.2kg的水平导体棒cd紧贴在摩擦因数为μ=0.2竖直导轨

段NL、QR右侧,且与导轨垂直,两棒接入电路部分电阻值均为

R=0.1Ω,其它各处电阻不计。整个装置位于竖直向上的匀强磁场

中,磁感应强度B=1T。现静止释放cd棒的同时,用平行于MN方

向向左的外力F拉动ab棒使其由静止开始做加速度a=2m/s2的匀加

c 速直线运动,速度达到v1=10m/s后保持v1做匀速直线运动。导轨

MNL和PQR足够长。求:

(1)导体棒cd中的感应电流方向;

(2)导体棒ab保持v1做匀速直线运动时外力F的功率P F;

(3)导体棒cd从开始运动到速度最大所用的时间t1;

(4)导体棒cd从开始运动到停止所用的时间t2。

2015学年第二学期徐汇区学习能力诊断卷

高三物理试卷参考答案

第Ⅰ卷(共56分)

一、单项选择题(每小题2分,共16分,每小题只有一个正确选项。)

二、单项选择题(每小题3分,共24分,每小题只有一个正确选项。)

三、多项选择题(每小题4分,共16分. 每小题有两个或三个正确选项。全选对的,得4分;选对但不全的,得2分;有选错或不答的,得0分。)

第 Ⅱ 卷(共94分)

四、填空题(每小题4分,共20分) 21. 3m ;6m/s 22(A). 3m ; -3mv 0

2

8

22(B). g K 2 ;4KRπ

2

T

2

23. R 1 ;4V 24. 52cm ;5

25.B =B 0d d + v 0t - gt 22 ;B '=B 0d

d + v 022g

- 2mgR ( d + v 02

2g )t '

B 0L 2d 2

五、实验题(共24分) 26. (6分)

(1)

(每个力画对的1分,共4分)(说明:力的大小在图中是否写不是得分判断依据,力的符号不写扣去相关分数)

(2)两个互成角度的共点力的真实合力与以两个力为邻边作出的平行四边形对角线的假想合力在

C

误差范围内近似相等。说明力的合成遵循平行四边形定则。(2分) 27. (4分)

(1)

KSP 0

g

-V 1(2分)(说明:式中漏去V 1,不得分) (2)偏小(2分) 28. (6分)

(1) “与”(2分);远大于(2分) (2)小一些(2分) 29. (8分)

(1)射程x 、长板离地高度H (2分)(说明:射程用S 或其他符号表示均可)

(2)m B gh -μm A gh = x 2g (m A +m B ) 4H

(2分)(说明:变形公式正确得分)

(3)μ﹤m B m A (2分)(2分)(说明:写出相关x 不等式正确但是不详细给1分,

“﹤”与“≤”混淆不得分) 六、计算题(共50分) 30. (10分)

(1)p 1 = p 0 - p h = (75-70)cmHg = 5cmHg (1分)

p 2 = p 0'-p h ' = p 0'-71cmHg (1分)

p 1V 1T 1 = p 2V 2T 2

(1分) 5×30300 = (p 0'-71)×29

290

(1分) p 0' = 76 cmHg (1分)

(2)p 3 = p 0-p h '' = (75-75cos θ)cmHg (1分)

p 1V 1 = p 3V 3(1分)

5×30 = (75-75cos θ)×25(1分)

cos θ = 0.92

θ = 23.07o(2分)

31. (13分)

(1)根据动能定理W G +W f =△E K

mg (h -h 1)- μmghctg α=0(2分)

h 1=3m (2分)

(2)经过足够长时间,小物块最终静止在O 点,对全过程由动能定理可知:

W G '+W f ' = △E K '

mgh-μmg cos αS 1=0(2分)

得S 1=20m ,所以小物快在粗糙斜面上的总路程为20m 。(2分) (3)根据动能定理W G ''+W f ''=△E K ''

mg (h OAn -h OA(n+1))-μmg (h OAn +h OA(n+1))ctg α=0(1分) h OA(n+1)= 35

h OAn (1分)

由上一小题可知:h OBn = 3

4

h OAn (1分)

S 2 =(2h (1+34

)

(1-35

)

- h )/ sin53o=38.75m (2分)

32. (13分)

(1)G 斜-F 电-T =m B a ; 2m gsin θ- m gsin θ-T =2ma (1分)

T =m A a ; T =ma (1分) a =g sin θ

3

方向水平向右(2分)

(2)F 电= m gsin θ;

KQq

L 2

= m gsin θ(1分) F 电'=2 m gsin θ ;

KQq

(L')

2 = 2m gsin θ(1分) L '=

2 L

2

(2分) (3)W 合=△E K

2 m gsin θ(L - L ')+q (KQ L -KQ L' ) =3mv 2

2 (3分);L '= 2 L

2

v =

2gL sin θ-4 2 gL sin θ

3

(2分)

33. (14分)

(1)c 流向d (2分)

(2)P F = Fv = B 2L 2v 12

2R = 125W (2分)

(3)当 μB 2L 2v 2

2R

= m 2g

v 2=

2m 2gR

μB 2L 2

= 8m/s (2分)

即t 1 = v 2a 1

= 4s 时cd 速度最大(2分)

(4)对cd ,由m 2g - μB 2L 2a 1t 2

2R

= m 2a 2(1分)

可知a 2 =(10-2.5t 2)m/s 2

(t 2≤5s) (1分)

a 2 = - 2.5m/s 2 (t 2>5s) (1分)

作a2-t图像(图略),当t轴上方面积与下方面积相等,(1分)即t2 = 12.5s时,cd停止运动。(2分)

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