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化学化工专业英语(课本内容)

化学化工专业英语(课本内容)
化学化工专业英语(课本内容)

第二章科技英语构词法

词是构成句子的要素,对词意理解的好坏直接关系到翻译的质量。

所谓构词法即词的构成方法,即词在结构上的规律。科技英语构词特点是外来语多(很多来自希腊语和拉丁语);第二个特点是构词方法多,除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法外,还普遍采用压缩法、混成法、符号法和字母象形法。

2.1转化法(Conversion)

由一种词类转化成另一种词类,叫转化法。例如:

water(n.水)→water(v.浇水)

charge(n.电荷) →charge(v.充电)

yield(n.产率) →yield(v.生成)

dry(a.干的) →dry(v.烘干)

slow(a.慢的) →slow(v.减慢)

back(ad.在后、向后) →back(v.使后退、倒车)

square(n.正方形) →square(a.正方形的)

2.2派生法(Derivation)

通过加前、后缀构成一新词。派生法是化工类科技英语中最常用的构词法。

例如“烷烃”就是用前缀(如拉丁或希腊前缀)表示分子中碳原子数再加上“-ane”作词尾构成的。若将词尾变成“-ane”、“-yne”、“-ol”、“-al”、“-yl”,则分别表示“烯”、“炔”、“醇”、“醛”、“基”、等。依此类推,从而构成千成种化学物质名词。常遇到这样的情况,许多化学化工名词在字典上查不到,全若掌握这种构词法,能过其前、后缀分别代表的意思,合在一起即是该词的意义。下面通过表1举例说明。需要注意的是,表中物质的数目词头除前四个另有名称外,其它均为表上的数目词头。

本书附录为化学化工专业常用词根及前后缀。此外还可参阅《英汉化学化工词汇》(第三版)附录中的“英汉对照有机基名表”、“西文化学名词中常用的数止词头”及“英汉对照有机词尾表”。

据估计,知道一个前缀可帮助人们认识450个英语单词。一名科技工作者至少要知道近50个前缀和30个后缀。这对扩大科技词汇量,增强自由阅读能力,提高翻译质量和加快翻译速度都是大有裨益的。

2.3合成法(Composition)

由两个或更多的词合成一个词,叫合成法。有时需加连字符。

如副词+过去分词well-known 著名的

名词+名词carbon steel 碳钢

rust-resistance 防锈

名词+过去分词computer-oriented 研制计算机的

介词+名词by-product 副产物

动词+副词makeup 化妆品

check-up 检查

形容词+名词atomic weight 原子量

periodic table 周期表

动词+代词+副词pick-me-up 兴奋剂

副词+介词+名词out-of-door 户外

2.4压缩法(Shortening)

(1)只取词头字母

这种方法在科技英语中较常用。

EST:English for Science and Technology 科技英语

EPT:English Proficiency Test 英语水平考试(中国)

TOEFL: Test of English as a Foreign Language 非英语国家英语水平考试

CET:College English Test 大学英语水平考试

CCDOS:Chinese Character Disk Operating System 中文磁盘操作系统

CAD:Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计

ppm: parts per million 百万分之一

P.T.O.: please turn over 请看背面

rpm,r/m: revolution per minute 转/分

SOS:Save Our Souls 呼救信号(国际通用)

(2)将单词删去一些字母

flu: influenza 流行性感冒

h,hr: hour 小时

lab: laboratory 实验室

Corp: corporation 股份公司

Dec: December 十二月

Exam: examination 考试

Kilo: kilogram 千克、公斤

Yr: year 新年

Bldg: Building 大楼

Co.Ltd.: Corporation Limited 有限公司

CN China 中国

2.5混成法(Blending)

把两个词的一头一尾连在一起,构成一个新词

smog=smoke+fog 烟+雾→烟雾

motel=motor+hotel 发动机+旅馆→有汽车停车场的旅馆

positron=positive+electron 正的+电子→正电子

medicare=medical+care 医学的+照管→医疗保障

sultaine=sulfo+betaine 碳基+甜菜碱→磺基甜菜碱

modem=modulator+demodulator 调制器+解调器=调制解调器

aldehyde=alcohol+dehydrogenation 醇+脱氢+醛

(醛是由醇脱氢制的的因而得名)

2.6符号法(Signs)

&: and ,和

/: and 或or, “和”或“或”

M/N:M和N,或M或N,两者并取或取一

#:number,号码,#9=No.l9=number 9

$: dollar,元(美、加等国货币单位)

Ib: pound, 英镑

¥: Yuan,元(人民币)

2.7

字母象形法(Letter Symbolizing)

该构词法所构成词的模式是:“大写字母+连字符+名词”,用以表示事物的外形,产品的型号、牌号等。英译汉时,主要采用形译法,亦可根据具体情况具体翻译。

I-bar: 工字铁

T-square: 丁字尺

U-pipe: U形管

X-ray: X射线

V-belt: V带

U-shaped magnet: 马蹄形磁铁

第三章单词

单词是构成句子的基本要素之一,因此单词的翻译直接关系到句子的翻译。限于篇幅,本章仅就单词翻译中的几个重要总是加以论述。

3.1 名词单复数的译法

I可数名词复数前没有数量词时,一般要把复数含义翻译出来,即在名词前加译“一些、这些、许多”等词(见例句①、②)。但若能通过汉语译文的上下文体会出该复数的含义时,可不必译出该复数含我(见例句③)。

例句:

①The teacher may be asked questions.

可以向教师提一些问题

②Our first electronic computers were made in 1958

我国首批电子计算机是1958年制成的

③They are students of Beijing University.

他们是北京大学的学生。

(前面出现了“他们”,后面“学生”就不必加“们”了。)

II 当名词(可数、不可数)用复数表示泛指或一类时,有时需译出复数含义,此时往往加译“各种、多种”等总括性词语(见例句①~④;有时不需译出复数含义(见例句⑤~⑦)。具体情况应视上下文而定。

①made of hard-alloy steels(steel: 不可数名词):由各种各样的硬合金钢制成

nutritious foods(food:不可数名词):营养丰富的食品(各种各样营养丰富的食品)successes(不可数名词):多方面的成功

Cultures(不可数名词):各种文化

②There are Families of hydrocarbon.

有好几个烃族。

③Coal, petroleum and natural gas now yield their bond energies to man.

煤、石油和天然气现在为人类提供各种各样的结合能。

④They will mis freely with other organic compounds and are often soluble in organic solvents.

它们能与其它有机化合物自由地混合并能溶于多种有机溶剂中。

⑤Properties of non-metals vary widely.

非金属的性质差异很大。

⑥Insects hide themselves in winter.

昆虫到冬天就躲藏起来。

⑦He has put up a portrait in oils.

他挂了一幅油画肖像。

(不言而喻,油画肖像是由各种油性颜料画成,不译成复数“s”,也能理解其复数的含义。)

III “a(an)+名词(可数,不可数)单数”表示一类时,不能译出不定冠词“a(an)”。

例句:

①Salts may also be found by the replacement of hydrogen from and acid with a metal.

盐也能通过用金属置换酸中的氢获得。

②When a boy is ill, a doctor usually takes his temperature.

当孩子生病时,医生通常试他的体温。

③An acid was once defined as a substance that would form hydrogen ions(H+) in water solution

and a base as one that would form hydroxide ions (OH-) in the same.

人们曾把酸定义为在水溶液中能产生氢离子的物质,而碱则是在同样溶液中会产生氢氧根离子的物质。

Iv 不可数名词用复数可表示数量之多。

例如:

waters 水域

sufferings 灾难

regards 问候(意即大量的关心)

respects 尊敬

3.2数词复数词组的译法

例句:

①These books are packed in tens.

这些书每十本装一包

②these products are counted by hundreds.

这些辨品是成百成百地计数的

③They consulted tens of magazines .

他们查阅了几十本杂志。

④Automation helps to increase productivity hundreds of times over .

自动化使生产率提高了几百倍。

⑤They went out by twos and threes.

他们三三两两地出去了

当数词复数用of连续相连时,其最终数字范围应是几个数字的乖积。

⑥Tens of thousands of foreign friends visit this factory every year.

每年有几万人参观这座工厂。

⑦million billion billion atoms 106×109×109即1024个原子

half of a millionth of a billionth of billionth of a pound 0.5×10-30磅

注意:对于billion(含billion)以上的数字,英语和美语译法不同,翻译时应视此句用于何种国家的刊物而定。

英语美语

million 106 106

billion 1012 109

trillion 1018 1012

quadrillion 10241015

quintillion 1030 1018

3.3 词义引伸的译法

有时对于某个词,若使用字典上查到的意义进行翻译,往往使译文不通,甚至费解。此时,译者应根据该词本意,并结合上下文,引伸出恰当的词义。

例句;

①The return of the light into the same medium in which it has been traveling is reflection.

光线回到原来传播的媒介物,就是反射。

②In the reaction both the acid and the base are neutralized forming water and salt.

在该反应中,酸与碱彼此中和而生成水和盐。

③The two pairs of electrons of oxygen may be shared with two separate carbons forming

only single bond(≡C-O-C≡)。

氧的两对电子可以与两个不直接相连的碳共用而形成单键。

④The continuous process can be conducted at any prevailing pressure without release to

atmospheric pressure.

连续过程能在任何常用的压力下进行,而不会暴露在大气中。

3.4词的增译及省译

由于英汉两种语言在表达方式上的不同,在英译汉时,有时需要增加一些词,有时需要增少一些词,以符合汉语的表达习惯。

I增译表示时态的词

这里仅就科技英语常用时态进行介绍。

(1)一般现在时:一般无需加减字,但在表示主语特征时,可在动词前面加译“能、可、会”等字(见例句①~③)。

(2)一般过去时:有时可在动词前后添加“已、曾、过、了”等字,或于句首添加“以前、当时、过去”等时间副词(见例句④~⑦)。

(3)一般将来时:多数在动词前添加“将、要、会”等字。

(4)进行时:可在动词前添加“正、在、正在”,有时在动词后面加译助词“着”

(见例句⑧)。

(5)完成时:可于动词前面加译时间副词“已(经)”,“曾(经)”,后面加译助词“了、过、过……了”(见例句⑨、⑩)。

例句:

①Extreme temperature causes dramatic changes in the properties of rubber.

像胶处于极限温度时,其性能会生惊人的变化。

②Evaporation sometimes produces a slurry of crystals in a saturated mother liquor.

有时蒸发能在饱和的母液人产生结晶淤浆。

③The presence of an acid stronger than nitric acid acceleras the beterolysis into NO2+

and OH-

比硝酸更强的酸的存在可以加速生成NO2+和OH-的异种分解。

④The rocket landed on the moon.

火箭在月球上着陆了。

⑤Organic compounds were once thought to be produced only by living organism.

以前曾认为有机化合物只能从有生命的机体产生。

⑥The publication of chemisches Zentralblatt wasstopped during world war II, and the

blanks were later filled.

《化学中心会报》在第二次世界大战期间曾停刊过,随后又填补了以前的空白。

⑦Gasoline would have been difficult to supply in the quantities required ifit had not

been for improvements in refining methods and the introduction of cracking.

假如当时没有对炼油方法作出改进并引入裂解法,那么,汽油供应量早就难以

满足需要了。

⑧Even before the second Five-year plan, China was already producing all kinds of

lathes, machines, apparatus and instruments.

甚至在第二个五年计划之前,中国就已经在生产着各种车床、机器、仪器和设

备。

⑨The carbon has lost electrons and the oxygen has gained electrons in the change.

在变化中,碳失去了电子,而氧获得了电子。

⑩It was reported that scientist had worked at the problem of storing the sun’s heat for many years.

?据报道,对于贮藏太阳能的问题,科学工作者曾经进行过多年的研究。

II名词复数的增减译法

有些复数名词前后需要增译“许多、多种、各种、类”等,有些复数名词的复数意义可不必译出,详见3.1

III增译表示被动语态的词

翻译被动语态时,有时需要增泽,详见第七章。

IV其它词语的增译及省译

增加表示动作意义的名词引起的增译:“作用、过程、现象、情况、变化”等,见例句①、②。

增加表示数量的词(以示强调)引起的增译:“两个过程、三个方面、单独、都”等。见例句

增译动词:“进行、引起、发生、使”等。见例句⑤

增加解说性词语引起的增译:视上下文而定。见例句⑥~⑧。

增加关连词引起的增译:“因为、由于、所以”等。见例句⑧、⑨

增加加贯性的词引起的增译“就”等。见例句⑨。

省译代词、动词、介词、冠词等例句⑩省译代词“it”,例句⑧省译动词“is

placed”。

例句:

①Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.

氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。

②The principles of absorption and desorption are basically the same.

吸收和解吸这两个过程的原理基本相同。

③Ketones are very closely related to both aldehydes and alcohols.

酮与醛和醇的关系都很密切。

④The project is the largest public works program undertaken by a state in the history of the

United states.

这是美国历史上由一个州单独承担的最大的一项公共工程。

⑤From what is stated above, it is learned that the sun’s heat can pass through the empty space

between the sun and the atmosphere.

由上述可知,太阳的热量可以穿过太阳与地球周围的大气层之间的真空而传播到地面。

(据上下文加译“传播到地面”)

⑥But neutralization is cumbersome.

但是,中和是个麻烦的问题。

⑦Transistors are small, efficient and have a long life.

晶体管体积小、效率高、寿命长。

⑧Evaporation differs from crystallization in that emphasis is placed on concentrating a solution

rather the forming and building crystals.

蒸发和结晶不同,因为蒸发着重于将溶液浓缩百不是生成和析出结晶。

⑨The hydrocarbons are all lighter than water, and, being almost completely insoluble, float on

it.

这些烃都比水轻,再由于它们几乎完全不溶于水,所以就浮在水面上。

⑩When the solution in the tank has reached the desired temperature, it is discharged.

?当罐内溶液达到所要求的温度时,就卸料。

第四章词类转换的译法

汉、英两种语言的表达方式千差万别,大多数情况下,逐词照译的翻译方式无法表达原文的意思。因此翻译好文章的关键是找到两种语言表达方式的异同,再根据各自语言规范进行翻译。

英语:富于词形的变化,词序比较灵活。

汉语:缺乏词形变化,词序不灵活。

因此,英译汉时,译者应大胆摆脱原文表层结构的束缚,根据汉语的习惯,正确表达原文。转换译法是一种可取的、极为常用的翻译方法。

转换译法包括词类的转换、句子成分的转换、词序的转换、主被动语态的转换、从句间的转换等。从本章开始,将分别加以叙述。

词类转换就是翻译时改变原文中某些词的词性,以符合汉语的表达习惯。常见的有以下几种:

4.1名词的转译

例句:

1.Total determination of molecular structure is possible by means of X-ray diffraction.

用X射线衍射的方法可以全面地确定分子结构。(n.-v.)

2.Such operations require the transfer of a substance from the gas stream to the liquid.

这样的一些操作要求物质由气流传递到液体中去。(n.-v.)

3.He is a stranger to the operation of the elctronic computer

他对电子计算机的操作是陌生的。(n.-adj.)

4.The maiden voyage of the newly-built steamship was a success.

那艘新造轮船的处女航是成功的。(n.-adj.)

4.2动词的转译

例句:

1.An acid and a base react in a proton transfer reaction.

酸与碱的反应是一质子转换的反应。(v.-n.)

2.Many chemical reactions need heat to make them take place.

许多化学反应的发生都需要热。(v.-n.)

3.The methyl group on the benzene ring greatly facilitates the nitration of toluene.

苯环旧的甲基使甲苯非常易于硝化。

4.3形容词的转译

例句:

1.The continuous process can ordinarily be handled in the less spaces.

连续过程通常能节省操作空间。(adj.-v.)

2.There is a large amount of energy wasted owing to friction.

由于摩擦而消耗了大量的能量。(adj.-v.)

3.Generally speaking, methane series are rather inert

总的来说,甲烷系的烃惰性很强。(adj.-n.)

4.Zirconium is almost as strong as steel, but lighter.

锆的强度几乎与钢的相等,但它比钢轻。(adj.-n.)

5. A graph gives a visual representation of the relationship.

图能直观地表示这个关系。(adj.-adv.)

英语中有些形容词(短语)表示“愿望、心理、情感”等一类概念,相当于汉语的

动词。

6. They are quite content with the data obtained from the experiment.

他们对实验中获得的数据非常满意。(adj.-v.)

7. Scientists are confident that all mater is indestructible.

科学家们深信,一切物质都是不灭的。(adj.-v.)

英语中,有些形容词加定冠词后,表示一类人(或物),翻译时,常转译为汉语的

名词。

8.Electrons move from the negative to the positive.

电子由负极流向正极。(adj.-n.)

4.4词的转译

例句:

1.The reaction force to this action force pushes the rocket ship along.

这个作用力所产生的反作用力推动宇宙飞船前进。(adv.-v.)

2.The chemical experiment is over.

化学实验结束了。(adv.-v.)

3.The image must be dimensionally correct.

图的尺寸必须正确。(adv.-n.)

4.The device is shown schematically in Fig.8.

图8就是这种装置的简图。(adv.-n.)

5.This film is uniformly thin.

该膜薄而均匀。(adv.-adj.)

4.5介词的转换

例句:

1.In this process the solution is pumped into a tank.

在这个操作中,溶液用泵打入罐中。(prep.-v.)

2.Salts may formed by the replacement of hydrogen from an acid with a metal.

盐可以通过用金属置换酸中的氢来制取。(prep.-v.)

第五章句子成分转换的译法

所谓句子成分转换的译法,是把句子的某一在分(如主语)译成另一成分(如宾语等)。在多数情况下,词类转换必然导致句子成分的转译,例如:当英语的动词转译为汉语的名词或副词时,该动词的谓语成分也就相应地转译为汉语的语语、宾语或状语等。

成分转换的目的是使译文通顺,符合汉语习惯。

例如:

It is because the bounding properties of one pair of electrons in the double bond are not fully satisfied.

这是由于双键上的一对电子不具有充分饱和的键合性质。

分句中主语:“the bounding properties”转译为宾语;

分句中定语:“one pair of electrons”转译为主语;

分句中状语:“in the double bond”转译为定语;

分句中表语:“are satisfied”转译为定语。

5.1主语的转译

例句:

1.The following definitions apply to the terms used in this specification.

本说明所用的一些术语定义如下。(主语-谓语)

2. Evaporation emphasis is placed on concentrating a solution rather than forming and building crystals.

蒸发着重于将溶液浓缩,而不是生成和析出晶体。(主语-谓语)

3. Organic compounds are not soluble in water because there is no tendency for water to separate their molecules into ions.

有机化合物不溶于水,因为水没有将它们的分子分离在离子的倾向。(语语-宾语)

4. Methane is less than half as heavy as water.

甲烷的重量不到水的一半。(主语-定语)

5.When a copper plate is put into the sulfuric acid electrolyte, very few of its atoms

dissolve.

5.2语的转译

例句:

1.Thus, an acid and a base react in a proton transfer reaction.

因此,酸与碱的反应是一个质子转换的反应。(谓语-主语)

2.The past few decades have been characterized by a prodigious expansion of the

organic-chemical industry.

过去数十年的特征是有机化学工业得到了惊人的发展。(谓语-主语)

3.The melting point of alkanes are rather irregular at first, but tend to rise somewhat

steadily as the molecules become larger.

烷烃的熔点起初很不规则,但随着分子的增大,则有些稳步上升的趋势。(谓语-宾语)

5.3宾语的转译

例句:

1.TNT has high explosive power.

TNT的爆炸力很大。(宾语-主语)

2.It is assumed that there is little if any leakage through the condensers.

可以设想,电容器即使漏电,也是很少的。(介宾-主语)

3.Light makes vision possible.

有了光,才能看见东西。(宾语-谓语)

5.4表语的转译

例句:

1.Matter is anything that occupies space.

凡占有空间的都是物质。(表语-主语)

2.In this sense structure analysis is common to most organic research.

从这个意义上讲,结构分析普遍应用于大多数的有机研究。(表语-谓语)

5.5定语的转译

例句:

1.There are two groups of metals: pure metals and their alloys.

金属有两大类:纯金属及其合金。(定语-主语)

2.Many factors enter into equipment reliability.

涉及设备可靠性的因素很多。(定语-谓语)

3.Automatic machines havin g many advantages can only do the jobs they have been “told”

to do.

自动化机器虽然有很多优点,但它们只能干人们“吩咐”它们要干的事。

(定语-状语从句)

4.Benzene can undergo the typical substitution reactions of halogenation, nitration,

sulphonation and Friedel-Crafts reaction.

苯可以进行典型的取代反应,如卤化、硝化、磺化和傅氏反应。(定语—同位语)5.6状语的转译

例句:

(1)When oxides of nitrogen are absorbed in water to give nitric acid, a chemical reaction occurs. 当水吸收氮氧化物形成硝酸时,就发生了化学反应。(状语—主语)

(2)When a spring is tightly stretched, it is ready to do work.

拉紧的弹簧随时可以做功。(状语从句—主语)

(3)TNT is simple and relatively safe to manufacture.

制造TNT简单而且比较安全。

(4)In the simplest chemical cell the electrolyte is a solution of sulfuric acid in water.

在最简单的化学电池内,电解液是硫酸的水溶液。

(5)The attractive force between the molecules is negligibly small.

分子间的吸引力小得可以忽略不计。(状语—补语)

第六章词序转变的译法

所谓词序转变的译法即译文的词序与原文的词序不同的一种翻译方法。英译汉时,有时词序相同,有时词序不同。是否改变词序,没有一成不变的模式,只取决地一个条件:即译文正确,符合汉语表达习惯。

例句:

A six-carbon ring structure in the form of a hexagon with alternate single and double bond was assigned to benzene.

苯被指定为单键和双键交错的由六个碳组成的六角形的环形结构。

该译文的词序基本上是从后往前译。若按原文词序进行翻译,则无法通顺。疑问句、倒装句、“there be”句型等引起的词序转变不在本章讨论之列。

6.1系表结构的词序转变

例句:

(1)Non-conductors are rubber and glass.

橡胶和玻璃是非导体。(主语、表语词序颠倒)

(2)The commonly employed forms of enery are kinetic energy and heat energy.

功能和热能是通常使用的能的形式。(主语、表语词序颠倒)

(3)The alternate double bond arrangement in the six-carbon ring is aromatics characteristic.

芳香烃的特点是六个碳原子组成的环上双键交替排列。(主语、表语词序颠倒)

6.2宾语的词序转变

宾语有时译在动词(包括谓语、现在分词、动名词)之前,同时加译“将、把、给、使、让、对”等字。

例句:

(1)People regard the sun as the chief source of heat and light.

人们把太阳视为主要的热源和光源。(加译“把”,同时把宾语译在谓语前)

(2)We can transform water into two gases by passing an electric current through it.

让电流通入水中,我们就能把水变为两种气体。(注意译文“让电流”、“把水”)

(3)By compressing and cooling the mixture, you can separate one gas from the other by changing it to a liquid.

将该混保物压缩、冷却,使其中一种气体变为液体,就能把它与另一种气体分开。

英语中有直接宾语和间接宾语时,汉语译文中常把一个宾语译在谓语前面,同时加译“把、给”等助词。

例句:

(4)The figure shows the readers the relative action of reciprocating between the work and the tool.

这个图给读者显示了工件和刀具之间往复的相对运动。

或:这个图把工件和刀具之间往复的相对运动显示给了读者。

(5)X-ray will show the doctor clearly how the lung suffers.

X射线会清楚地把肺部损害的程度显示给医生。

6.3同位语的词序转变

例句:

(1)Two factors, force and distance, are included in the units of work.

力和距离这两个因素都包含在功的单位内。(变序)

(2)The branch of science, artificial intelligence, is develoing rapidly.

人工智能这门科学正在迅速地发展。(变序)

进行同位语翻译时,有时无需改变词序,因此,应视具体情况决定是否改变词序。试比较例句:

(3)We call such a zinc atom an ion with a double positive charge, Zn.

我们称这种带有两个正电荷的锌原子为锌离子:Zn(同序)

(4)We are all familiar with the fact that nothing in nature will either start or stop moving of itself.

我们都熟知这样一个事实,即:自然界中没有一件东西会自行开始或停止运动。(同序)

6.4定语的词序转变

例句:

(1)Generally speaking, the fuel available is coal.

一般来说,可用的燃料是煤。(定语“available”译在它所修饰的词“fuel”之前)

(2)Engine revolution should not exceed the maximum permissible.

发动机的转数不应超过所允许的最大值。

(下语“permissible”译在它所修饰的词“maximum”之前)

上面所举为改变词序的例子,翻译后置定语时,人们往往习惯改变词序,但有时不能改变词序,否则会使人费解,甚至误解。

请看下面两例:

(3)The decimal system of counting has a long history.

十前制计算法有着悠久的历史。

(4)In the absence of oxygen, untold numbers of organisms were transformed by heat, pressure, and time into deposits of fossil-fuels-coal, petroleum and natural gas.

无数的有机物,在缺氧的情况下,受热、压力和时间的影响而转化为沉积的矿物燃料—

—煤、石油和天然气。

6.5状语的词序转变

例句:

(1)Being alloyed with certain metals, aluminum can be strengthened.

铝和某些金属熔合后,强度会增大。(变序,状语译在主语之后)

(2)Many industrial operation can be carried out in either of two ways which may be called batch and continuous operations.

许多工业操作可用间歇操作规程或连续操作来完成。(变序,状语译在谓语之前)

(3)Chemisches Zentralblatt is particularly valuable for its inclusiveness of the East European and Russian literature.

〈化学中心会报〉也包括东欧和俄罗斯的文献,就这一点来说是特别有价值的。

(变序,状语译在表语之前)

第七章被动语态的译法

被动语态在科技英语中使用的频率特别高,据初步统计,被动语态在科技英语中约占1/3,远高于普通英语中被动句的使用频率,这是因为:

①与主动语态相比,被动诚会突出所要说明的事物,能减少主观色彩。因为科技人员

关心的是行为、活动、作用、事实,至于这些行动是谁做的,无关紧要,因此在这

机关报句子中就没有必要出现人称。

②被动句用行为、活动、作用、事实等作主语,在句中是第一个出现的词,因此能立

即引起读者的注意。

③通常被动句比主动句更简洁明了。

被动语态主要有两种译法:(1)仍译成被动句;(2)译为主动句。

7.1仍译成被动句

译文可加译“被、供、由、让、给、受、遭、得到、为……所、加以……、予以……”等助词,再译谓语。这些助词在汉语中都表示被动的意思。但根据具体情况,有时也可不加任何词而直接译出。

(1)The atomic theory was not accepted until the last century.

原子学说直到上个世纪才为人们所接受。(或:才被接受)

(2)Other evaporation materials and processes will be discussed briefly.

其它一些蒸发材料和蒸发过程将简单地加以讨论。

(3)The laws of thermodynamics will be discussed in the next articles.

热力学定律将在下文予以讨论。

(4)Purified hydrogen is passed over a liquid metal halide.

让纯化氢气通过液态金属卤化物。

(5)considerable use is made of these data.

这些资料得到充分的利用。

(6)Since methane is its first member, it is also known as the methane series.

因为甲烷是该系列的第一个成员,因此该系列也被称为甲烷系。

7.2译成汉语主动句

1 译成汉语的无主语句

这种译法一般是将英语句中的主语译成汉语中的宾语,即先译谓语,后译主语(主谓变序)。

(1)Measures have been taken to diminish friction.

已经采取了一些措施来减少摩擦。

(2)When the solution in the tank has reached the desired temperature, it is discharged.

当罐内溶液达到所要求的温度时,就卸料。

(3)If the product is a new compound, the structure must be proved independently.

如果产物是一个新的化合物,则必须单独证明其结构。

(4)Now headings, sub-headings and tables of contents in English are provided.

现在提供英文的(主)标题、副标题和目录表。

2、加译“人们、我们、大家、有人”等主语

例句:

(1)The workers were seen repairing the generator.

有人看见过这些工人在修理发电机。

(2)The metal, iron in particular, is known to be an important material in engineering.

大家知道,金属,特别是铁,是工程方面的重要材料。

(3)If one or more electrons are removed, the atom is said to be positively charged.

如果原子失去了一个或多个电子,我们就说这个原子带正电荷。

3、用英语句中的动作者作汉语中的主语

例句:

(1)The complicated problem will be solved by them.

他们会解决这个复杂的问题。

(2)The molecules are held together by attractive forces.

引力把分子聚积在一起。

4、将英语句中的一个适当成分译作汉语句中的主语

例句:

(1)The students have been answered all the questions.

学生们的问题已全部得到回答。

(2)The oxides of nitrogen are absorbed in water to give nitric acid.

水吸收氮氧化物形成硝酸。

5、在原主语前加译“把、将、使、给”等词

(1)Borax was added to beeswax to enhance its emulsifying power.

将硼砂加到蜂蜡中以增加蜂蜡的乳化力。

(2)The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy through a generator.

发电机可以把机械能再转变为电能。

(3)Absorption process is therefore conveniently divided into two groups: phy-sical process and chemical process.

因此,可以将吸收过程简单地分为两类:物理过程和化学过程。

6、将被动语态译成“是……的、对……进行”等

例句:

(1)The slurry is filtered to recover the electrolyte solution.

对泥浆进行过滤可回收电解液。

(2)An aldehyde is prepared from the depydrogenation of an alcohol and hence the name.

醛是从醇脱氢而制备的,并因此而得名。

(3)The higher degree of unsaturation is associated with somewhat greater chemical reactivity. 较高程度的不饱和性是多少同较大程度的化学反应性相联系的。

7、被动意义译成主动意思

例句:

(1)Batch operations are frequently found in experimental and pilot-plant operations.

间歇操作常见于实验室操作及中试操作。

(2)In the reaction both the acid and the base are neutralized forming water and salt.

反应中,酸与碱彼此中和而形成水和盐。

(3)The kinds of activities which engage the organic chemist may be grouped in the following way.

有机化学工作者所从事的活动可以按照下列方法归类。

7.3科技英语中常用的被动句型

常见的句型是It is done that…。其中It作形式主语,that引导出主语从句。另一种常见的句型是be done as。该种被动结构引出主语补语。这些句型多半在汉语中已有习惯的译法。

It is considered that…人们认为……

It is understood that…大家都明白……;不用说……;当然……

It is supposed that…据推测……;假定……

It is suggested that…有人建议……

It is noticed that…人们注意到…

It is preferred that…最好……

It is generally recognized that…通常认为……;一般公认……

It can be foreseen that…可以预料……

It is stressed that…有人强调说……

It must be stressed that…必须强调……

It has been shown that…已经证明……;已经表明……

It can not be denied that…无可否认……

It has been proved that…已经证实……

It is said that…据说、有人说……

It is known as…通称为、叫做……

It is spoken of as…被说成是……

It is considered as…被认为是……;被看为……

It is described as…被描述成……

It is accepted as…被承认为……

It is thought of as…被认为……;被当作……

It is defined as…被下定义为……;定义是……

第八章节后置定语的语法

修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句,称为定语。可作定语的有:介词短语、形容词、代词、数词、名词、非限定动词、副词、同位语和从句等。按定语所处的位置又可将定语分为前置定语和后置定语。所谓前置定语,即定语位于它所修饰的成分之前。前置定语一般较短,因而较简单。

所谓后置定语,是指位于名词或代词之后的定语。由于科技英语的准确性与严密性,使其频繁使用后置定语。这也是科技英语中复杂长句多的原因之一。因此尽管定语是句子的次要成分,却是影响译文质量好坏的重要因素。

本章仅对科技英语中常用的后置定语进行举例讲述。

8.1 介词短语作后置定语

例句:

(1)In general ethers are good solvents for fats, waxes and resins.

醚通常是脂肪、蜡和树脂的良好溶剂。

(2)The gas from coke ovens is washed with water to remove ammonia.

焦炉煤气用水洗涤可除去氨。

(3)The presence of a substituent group in benzene exerts a profound control over both orientation and the ease of introduction of the entering substituent.

苯中取代基的存在对进入基团的方位及进入的难易程度起着强有力的控制作用。

8.2形容词(或其短语)作后置定语

例句:

(1)Acetylene is hydrocarbon especially high in heat value.

乙炔是热值特别高的烃。

(2)An engineer has to know the properties of the materials available.

工程师必须了解现有的各种材料的性能。

(3)All of the carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are alike and have properties intermediate between those of a single and a double bond.

苯中所有的碳-碳键都一样,具有介乎单键和双键之间的性质。

(4)Hydrocarbons that do not contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible are called unsaturated hydrocarbons.

不含有最大可能氢原子数的烃叫不饱和烃。

(误译:不含有最大氢原子数的烃可能叫不饱和烃。)

8.3 非限定动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词)作后置定语

翻译这类句子时,应特别注意现在分词和过去分词所表示的意义的不同;

(1)现在分词往往表示动作正在发生;过去分词则往往表示动作已经完成。

(2)现在分词表示的动作具有主动意义;及物动词(vt.)的过去分词表示被动意义,不及物动词(vi.)的过去分词不具有被动含义,仅一示动作已经完成。

例句:

(1)the evaporated water

若evaporate为vt.,则译为“被蒸发的水”;

若evaporate为vi.,则译为“蒸发了的水”。

(2)substituted group

若substitute为vt.,则译为“被取代的基团”;

若substitute为vi.,则译为“取代了的基协和”,即“取代基”。

由此可以看出,动词是vt.还是vi.,其代表的意思有时正相反(见上两例)。实际翻译时,应根据上下文决定是哪种译意。

例句:

(1)What do you have to say?

你有什么话要说?(不定式短语作后置定语,修饰what)

(2)Man was not the first living thing to communicate through the use of sound.

第一个用声音进行联络的生物并不是人。(不定式短语作后置定语,修饰living thing)(3)California has a statewide plan to balance the distribution of water.

加利福尼亚有一个在全州范围内使水的分布平衡的计划。(不定式短语作后置定语修饰plan)

(4)It is this nitronium ion that reacts with the hydrocarbon being nitrated.

就是这个硝翁离子与要被硝化的烃起反应。(现在分词作后置定语)

(5)Sewage sludge is an organic material containing a large variety of carbonbased molecules.

污泥是含有大量各种各样的碳基分子的有机物。(现在分词短语作后置定语)

(6)The homologs of benzene are those containing an alkyi group or alkyi groups in place of one or more hydrogen atoms.

苯的同系物是含有单烷基(取代一个氢)或多烷基(取代多个氢)的物质。(现在分词短语作后置定语)

(7)An engine derives power from the heat produced by burning fuel.

发动机的动力来自燃料燃烧时产生的势。(过去分词短语作后置定语)

(8)The functional group of a ketone consists of a carbon atom connected by a double bond to an oxygen atom.

酮的官能团是由一个通过双键与氧原子相连的碳原子组成的。

(过去分词短语作后置定语)

(9)This discovery explains the diminished unsaturation properties shown by the ring structure. 本发明解释了环形结构所显示的不饱和性降低的原因。(过去分词短语作后置定语)

8.4定语从句作后置定语

定语从句包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。由关系代悟(what, which, who, whom, whose, but, as)或关系副词(where, when, why, as, wherein, whereon)引导。

定语从句除译作“……的”外,还有许多翻译技巧和方法。概括起来主要有以下几种:

1、翻译成定语

译成“……的”,置于被修饰的词之前。

例句:

(1)Of all the forms of energy that we use, electrical energy is the most convenient.

我们使用的各种能量中,电能最方便。

(2)When fuels burn, they return once more to the simpler materials out of which they were made.

燃料燃烧时,又转变成原来构成它们的那些更加简单的物质。

(3)One may already have some idea of the material with which organic chemistry touches on our everyday life.

也许有人已经对有机化学所涉及的物质有所了解,但是他可能并不知道有机化学触及我们日常生活已达到什么样的程度。

2、译成表示同等关系的并列分句

这样的定语从句,起着对先行词进一步说明的作用,往往译成并列分句。有时加译“其、它、这”等词。

例句:

(1)An acid is a compound whose solutions can produce hydrogen ions.

酸是这样一种化合物,其溶液能产生氢离子。

(2)The first higher homolog of benzene is toluene which is the raw material for the manufacture of the explosive.

苯的第一个高级同系物是甲苯,它是制造炸药的原料。

(3)The elements themselves were changing, which was something that had always been thought impossible by all but the old alchemists.

这些元素本身也在变化,这是除了古代炼金术士以外,人们一直认为不可能的事。

(4)There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and ability to be magnetized.

某些金属不但能导电,而且能被磁化。(定语从句与主句译成了一个句子)

3、译成表示转折的并列分句

当定语从句在意思上与主句相对照或语气转折时,可译成转折句。加译“而、但、却、可是”等。

例句:

(1)Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms.

物质是由分子组成的,而分子又是由原子组成的。

(2)Mild oxidation of a primary alcohol gives an aldehyde which may be further oxidized to an organic acid.

伯醇的和缓氧化成醛,而醛能进一步氧化生成有机酸。

(3)Copernicus, whose theory was not made public until after his death, believerd that the sun was the center of the solar system.

哥白尼认为太阳是太阳系的中心,但他的理论直到他死后才让发表。

4、译成状语从句

当定语从句在意义上相当于表示原因、结果、目的、条件、让步等的状语从句时,就可以译成状语从句。可加译“因为、虽然、只要、因而”等词。

例句:

(1)The problem, which is very complicated, has been solved.

这个总是虽然很复杂,但已经解决了。(表让步)

(2)The water should be free from dissolved saits which will cause deposits on the tubes and lead to overheating.

水中应不含溶解盐,因为它会沉积在管壁上,导致过热。(表原因)

(3)For any substance whose formula is known, a mass corresponding to the formula can be computed.

不管什么物质,只要知道其分子式,就能求出与分子式相应的质量。(表条件)

(4)The considerable success of these studies has brought a theoretical unity to the whole field of organic chemistry which has the effect of making its principles easier to teach and to learn.

这些研究的重大成就给有机化学的整个领域带来了理论上的统一,从而使有机化学原理的教和学变得较为容易。(表结果)

5、由“as”引导的非限制性定语从句,相当于表示说话人态度和看法的插入语,英译汉时,一般译成状语从句:“正如……那样”。

例句:

(1)As has been pointed out above, solids do not expand as much as gases and liquids.

正如上面所指出的,固体的膨胀没有气体和液体的那么大。

(2)As we know, the molecules of gas move freely in all directions.

大家都知道,气体分子向四面八方自由运动。

8.5 同位语从句作后置定语

(1)Have you any idea how fast sound travels?

你知道声音传播有多快吗?

(2)This explains the rule that like dissolves like.

这就解释了相似相溶的规则。

第九章节长句的译法

翻译英语长句的过程是一个综合运用语言和综合运用各种翻译技巧的过程。

在表达一些较复杂的概念时,英、汉两种语言差别较大。

英语的特点是:利用各种修饰语,构成较长的简单句,利用适当的连词将简单句构成更长的并列句或复合句。因此科技英语中常使用长句子。

汉语的特点是:尽量分成几个简短的句子来说明某个概念,不经常使用较长的句子。

即:英语:常使用长句子。

汉语:常使用多个简单句。

根据上述特点,在翻译时,应将英语长句破开成几个汉语短句,然后再根据逻辑次序和意思轻重,重新安排句子结构:有的顺译,有的倒译,有的分译。但不论哪种译泽,在翻译之前,常采用下列语法分析步骤:

(1)通读全句,以确定句子种类——简单句、并列句、复合句。

(2)如为简单句,则应先分析出主、谓、宾、表语(主要成分),再分析定语、状语等(次要成分),并弄清主次成分之间的关系,同时注意时态、语气和语态等。

(3)如为复合句,则应先找出主句,再确定从句及其性质。对于各从句,则分别按简单句分析。

英语长句的翻译方法概括起来有三种:顺译法、倒译法和分译法。下面分别予以介绍。

9.1顺译法

英语长句的叙述层次与汉语相同时,可以按照英语原文的顺序,依次译出。

(1)Objectionable hydrogen sulfide is removed from such a gas or from naturally occurring hydrocarbon gases by washing with various alkaline solutions in which it is absorbed.

注意:

A.本句是简单句,为汉语表达顺可译成复合句。

B.被动语态is removed的译法:采用主谓变序的译法(详见解7.2,1)。本句译为:……

除去有害物质硫化氢,……。

译文:要从这样的煤气或天然存在的烃类气体中除去有害物质硫化氢,就要用能吸收硫化氢的各种碱性溶液来洗涤。

(2)Gas absorption is an operation in which a gas mixture is contacted with a liquid for the purposes of preferentially dissolving one or more components of the gas and to provide a solution of these in the liquid.

注意:

A.本句为复合句。

B.定语从句译成并列分句(详见8.42)。

C.被动语态is contacted的译法:本句加译“让”(详见7.1),译为:“让气体混合物与液体接触……”。

译文:气体吸收是这样一种操作:让气体混合物与液体接触,以使气体中的一种或多种组分优先溶解在液体中,并提供由这些组分和液体所形成的溶液。

(3)There have been opened up to the vast and excellent science, in which my work is the beginning, ways and means by which other minds more acute than mine will explore its remote corners.

注意:

a.本句为复合句。

b.翻译好本句的关键是找对主句的主语,若主句主语搞不清,翻译必错。

c.There句型的翻译方法:当句子主语有较长的定语修饰时,可以将主语及修饰部分

放在后面,前面用there引导,以使句子平衡。本句中主句主语为ways and means,

因其后有较长的定语从句(by which……)修饰,故将主语放在句子后部,前面用

there引导。

又如:

There were running in the garden a group of children aged from seven to twelve.

A group of children aged from seven to twelve为主语部分,因较长,放在后面,前面用there 引导。

译文:在花园里有一群七岁到十二岁大小的孩子在跑着。

d.词义引伸的译法(详见3.3)。如译文中引伸译作“展现在眼前”、“遥远境地”等。

译文:通往伟大而美好科学的途径和手段已经展现在眼前。在科这领域中,我的研究只是个开端,比我每锐的其他人所采用的途径和手段将会探索科学领域的遥远境地。

(4)The continuous process although requiring more carefully designed equipment than the batch process, can ordinarily be handled in less space, fits in with other continuous steps more smoothly, and can be conducted at any prevailing pressure without release to atmospheric pressure.

注意:

a.词类转换的译法(详见3.3):最后一个分句引伸译为:……并能在任何常用的压力下进

行,而不会暴露在大气中。

b.词意引伸的译法(详见3.3):最后一个分句引伸译为:……并能在任何常用的压力上进

行,而不会暴露在大气中。

译文:虽然连续过程比间歇过程要求更为周密设计的设备,但连续过程通常能节约操作空间,较顺利地适应其它连续操作步骤,并能在任何常用的压力下进行,而不会暴露在大气中。9.2例译法(变序译法)

有时英语长句的叙述层次与汉语相反,翻译蟛,应根据汉语习惯,改变原文语序,地行翻译。这种译法为例译法,又称变序译法。

倒译法常在下列的情况下采用:主句后面带有很长的状语(特别是原因状语或方式状语)或状语从句(特别是原因、条件、让步状语从句);或主句后面有很长的定语或定语从句,或宾语从句,面后者按汉语习惯应译在主句之前时。

例句:

(1)This is why the hot water system in a furnace will operate without the use of a water pump, if the pipes are arranged so that the hottest water rises while the coldest water runs down again to the furnace.

注意:

采用倒译法,先译if引导的条件状语从句。

语文:如果把管子装成这个样子,使最热的水上升,而最冷的水再往下回流到锅炉里去,那么,锅炉中的热水系统不用水泵就能循环,道理就在于此。

(2)Theoretically, women were not supposed to be recruited into the Continental Army, but if a woman was a good soldier, no one made an issue of sex at a time when the army was so shout of soldiers that boys not yet in their teens were also being recruited in violation of rules.

注意:

采用倒译法,先译when 引导的时间状语从句。

译文:从理论上说,妇女不准被征召参加大陆军,但当时兵源严重不足,连那些不足球3岁的男童都被违反规定征召入伍,假如一个妇女是一个好兵,又有谁会把性别看成是一个问题呢?

(3)We learn that sodium or any of its compounds produces a spectrum having a bright yellow double line by noticing that there is no such line in the spectrum of light when sodium is not present, but that if the smallest quantity of sodium be thrown into the flame or other sources of light, the bright yellow line instantly appears.

注意:

a.应知道“by noticing that”一直到结尾作主句的方式状语。该状语既长,又较复杂,状语中又有从句。

b.采用倒译法,先译较长的方式状语,再译主句。

译文:我们注意到,如果把非常少量的钠投入到火焰或其它光源中时,立即出现一条亮黄色的双线,当钠不存在时,光谱中就没有这样的双线。由此我们知道钠或钠的任何化合物所产生的光谱都带有一条亮黄色的双线。

还有一种倒译法,即在几句话中,为翻译表达清楚,将后面的句子先行译出,而不一定按照原文的句序。此种倒译属句子之间的倒译,不同于上面所讲的(一个句子的)倒译,但为避免标题琐碎,一并列于此。见例句(4)。

(4)Normally, in evaporation the thick liquor is the valuable product and the vapor is condensed and discarded. Mineral-bearing water is often evaporated to give a solid-free product for boiler feed, for special process requirements, or for human consumption. This technique is often called water distillation, but technically it is evaporation. In one specific situation, however, the reverse is true.

注意:

a.原文中最后一句提前译出,见译文中划线部分,便于理解原文意图。

b.几个被动句的译法。有的加译“被”(详见7.1),有的采用“被动意义译成主动意

思”的翻译方法(详见7.2,6)。

译文:通常情况下,蒸发时,粘稠液是有价值的产物,而蒸汽冷凝下来并被仍掉。但是在某一特定的情况时,则恰恰相反。含有矿物持的水常被蒸发以获得不含固体的产物,以供锅炉加水用,供特殊过程的需用或供人类使用。此基技术通常称为水的蒸馏,而在技术上却是蒸发。

9.3分译法

为符合汉语习惯,有时需将原文的某一短语或从句先行单独译出,并借助适当的总括性词语或其它语法手段将前后句联系到一体;或将几个并列成分先概括地合译在前面,而后分别加以叙述;或将原文中不好处理的成分拆开,译成相应的句子或另一独立句子,这种翻译方法称为分译法。

例句:

(1)The diode consists of a tungsten filament, which gives off electrons when it is heated, and a plate toward which the electrons migrate when the field is in the right direction.

注意:

先将两个并列的名词filament及plate分出去合译在前在,然后再分别叙述。

译文:二极管由一根钨丝和一块极板组成:钨丝受热时便放出电子,当电场方向为正时,这些电子便向极板移动。

(2)Our object is to draw attention to those areas responsible for the quantum jump in sophistication, improved cosmetic attributes and safety of today’s products.

注意:

a.添加总括性词语“下列方面”先行译出,而后具体叙述。

b.to draw attention to 提请人们注意。(不能译作:我们注意。)

化学专业英语试卷B答案

, 每小题2分,共

20分) 1、 NaCN Sodium cyanide 2、 Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide 3、 KMnO 4 Potassium permanganate 4、 H 2SO 4 Sulfuric acid 5、 ZnSO 4 zinc sulfate or zinc sulphate 6、 FeS Iron (II) sulfide or Ferrous sulfide 7、 H 3PO 4 phosphoric acid 8、 H 2SO 3 Sulfurous acid 9、 HClO 4 Perchloric acid 10、FeCl 3 iron (III) chloride or ferric chloride 二、给下列有机化合物的英语名称(共5小题, 每小题4分,共20分) 1. 甲乙醚 ethyl methyl ether 2. 对甲基苯酚 4-methyl phenol 3. 苯乙烯 styrene 4. CH 3CH =C(CH 2CH 3) CH 2 OH 2-ethyl-2-buten-1-ol 5. (CH 3)3CCH 2CH 2OH 4,4-dimethyl-1-butanol or 4,4-dimethyl butanol 三、英译汉(共10小题, 每小题4分,共40分) 1、 Carbon-sodium and carbon-potassium bonds are largely ionic in character; carbon-lead, carbon-tin, carbon-thallium and carbon-mercury bonds are essentially covalent. 碳-钠键和碳-钾键有较大的离子性,碳-铅键,碳-锡键,碳-铊键和碳-汞键基本上属于共价键。 2、 The reactivity of organometallic compounds increases with the percent ionic character of the carbon-metal bond. 金属有机化合物的反应活性随着碳金属键中离子性所占的百分数的增大而增强。 3、 Organometallic compounds of lithium and magnesium are of great importance in organic synthesis. 锂和镁的金属有机化合物在有机合成上有重大的意义。

化学专业英语翻译1

01.THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01元素和元素周期 表。 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 原子核中的质子数的原子称为原子序数,或质子数,卓电子数的电中性的原子也等于原子序数Z,总质量的原子是非常接近的总数量的质子和中子在原子核。这被称为质量数,这个数的原子中的中子,中子数,给出了所有的数量 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of

化学化工专业英语(课本内容)

第二章科技英语构词法 词是构成句子的要素,对词意理解的好坏直接关系到翻译的质量。 所谓构词法即词的构成方法,即词在结构上的规律。科技英语构词特点是外来语多(很多来自希腊语和拉丁语);第二个特点是构词方法多,除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法外,还普遍采用压缩法、混成法、符号法和字母象形法。 2.1转化法(Conversion) 由一种词类转化成另一种词类,叫转化法。例如: water(n.水)→water(v.浇水) charge(n.电荷) →charge(v.充电) yield(n.产率) →yield(v.生成) dry(a.干的) →dry(v.烘干) slow(a.慢的) →slow(v.减慢) back(ad.在后、向后) →back(v.使后退、倒车) square(n.正方形) →square(a.正方形的) 2.2派生法(Derivation) 通过加前、后缀构成一新词。派生法是化工类科技英语中最常用的构词法。 例如“烷烃”就是用前缀(如拉丁或希腊前缀)表示分子中碳原子数再加上“-ane”作词尾构成的。若将词尾变成“-ane”、“-yne”、“-ol”、“-al”、“-yl”,则分别表示“烯”、“炔”、“醇”、“醛”、“基”、等。依此类推,从而构成千成种化学物质名词。常遇到这样的情况,许多化学化工名词在字典上查不到,全若掌握这种构词法,能过其前、后缀分别代表的意思,合在一起即是该词的意义。下面通过表1举例说明。需要注意的是,表中物质的数目词头除前四个另有名称外,其它均为表上的数目词头。 本书附录为化学化工专业常用词根及前后缀。此外还可参阅《英汉化学化工词汇》(第三版)附录中的“英汉对照有机基名表”、“西文化学名词中常用的数止词头”及“英汉对照有机词尾表”。 据估计,知道一个前缀可帮助人们认识450个英语单词。一名科技工作者至少要知道近50个前缀和30个后缀。这对扩大科技词汇量,增强自由阅读能力,提高翻译质量和加快翻译速度都是大有裨益的。 2.3合成法(Composition) 由两个或更多的词合成一个词,叫合成法。有时需加连字符。 如副词+过去分词well-known 著名的 名词+名词carbon steel 碳钢 rust-resistance 防锈 名词+过去分词computer-oriented 研制计算机的 介词+名词by-product 副产物 动词+副词makeup 化妆品 check-up 检查 形容词+名词atomic weight 原子量 periodic table 周期表 动词+代词+副词pick-me-up 兴奋剂 副词+介词+名词out-of-door 户外 2.4压缩法(Shortening) (1)只取词头字母 这种方法在科技英语中较常用。

化学专业英语试卷A答案

2012—2013学年度第一学期 应用化学专业《专业英语》课程试卷(A ) 注意事项:1. 考生务必将自己姓名、学号、专业名称写在指定位置; 2. 密封线和装订线内不准答题。 一、词汇填空 (写出下列每个词汇对应的英 汉单词)(共20小题,每空1分,共20分) 1、化学性质 (chemical property ) 2、物理性质 (physical property ) 3、溶解度 (solubility ) 4、密度 (density ) 5、沸点 (boiling point ) 6、熔点 (melting point ) 7、反应 (reaction ) 8、无机的 (inorganic ) 9、有机的 (organic ) 10、化合物 (c ompound ) 11、烷烃 (alkane ) 12、乙醇 (ethanol ) 13、烯烃 (alkene ) 14、炔烃 (alkyne ) 15、ester ( 酯 ) 16、ether ( 醚 ) 17、acetone ( 丙酮 ) 18、formaldehyde ( 甲醛 ) 19、ammonia ( 氨 )

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《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译 完整版

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