英语大自考复习笔记

By+分数/百分数/数字表示增加或减少的量，因此，reduce。。by a factor of five :…减少了五分之一。

大幅度增加：increased substantially

自考“英汉翻译教程”复习笔记（5）

UNIT 4 ECONOMY

1.President Clinton realized——as all of us must——that today‘s economy is global.

正如每个人必须认识到的那样，克林顿总统认识到当今的经济具有全球性质。

2.1977，the sum total of Chinese imports and exports was less than $15 billion，putting China‘s share of world at 0.6 percent. The

most populous country in the world，China ranked a distant 30th among exporting nations. By 1993 China’s exports and imports totaled nearly $200 billion. China had become the world‘s tenth largest exporter.

在1977年，中国进出口总额还不到150亿美元，仅占世界贸易总额的0.6%，世界上人口最多的中国在出口国家中排名靠后，仅是第30位，到1993年，中国进出口总额接近2000亿美元，它已成为每10个最大的出口国。

3.Per capita GNP has grown at an average rate of 7.6% from 1980-1992. 从1980年至1992年，人均国民生产总值平均增长

率为7.6%.

4.But the importance of trade in our economy has exploded in the past three decades. In 1970，the value of two way trade was

equal to just 13% of the US economy. Last year，that figure，at 28%，was more than twice as high. In just the last seven years，jobs supported by US exports have risen by 4 million，to a total of 11 million. That‘s almost one out of ten American jobs. Last year US trade equaled $1.8 trillion dollars. 但在过去30年中，我们经济贸易的重要性大大地增加了，在1970年，双边贸易的总值占了整个美国经济的13%.去年上升到28%，比1970年增加了一倍多。就在过去7年中，美国的出口创造的就业机会增加了400万个。总数上升到1100万个。这个数字就占美国就业总数的1/10.去年，美国贸易总额达到了1.8亿美元。

5.Nor is the importance of trade likely to diminish for either China or the United States. Foreign exchange. 无论是中国还是美

国，都不会缩小贸易的重要性。外汇。

6.Bilateral trade，two way trade双边贸易

7.sound foundation for future commercial and financial ties. 为未来贸易与金融关系打下了一个坚实的基础。

8.China‘s imports from the US，which amounted to $900 million in 1978，rose to nearly $ 3 billion in 1982. Exports rose from $300

million to $ 2.3 billion during that period. Total Chinese trade has also risen dramatically，from 1978 to 1983 Chinese exports increased from roughly 10 billion to 22 billion，while imports increased from 10 billion to just over 21 billion. 中国从美国的进口额，由1978年的9亿美元增至1982年的近30亿美元，对美出口额在这期间也从3亿美元增至23亿美元。中国的对外贸易总额也急速攀升，中国的出口额从1978年的约100亿美元增至1983年的220亿美元，进口额与此同时也从100亿美元增长到了210多个亿美元。

9.Joint ventures. Offshore oil exploration 合资企业，海上石油勘测

10.there are reasons to be optimistic and to expect that commercial and financial relationships will grow in the future. 我们有

理由保持乐观的态度并期待，未来贸易与金融关系会继续发展。

11.Food production，industrial production. Light industries. 粮食产量，工业生产，轻工业

12.I believe Chinese economic authorities recognize the problem and the next Five-Year Plan will address it effectively. 我相信

中国的经济管理部门已认识到这个问题，在下一个“五年计划”中定会有效地解决这一问题。

13.Britain lives by commerce. With 2% of the world‘s population，we are the world’s fifth largest trading nation. We rely more than

any other major economy on the goods and services that we export，the investment that we attract and we make abroad.

英国的生存依赖贸易。虽然英国人口只占全球的2%，它却是世界第五大贸易国。英国对商品和服务出口以及对投资和引资的依赖超过了世界上其他主要经济体。

14.outward investor，net income，the share of foreign investment. 海外投资者，净收入，

15.what this means is that Britain has direct experience of the benefits that international trade and investment generate. 这意

味着英国直接享受到了国际贸易和投资所带来的利益。国际投资的蓬勃发展符合我国利益。

16.that is the way to maximize her share of world markets；and——as the UK knows from direct experience——to attract the

stimulus，the technology and the funding that inward investment can offer. 最大限度地扩大其在世界上的市场份额的方法，英国从自身直接的经历中体会到，吸引外资可以带来动力，技术和资金。

17.严复——<天演论>，信—忠实，达—流畅，雅—尔雅，他并不十分重视“信”，他说“译文取明深义，故词句之间，时有

所颠倒附益，不斤斤于字比句次。” 周煦良教授在“翻译三论”一文中说：我认为应当作为“得体”来理解。

18.Multilateral disciplines（多边条约）. Brought this home. Zero-sum game（零和政策）. Finite stock（有限股票）. Donor and recipient

（供体和受体）. 感触颇深，盈利损失总体持平，经济利益增长值，投资方与被投资方

19.立足国内资源，实现粮食基本自给，是中国解决粮食供需问题的基本方针。The basic principle for solving the problem

of grain supply and demand in China is to reply on the domestic resources and basically achieve self-sufficiency in grain.

自考“英汉翻译教程”复习笔记（8）

5.Clyde，left alone in this fashion，and not knowing just what it meant，stared，wondering. 克莱德就这么给甩在这儿了，弄不明白什么意思，两眼直愣愣地想呀想呀。

6.著名翻译家王佐良教授以翻译英诗为主，兼及散文和戏剧。1980年出版的他的<英国诗文选择集>中，有他译的袁斯诗11首，雪莱诗8诗，麦克迪儿米诗10首，有他译的培根的散文3篇，科贝特的散文6篇。1985年出版了他译的<彭斯诗选>.此外他还曾将曹禺的<雷雨>译成英语。

7.I remember my childhood names for grasses and secret flowers. 我记得儿时给各种小草和隐蔽的小花取的名字。

8.It required only a rich winter of rain to make it break forth in grass and flowers. 只要经历一个雨量充足的冬季，草呀，花呀，就会长出来。

9. when June came the grasses headed out and turned brown，and the hills turned a brown which was not brown but a gold and saffron and red——an indescribable color. 到6月，草就已经长高了，颜色也变成棕色了。山则显出一种特别的棕色，说棕也不是棕，有点金黄，有点桔黄，还有点红——也形容不出是个什么颜色。

10. It was a rasping nervous wind，and the dust particles cut into a man‘s skin and bur ned his eyes. 大风让人们烦躁焦虑，尘土的微粒剐着人的脸，刺痛人的眼睛。

11. The land cracked and the springs dried up and the cattle listlessly nibbled dry twigs. 土地龟裂，泉水干枯，牛儿无精打采地啃着干树枝。

12. The tall，well-dressed gentleman standing before me was certainly a far cry from the old sea wolf of my imagination. 站在我面前的是一位身材高大，衣着讲究的先生，与我先前想像的老海怪完全不同。

13. A delighted giggle cut through the severe silence. The ice was broken. We all laughed. 一阵咯咯的欢笑声打破了严肃而沉寂的气氛。谁也不拘束了，大家都笑了起来。

14.在旧社会，我们评剧演员常常挣钱不够吃饭，艺人们大都是拉家带口，生活困难。In the old society，Pinju players seldom made enough to live on. And as most were saddled with big families their life was hard.

15.腊月二十三封箱，把“祖师爷”请到前台去，后台冷冷清清，演员们就更苦了，要等到年初一开戏了，才能挣到钱。

On the twenty-third of the twelfth lunar month，when theatres closed and the patron saint of actors was invited to the front stage，leaving the backstage deserted，actors were even worse off，unable to earn any more until the reopening on New Year‘s Day.

16. 真是一个钱撕成八瓣用，心里总是想着怎样能够改善家里的困境。Each single copper had to be eked out，and I kept racking my brains for ways to improve our difficult conditions.

17.每天天不亮戴着星星去排队，工厂没开大门就排上老长的队了。We had to queue up before dawn when there were still stars in the sky. A long queue formed before the mill‘s gate opened.

18.可我从头到脚淋成了落汤鸡了。I was drenched from head to foot like a drowned rat.

UNIT 8 POPULAR SCIENCE

1. there were three groups of oils；animal，vegetable and mineral. 油可以分为三大类：动物油，植物油，矿物油。

2. a few other creatures yield oil，but not so much as whale. 有些动物也出油，但都没有鲸鱼出得多。

3. Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity. 植物油从古以来就为人们所熟悉。

4. To it we owe the existence of the motor-car，which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse，to it we owe the possibility of flying. 就是因为有了这种油，我们才能用上汽车，以代替马车。就是因为有了这种油，我们才有可能飞行。

5. two metal surfaces rubbing together cause friction and heat；but if they are separated by a thing film of oil，the friction and heat are reduced. No machine would work for long if it were not properly lubricated. 两个金属面相擦，就要产生摩擦和热；但如果在它们之间抹上薄薄的一层油，就可以减少磨擦，降低热度。

自考“英汉翻译教程”复习笔记（4）

5. Tombs and temples of ancient Egypt follow the Nile well into Sudan. Driving southward from Cairo into the valley，I entered a landscape that owed little to the present era. For the next 1800 miles the thin blue ribbon of the Nile，flowing slowly north，unwound over brown soil and green fields，some only a few yards wide，others as broad as an Iowa cornfield. At the edge of the fields，rising in dramatic hills or stretching flat to the horizon，lay the brown barren deserts. 古埃及的坟墓，庙宇遍布尼罗河两岸，一直沿至苏丹。驾车从开罗往南行至尼罗河谷，映入眼帘的是一番与现代截然不同的景色。蓝色玉带般的尼罗河绵延1800英里，在棕色的土地和绿色的田野间缓缓向北流去。田地有的仅几码宽，有的则如依阿华州的玉米地那么宽。田野的外边缘处是寸草不生的棕色沙漠，有的地方如小山般高高耸起，有的则平平的一直延展至天际。

6. I had the illusion that I was driving through one immensely long，narrow farm. 我感到自己宛若驾车穿越一个毫无尽头的狭长农场。

7. the road followed the course of the Nile，now passing through the fields，now drawing a black line separating them from the desert. 公路是顺着尼罗河修筑的，所以时而从田间穿过，时而如一条黑色的分界线将田地与沙漠隔开。

8. as the flood receded，the water draining through the soil leached out the salts and carried them off to the Mediterranean. 洪水退去时，下渗土壤的水会冲走土里的盐分，并最终把盐带入地中海。

9. it enjoys a Mediterranean climate. 属地中海气候

10. The fertility of the surrounding plains，easy access to the Murray lowlands to the east and southeast，and the presence of mineral deposits in the nearby hills all contributed to the city‘s growth. 四周平原土壤肥沃，与东和东南方的墨累低地相通。附近山区有矿藏。原为早期农贸中心，现已工业化。

11. The Adelaide Festival of Arts was the first international celebration of its kind to be held in Australia. 阿德莱德文艺节每两年举行一次，是在澳大利亚举办的第一个国际性文艺活动。

12. Adelaide，the capital of South Australia，is one of Australia‘s best-planned cities. 南澳大利亚的首府，阿德莱德，是澳大利亚布局最精巧的城市之一。

13. Belts of parklands line three sides of the area and four large open squares of lawns and trees break the regularity of the city buildings. North Adelaide，which is chiefly residential，is bordered by more parklands，and contains two open squares. N and S Adelaide are divided by the Torrens River，spanned by four bridge and lined with ornamental gardens. 带状绿地从三面环绕，区内的四块空地上有草坪也有树木，打破了市内建筑物的单调格局。北部主要是居民区，其周围也有公园环绕。另外还有两个大广场。南北阿德莱德的分界是特化斯河，河面上建有四座桥，两岸则有花园点缀。

14. The city contains many fine examples of early Australian architecture，including the town hall on King William Street——the wide main N-S thoroughfare. 阿德莱德拥有许多早期澳式建筑的典范，比如贯通南北的主干道路——余威廉大街上的市政大厅。

15. jets of water，aluminium sculptures，draws its water. 喷水孔，铝质雕塑。供水之源

16. Parklands，which separate the city and the suburbs，are preserved in the perpetuity for the use of the people. 分隔市区与郊区的绿地永远留作人们活动的场所。

17. The Imperial Palace

18. Of particular interest if you have time might be the Imperial Ancestral Temple，which is to the right，and the Sun Yat-Sen Park，on the left.

19. Covering an area of 175 acres，the Palace is enclosed by walls over 35ft high and surrounded by a moat 57yd wide.

20. the Palace Museum，with four gates，has its main entrance to the south，known as the Meridian Gate(午门). This is the gate you will approach as you continue along the cobbled roadway from Tian An Men. The Imperial Palace is divided into two ceremonial areas：The Outer Palace and the Inner Court. Through the Meridian Gate and across the Golden Water Bridge，one comes to the Gate of Supreme Harmony，the main gate of the Outer Palace. The main building in the Outer Palace are the Hall of Supreme Harmony，the Hall of Preserving Harmony.

自考英汉翻译复习资料2

21. The Hall of Supreme Harmony，the Meridian Gate，the Outer Palace，the Inner Court，the Golden Water Bridge，the Gate of Supreme Harmony，the Hall of Complete Harmony，the Hall of Preserving Harmony. 太和殿，午门，外朝，内廷，金水桥，太和门，中和殿，保和殿

22.总面积共有68.2公顷，燕京八景之一，五龙亭，九龙壁，御花园，白塔，燕京，琉璃瓦，影壁With a total area of 68.2 ha. One of the eight views of Beijing. The Five Dragon Pavilion. Nine-Dragon Screen. The Imperial garden. The White Dagoba. Beijing. Glazed tiles. Screen.

英汉翻译教程通关宝典内容简介一、《英汉翻译教程》简介二、教材重点三、翻译理论四、常考的英汉词语翻译对照表第一部分《英汉翻译教程》简介第一部分《英汉翻译教程》简介英汉翻译包括英译汉和汉译英，是一门实践性很强的课程。本课程除简单介绍中外翻译理论知识外，主要是通过对照阅读，引导应考者研究英汉两种语言的差异，找出英汉互译的规律，用以指导实践。通过学习本课程，应考者应熟悉英汉两种语言各自的特点；能将中等难度的英语文章译成汉语，内容准确，文字流畅；能将比较简易的汉语文章译成英语，用词得当，语法平稳。本课程与英语专业其他课程相辅相成。它作为一门实践课，有赖于英语专业其他课程为应考者打下良好的英语基础，使应考者掌握一定的词汇量和语法知识，初步达到阅读英文原著的水平，并有一定的写作能力，从而具备从事英汉翻译的能力。另一方面，通过大量的翻译实践和语言对比研究，应考者可以进一步认识英汉两种语言各自的特点。本课程采取单元教学，共分十个单元。单元中每课有对照阅读和练习，并附有提示和解说。每单元有一个小结，重点说明通过语言对比可以看出英汉两语言各自的特点。一、关于单元第一单元故事1.故事选篇。其特点是：以第一人称或第三人称讲述自己或别人的经历。情节具体，文笔细腻、生动。2.语言对比。(1)代词。英语代词用得多，汉语实词用得多。英语可先出代词，后出实词。汉语则先出实词，后出代词。(2)形容词与副词。注意搭配，一种语言可用的搭配，不一定能用于另一种语言。有时形容词或副词汉译时可单独处理。第二单元历史1.历史文章选篇。其特点是：介绍历史情况，说明史实，并阐发其意义。语言正式，概括性强，不做过细的描写。2.语言对比。(1)重复与代称。英语不喜重复，多用代称。汉语较喜欢重复，多用实称，少用代称。(2)定语从句。英语大量使用定语从句，可以体现出句子的层次。汉译时可放在被修饰语之前，或在原地处理，译成并列分句，或移至句首，提前处理。汉译英时注意使用定语从句。第三单元地理1.地理文章选篇。其特点是：说明地理情况，顺便介绍当地社会生活，并议论有关的热点问题。所用语言可以生动、细腻，也可以拘谨、正式，需视文章使用的场合而定。2.语言对比。(1)动词。动词怎样与主语和宾语搭配，英语和汉语往往有很大不同。翻译时需根据上下文选用适当的动词，有时甚至需要改变句子结构。(2)分词短语。英语大量使用分词短语，可以体现出句子的层次。汉语则多用并列谓语或并列分句。汉译英时注意使用分词短语。(3)被动语态。英语多用被动语态，汉语少用被动式。英译汉时，可用无主句，或用主动句表示被动含义。第四单元经济1.经济文章选篇。其特点是：着重说明经济形势，提出主张和建议，以大量数据说明问题。所用语言视场合而定，文件的语言正式而精练，演讲的语言则要比较易于上口。2.语言对比。

(1)经济术语。经济领域有大量的专门术语。有些普通词语在经济文章中有特殊含义。经济术语有特殊的用法和搭配。(2)数字及有关的术语和量词。第五单元文化1.文化文章选篇。其特点是：探讨人生、生与死以及人与人之间的关系。夹叙夹议，语言生动，文情并茂。2.语言对比。(1)关联词。英语重形合，关联词用得多。汉语重意合，关联词用得少。(2)语序。英语强调突出重点，语序灵活。汉语多用并列结构，重于时间顺序和逻辑顺序。评论与表态的话语，英语多放在句首，汉语多放在句末。第六单元文学(1) 1.文学作品选篇。这一部分的特点是：以对话为主，穿插一定量的叙述和心理描写。对话语言易于上口。不同的人在不同场合，说话各有其特点。2.语言对比。(1)选词。文学作品语言丰富生动，选择词语的余地大。要根据上下文选择最恰当的词语，特别是动词和形容词。(2)对话。对话有口语的特点。对话可以体现说话者的身份、心情以及他对人、对事的态度。第七单元文学(2) 1.文学作品选篇。这一部分的特点是：以叙述和心理描写为主，穿插一点对话。叙述包括对自然条件的描述和对事情发生过程的描述。注重连贯性。2.语言对比。(1)描述的连贯性。通过情节的发展、一连串的动作，或时间状语、地点状语来体现连贯性。(2)心理描写。直接描写心理活动，或通过描述动作来刻画人物的心理，或通过对话来表现人物的心理状态。(3)反译。为了行文方便，或为了掌握分寸，如不能按原文的角度译，可从相反的角度来译。第八单元科普1.科普文章选篇。其特点是：使用科学术语，介绍科学知识，但不谈很深，以便于普通读者理解。语言比科学专著较为灵活。2.语言对比。(1)科技英语的特点。(如英语大量使用被动语态等。) (2)抽象名词。英语抽象名词用得多，汉语用得少，汉译时可译作动词或形容词。(3)增词与减词。汉语多用动词和范畴词，英语用得少。由于行文的需要，翻译时也可适当增词或减词。第

九单元法律1.法律文章、文件选篇。其特点是：大量使用法律术语，法律条文内容周密，语言精确。翻译此类文章或文件，需特别强调忠实于原文，法律条文更要字斟句酌，以最精练的语言准确地传达原意。2.语言对比。(1)法律文件的特点。语言正式、精练，内容缜密、周到。(2)主谓搭配。汉语的主谓关系没有英语那么密切。汉译英时需多考虑主语能否与谓语搭配。(3)断句与并句。由于两种语言句子结构的差异，翻译时往往把一句分成两句或多句，但并句的情况较少。第十单元演讲1.演讲词选篇。其特点是：范围广，一篇演讲可能涉及各方面的内容，语言正式而生动，有时带有强烈的感情色彩。翻译此类文章，句子结构不要过于复杂，语言正式而又能上口，要考虑听众听的效果。2.语言对比。(1)成语。英译汉时可适当使用成语，特别是四字成语。汉译英时只需译出基本意思，不一定译出成语的形象，更不必追求使用英语成语。(3)照顾句子之间、段落之间的联系。二、命题原则1.考试时间为两个半小时，闭卷，笔试。不得查词典和参考书。 2.全面考核。考题包括英译汉、汉译英、英汉语言对比、翻译理论等四个方面。3.各类考题所占比例：词语和单句翻译(包括英译汉和汉译英)占60-70%；段落翻译(包括英译汉和汉译英)占20-30%；英汉语言对比和翻译理论约占10%。4.关于英汉语言对比和翻译理论的考题，不超出英汉翻译教程的范围。5.关于英译汉和汉译英，出自英汉翻译教程范围之内的考题不少于50%。6.难度比例：易、较易、较难、难的试题比例约为2∶3∶3∶2。7.试卷中凡超出自学英语专业词汇表的词汇，如影响理解的均予以注释。8.主要题型：词语翻译、改错题、填空题、选择题、段落翻译。9.考试题型第一题：选择题（30 分）。80%来自于课本中每单元后的小结。考点：看似简单的句子的翻译、俚语的翻译、翻译常识等。第二题：短语翻译：英译汉、汉译英。在每课的补充练习中，会包括80%的题。第三题：改错题：英译汉、汉译英改错。第四题：段落翻译。三、学习方法1.认真学习、对照阅读教材和本书。2.亲自动手翻译。3.参看书上提供的译文及解说。4.把英译汉和汉译英结合起来。不断提高自己的英语水平和汉语水平。

5.注意防止两种倾向。一种倾向是过于机械。另一种倾向是过于自由。

6.归纳。对自己感兴趣的题目广泛收集译例，归纳出系统的知识。第二部分教材重点第二部分教材重点

1.Taking the train, the two friends arrived in Berlin in late October 1922, and went directly to the address of Zhou En ? lai.(BR1) 他们两个人坐火车于一九二二年十月底到达柏林，立即去周恩来的住处。

2. At the hotel I always finished the meal with ice cream and the girls there would laugh because I liked it so much. (Ex.1) 我在饭店吃饭，最后总是吃冰激凌。我吃得津津有味，惹得那些女服务员发笑。

3. I said, ‘I didn’t know you could speak English.’ He laughed and he said ‘a little bit’ measuring with his finger and thumb. (Ex.1) 我说：“没想到您会说英语呀。”他笑了起来，接着说：“一点点。”一面说着，一面用食指和拇指比划着。

4. Anger and bitterness had preyed upon me continually for weeks and a deep languor had succeeded this passionate struggle. (BR2) 几个星期以来，我又气又恨，感到非常苦恼，这种感情上的激烈斗争过去之后，我感到浑身无力。

有些介词和连词，看上去很不起眼，但在句子里起重要的作用，如果理解不正确，就会把句中各成分之间的关系搞错，从而造成误译。在汉译英时，如果运用得好，就可以写出比较地道的英语。

5....he would do anything he was asked to do but return to his old life... (BR1) ……只要不再回到旧的生活里去……派他做什么工作都行。

6. When Zhou En lai’s door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful. (BR1) 周恩来的房门打开时，他们看到的是一个身材瘦长、比普通人略高一点的人，两眼闪着光辉，面貌很引人注意，称得上清秀。

7. In the days that followed I learned to spell in this uncomprehending way a great many words, among them... (Ex.2)

往后我就这样学着拼写，虽然并不理解意思，却也拼出了许多词，其中有……

8. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken. I felt my way to the hearth and picked up the pieces. I tried vainly to put them together. (Ex.2) 一进门，我就想起了被我摔碎的娃娃。我摸索着走到壁炉跟前，捡起了碎片。我想把这些碎片拼在一起，可是拼不起来了。

9. The first great rush of population to the far west was drawn to the mountainous regions, where gold was found in California in 1848, in Colorado and Nevada 10 years later, in Montana and Wyoming in the 1860s, and in the Black Hills of the Dakota country in the 1870s. Miners opened up the country, established communities, and laid the foundations for more permanent settlements. (BR5) 大规模迁往极西地带的移民，大多集中在山区。在那里，加州于1848 年发现了金矿，十年后在科罗拉多和内华达州，十九世纪六十年代在蒙大拿和怀俄明州，十九世纪七十年代在达科他的黑山地区都先后发现了金矿。采矿者开发了这些地区，建立了村镇，打下了长期居住的基础。

10. Two things are outstanding in the creation of the English system of canals, and they characterize all the Industrial Revolution. (BR4) 在修建英国的运河网的过程中，有两点是非常突出的，而这两点也正是整个工业革命的特点。

11.五四运动是反帝国主义的运动，又是反封建的运动。五四运动杰出的历史意义，在于它带着辛亥革命还不曾有的姿态，这就是彻底地不妥协地反帝国主义和彻底地不妥协地反封建主义。（BR6）The May 4th Movement was an anti-imperialism and as well as an anti-feudal movement. Its outstanding historical significance is to be seen in a feature which was absent from the Revolution of 1911, namely, its thorough and uncompromising opposition to imperialism as well as to feudalism. 在英语里，还可以采取部分重复的办法，或者加以简化，将重复的部分合并，以减少重复。12.我最近还在另一个地方说过：艺术的最高境界是无技巧。（BR3）I’ve also said recently on another occasion that the highest state to which art can attain is artlessness. 有些定语从句可能很长，也可能并不很长，但与前面结合得并不很紧，往往是对前面的补充说明。这种情况在汉语里一般是用并列谓语或并列分句来顺着说下去，或者另起一句。13.The southern part of the city is the main business section of the city. Belts of parklands line three sides of the area and four large open squares of lawns and trees break the regularity of the city buildings. (Ex.8) 市区南部主要是商业区，三面有公园环绕，区内四大广场有草坪和树木，打破了市区建筑的单调气氛。14.Tombs and temples of ancient Egypt follow the Nile well into Sudan. (Ex.7) 尼罗河沿岸直到苏丹境内很远的地方，到处可以见到古埃及的坟墓和寺庙。15.The delta and the narrow Nile Valley to the south make up only 3 percent of Egypt’s land but are home to 96 percent of her population. (BR7) 三角洲和南边狭窄的尼罗河河谷只占埃及土地的百分之三却有百分之九十六的人口住在这里。16.At the edge of the fields, rising in dramatic hills or stretching flat to the horizon, lay the brown barren deserts. (Ex.7) 田地外边是寸草不生的棕色沙漠，有的地方突然隆起像是小山，有的地方则平平地伸向地平线。17.Running downstairs to my mother, I held up my hand and made the letters for doll. (Ex.2) 我跑下楼去找母亲，向她伸出手拼写娃娃这个词。18.N and S Adelaide are divided by the Torrens River, spanned by four bridges and lined with ornamental gardens. (Ex.8) 南北两区以托伦斯河为界，河上有桥梁四座，两岸点缀着许多花园。19.Of course, building a modern economy carries costs too.(Ex.11) 当然，建立现代经济是有代价的。20.Total Chinese trade has also risen dramatically, from 1978 to 1983 Chinese exports increased from roughly $10 billion to $22 billion, while imports increased from $10 billion to just over $21 billion. (Ex.10) 中国的总贸易额也显著增长，从1978 年到1983 年，中国的出口额从大约100 亿美元增加到220 亿美元，进口额从100 亿美元增长到210 多亿美元。21.Since 1978, when China began opening its economy to increased foreign investment and trade, aggregate output has more than doubled. (BR10) 自从1978 年以来，中国经济为日益增加的外国投资和贸易敞开大门，总产量增加了一倍多。

22.中国同一类型地区粮食单产水平悬殊，高的每公顷7500—15000 公斤，低的只有3000—5000 公斤。（BR12）At present, the per unit area yield of grain varies widely in the same districts, the highest yield being 7,500kg to 15,000kg per hectare, and the lowest 3,000kg to 5,000kg. 23.Many children were playing close to the water, and we were stunned by their ignorance and daring. (Ex.13) 许多孩子在靠近水边的地方玩耍，他们那样大胆，不知道危险就在眼前，使我们非常吃惊。24.About a week and a half after we moved into an apartment in Atwater, a block from the Los Angeles River, the rains started in earnest. (BR13) 搬来以后就在阿特瓦德区离洛杉矶河一个街区的地方找了一套房子住下，住了大约一个多星期，下起雨来了，而且下个不停。25.提高现在耕地单位面积产量有潜力。（BR12）There is potential for increasing the yield per unit area on the existing cultivated land. 26.“You see, it takes so long to call so many children by name, that I’ve given them each a different whistle.” (BR20) “你看，这么多孩子，要是一个个挨着叫名字，就得叫好半天，所以我就吹哨子，而且各有各的吹法。” 27.“Don’t order me about like that, John Durbeyfield.” (EX.16a) “别对我这么吆五喝六的，约翰·德贝菲尔。” 28.“Come along, or it will be dark before we get to Stourcastle.” (Ex.16b) “一道走吧，要不然，我们赶不到斯图堡天就要黑了。” 29.I remember that the Gabilan Mountains to the east of the valley were light gay mountains full of sun and loveliness and a kind of invitation... (BR19) 我记得河谷东面的加毕仑山脉总是阳光璀璨、明媚可爱，仿佛向你殷勤邀请…… 30.The conclusion we reached in Britain is that change simply cannot sensibly be put off. (Ex.11) 我们英国人得出的结论是，改革是大势所趋。31.Somehow our path took us toward the park, across the footbridge high above the rolling waters of the Los Angeles River. (Ex.13) ……不知不觉朝公园走去。公园就在小桥那边，桥下很深的地方，汹涌的洛杉矶河水滚滚流过。32.在旧社会，我们评剧演员常常挣钱不够吃饭，艺人们大都是拉家带口，生活困难。（BR21）In the old society, pingju players seldom made enough to live on, and as most were saddled with big families, their life was hard. 33.A vast amount of information of the biology of the screwworm had ben accumulated over the years by Agriculture Department scientists in Texas. (Ex.23b) 多年来，农业部的科学家在得克萨斯州研究螺旋锥蝇的生活状况，积累了大量的资料。34.Two metal surfaces rubbing together cause friction and heat; but if they are separated by a thin film of oil, the friction and heat are reduced. (BR22) 两个金属面相擦，就要产生摩擦和热；但如果在它们之间抹上薄薄的一层油，就可以减少摩擦，降低热度。35.When the whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and boiled down, either on board ship or on shore. It produces a great quantity of oil which can be made into food for human consumption. (BR22) 鲸鱼杀死以后，把鲸脂剥下来熬油，这项工作有的是在船上进行的，有的是在岸上进行的。这样就能生产出大量的油，供人们食用。36.Belts of parklands line three sides of the area and four large open squares of lawns and trees break the regularity of the city buildings. (Ex.8) ……三面有公园环绕，区内四大广场有草坪和树木，打破了市区建筑的单调气氛。37.The little boy’s face, his look of fear and desperation, his cries for help—the choice was made in our intrinsic love for children. (Ex.13) 看一看那孩子的脸，那脸上恐惧和绝望的表情，听一听他那呼救的声音，我们固有的对孩子的爱就为我们拿定了主意。38.A powerful indictment of America’s disregard of ecology, Silent Spring was aimed chiefly at the

wholesale use of chemical pesticides, especially DDT. (BR25) 《沉默的春天》有力地控诉了美国之忽视生态，它主要是针对大规模使用农药——特别是滴滴涕。39.合营企业的外籍职工的工资收入和其他正当收入，按中华人民共和国税法缴纳个人所得税后，可按外汇管理条例汇往国外。（Ex.27）The wages, salaries or other legitimate income earned by a foreign worker or staff member of an equity joint venture, after payment of the individual income tax under the tax laws of the People’s Republic of China, may be remitted abroad in accordance with foreign exchange control regulations. (Ex.27) 40.合营企业的有关外汇事宜，应遵照中华人民共和国外汇管理条例办理。（BR27）An equity joint venture shall handle its foreign exchange transactions in accordance with the regulations on foreign exchange control of the People’s Republic of China. 41.合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律、法令和有关条例规定。（BR27）All activities of an equity joint venture shall comply with the provisions of the laws, decrees and pertinent regulations of the People’s Republic of China. 42.然而她反满足，口角边渐渐的有了笑影，脸上也白胖了。（BR18）And she for her part was quite contented. Little by little the trace of a smile appeared at the corners of her mouth, while her face became whiter and plumper. 43.中国是一个发展中的沿海大国。中国高度重视海洋的开发和保护，把发展海洋事业作为国家发展战略，加强海洋综合管理，不断完善海洋法律制度，积极发展海洋科学技术和教育。（Ex.24）As a major developing country with a long coastline, China attaches great importance to marine development and protection, and takes it as the state’s development strategy. It is constantly strengthe ning comprehensive marine management, steadily improving its marine ? related laws, and actively developing science, technology and education pertaining to the oceans. 44.We faced the question in 1978, as to some extent we still do today:... (BR29) 我们在1978 年乃至今天在某种程度上面临的问题仍然是：…… 45.What makes it esp ecially English? Obviously, it began in England. (Ex.4) 为什么这场革命具有英国的特色呢？不言而喻，因为它始于英国。46.“People disappear in that river every year,” one of the policemen said to me that afternoon, half in dismay, half in frustration. (Ex.13) “这条河里年年都要死人” ，当天下午一个警察以一种无可奈何的神情沮丧地对我说。47.……可我从头到脚淋成了落汤鸡了。（BR21）...I was drenched from head to foot like a drowned rat. “落汤鸡”是汉语里常用的一个成语，但译文并未保留这个形象，而译成了a drowned rat。这是英语里的一个成语。Brewer’ Dictionary of Phrase and Fable 就单列了一条：wet as, or like a drowned rat, s As 意思是soaking wet; looking exceedingly dejected.这正是我们所需要的意思。用a drowned rat 来译“落汤鸡”是很适宜的。48.中国古代文明的发展，是中华民族艰苦奋斗、自强不息的结果。（BR30）The fruits of China’s ancient civilization were brought about by the tireless efforts and hard work of the Chinese nation.

49.When Chou En ? lai’s door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful. Yet it was a manly face, serious and intelligent, and Chu judged him to be in his middle twenties. Chou was a quiet and thoughtful man, even a little shy as he welcomed his visitors, urged them to be seated and to tell how he could help them. Ignoring the chair offered him, Chu Teh stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was, what he had done in the past, how he bad fled from Yunnan, talked with Sun Yat ? sen, been repulsed by Chen Tu ? hsiu in Shanghai, and had come to Europe to find a new way of life for himself and a new revolutionary road for China. He wanted to join the Chinese Communist Party group in Berlin, he would study and work hard, he would do anything he was asked to do but return to his old life, which had turned to ashes beneath his feet. 周恩来的房门打开时，他们看到的是一个身材修长，比普通人略高一点的人，两眼闪着光辉，面貌很

引人注意，称得上清秀。可是，那是个男子汉的面庞，严肃而聪颖，朱德看他大概是二十五六岁的年龄。周恩来举止优雅，待人体贴，在招呼他们坐下，询问有何见教的时候，甚至还有些腼腆。朱德顾不得拉过来的椅子，端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十多岁的青年面前，用平稳的语调，说明自己的身份和经历：他怎样逃出云南，怎样会见孙中山，怎样在上海被陈独秀拒绝，怎样为了寻求自己的新的生活方式和中国的新的革命道路而来到欧洲。他要求加入中国共产党在柏林的党组织，他一定会努力学习和工作，只要不再回到旧的生活里去——它已经在他的脚底下化为尘埃了——派他做什么工作都行。50.On the afternoon of that eventful day, I stood on the porch, dumb, expectant. I guessed vaguely from my mother’s signs and from the hurrying to and fro in the house that something unusual was about to happen, so I went to the door and waited on the steps. The afternoon sun penetrated the mass of honeysuckle that covered the porch, and fell on my upturned face. My fingers lingered almost unconsciously on the familiar leaves and blossoms which had just come forth to greet the sweet southern spring. I did not know what the future held of marvel or surprise for me. Anger and bitterness had preyed upon me continually for weeks and a deep languor had succeeded this passionate struggle. 那天下午，我一声不响，怀着期待的心情站在门廊里。母亲给我打着手势，人们在屋里匆匆地走来走去，我模模糊糊地预感到一件不寻常的事就要发生了。于是我就走到门口，站在台阶上等着。午后的阳光透过门廊上覆盖着的厚厚的一层忍冬，照在我微微仰着的脸上。我几乎是无意识地用手抚摸着我所熟悉的叶片和花朵，这新长的叶片和刚开的花朵在南方迎来了芬芳的春天。但不知今后等待着我的是什么，会使我欣喜，还是惊骇。几个星期以来，我又气又恨，感到非常苦恼，这种感情上的激烈斗争过去之后，我感到浑身无力。51.前两天有一位日本作家问我你怎么同时喜欢各种流派的作家和作品呢？我说，我不是文学家，不属于任何派别，所以我不受限制。那位朋友又问，“你明明写了那许多作品，你怎么说不是文学家呢？” 我说，唯其不是文学家，我就不受文学规律的限制，我也不怕别人把我赶出文学界。我的敌人是什么呢？我说过：“一切旧的传统观念，一切阻止社会进步和人性发展的不合理的制度，一切摧残爱的努力，它们都是我最大的敌人。”我所有的作品都是写来控诉、揭露、攻击这些敌人的。A few days ago, a Japanese author asked me how I was able to appreciate authors and books of so many different s chools. I replied, “I am not a ‘man of letters’, nor do I belong to any particular school. Thus I am not restricted in any way.” Then he asked me, “You’ve written many, many books. How can you say you’re not a man of letters?” I r eplied, “As long as I’m not a man of letters, I’m not subject to any of the rules of literature. Nor do I have to be afraid of being thrown out of any literary circles.” What are my enemies? “All outmoded traditional thinking; any irrational system which obstructs social prog ress or human development; any force which tramples on love—all these things are my enemies.” All my books were written with the express purpose of denouncing, exposing and striking out at these enemies of mine. 52.Brindley’s improvements were practical: to shar pen and step up the performance of the water wheel as a machine. It was the first multi ? purpose machine for the new industries. Brindley worked, for example, to improve the grinding of flints, which were used in the rising pottery industry. 布林德雷所作的改良是很实际的：改善并加强水车的机械功能。这是为新工业提供的第一部多功能机器。例如，布林德雷努力改进燧石的碾磨过程，燧石是新兴的陶瓷工业有用的材料。53.五四运动所进行的文化革命则是彻底地反对封建文化的运动，自有中国历史以来，还没有过这样伟大而彻底的文化革命。当时以反对旧道德提倡新道德，反对旧文学提倡新文学，为文化革命的两大旗帜，立下了伟大的功劳。这个文化运动，当时还没有可能普及到工农群众中去。它提出了“平民文学”口号，但是当时的所谓“平民” ，实际上还只能限于城市小资产阶级和资产阶级的知识分子，即所谓市民阶级的知识分子。五四运动是在思想上和干部上准备了一九二一年中国共产党的成立，又准备了五运动和北伐战争。当时的资产阶级知识分子，是五四运动的右翼，到了第二个时期，他们中间的大部分就和敌人妥协，站在反动方面了。The cultural revolution ushered in by the May 4th Movement was uncompromising in its opposition to feudal culture; there had never been such a great and thoroughgoing cultural revolution since the dawn of Chinese history. Raising aloft the two great banners of the day, “Down with the old ethics and up with the new!” and “Down with the old litera ture and up with the new!”, the cultural revolution had gre at

achievements to its credit. At that time it was not yet possible for this cultural movement to become widely diffused among the workers and peasants. The slogan of “Literature for the common people” was advanced, but in fact the “common people” then co uld only refer to the petty ? bourgeois and bourgeois intellectuals in the cities, that is, the urban intelligentsia. Both in ideology and in the matter of cadres, the May 4th Movement paved the way for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 and for the May 30th Movement in 1925 and the Northern Expedition. The bourgeois intellectuals, who constituted the right wing of the May 4th Movement, mostly compromised with the enemy in the second period and went over to the side of reaction. 54.All this suggested ancient harmonies. Yet the Nile has been changed by modern man in ways not yet fully understood. In 1971 engineers and workers completed the Aswan High Dam, nearly 600 miles upriver from Cairo toward the Sudanese frontier. It is the greatest public work to be undertaken in Egypt since the Pyramids. The devastating floods and droughts that imposed a recurrent tax of suffering on the fellahin no longer occur. Egyptian agriculture has been transformed, and industry is benefiting from power generated by the dam. 这一切使人感到古代的和谐气氛。然而现代的人却使尼罗河发生了变化，不过就连他们自己也不完全了解尼罗河究竟发生了什么变化。1971 年，技术人员和工人建成了阿斯旺高坝。这座水坝在从开罗沿尼罗河向苏丹边境走去将近六百英里远的地方。这是埃及自从修建金字塔以来进行的一项最大的公共工程。过去给农民带来灾难的水旱灾害，现在不再发生了。埃及的农业得到了改造，工业也用上了水坝发出的电力。55.So China has built new and increasingly strong links, in both directions, with world markets. These links have contributed to creation of new jobs, new prosperity for China. What next? I believe it is China’s interest to build on t his foundation, to consolidate her place in the international system. That is the way to maximise her share of world markets; and—as the UK knows from direct experience—to attract the stimulus, the technology and the funding that inward investment can offer. 总之，中国与世界市场之间建立起了双向的、新的联系，这些联系正在日益加强，并为中国创造了新的就业机会，带来了新的繁荣。那么今后怎么办呢？我相信，在此基础上进一步努力并巩固中国在国际体系中的地位符合中国的利益，也是最大限度地扩大其在世界上的市场份额的方法。英国从自身直接的经历中体会到，吸引外资可以带来动力、技术和资金。56.现阶段中国已经实现了粮食基本自给，在未来的发展过程中，中国依靠自己的力量实现粮食基本自给，客观上具备诸多有利因素。根据中国农业自然资源、生产条件、技术水平和其他发展条件，粮食增产潜力很大。China has basically achieved self ? sufficiency in grain at the present stage, and there are many favorable objective factors for her to maintain such achievement by her own efforts in the course of future development: Natural agricultural resources, production conditions, technical level and some other conditions ensure great potential in this respect. 57.Why did Earl run to rescue that little boy? Why did I support his decision, instead of stopping him? The greatest instinct, I believe, is to help a child in need. The little boy’s face, his look of fear and desperati on, his cries for help—the choice was made in our intrinsic love for children. In and instant Earl ran across the bridge, vaulted the fence and ran to the water’s edge. Unable to reach the boy safely from the shore, Earl stepped into the water. Then the sh ock registered on Earl’s face as the water grabbed him, too, and prevented him from completing his mission immediately. In Earl’s expression, I could see that he had confronted much more tha n he could handle, even being as strong and athletic as he was. The little boy was just slightly ahead of Earl, always just out of reach, like a tiny beacon lighting the way to death’s door. 为什么艾勒跑去救那小男孩呢?我为什么支持他的决定而不去阻止他呢?我认为帮助一个落难的孩子是人的神圣本能。孩子脸上那种恐惧、绝望的表情及拼命的呼救声——做出救他的决定是出于我们对孩子本能的爱，于是，艾勒立即跑过小桥，跳过栏杆，奔到水边。由于在岸边无法抓到孩子，艾勒就跳到水中。这时，当急流冲向艾勒，他难以立即抓住孩子时，他脸上也闪现一丝震惊，从他的面部表情，我可以看出，虽然他身体行动敏捷，但他所面临的险情，远远超过他的应付能力。小孩就在他面前，但总是抓不着，他像一盏小小的信号灯为艾勒照亮了通向死亡大门的路。

58.The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigour from its vitality. When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives, and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them, unless they are unusually callous. I do not mean that one should be without interest in them, but one’s interest should be contemplative and, if possible, philanthropic, but not unduly emotional Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves, but human beings, owing to the length of infancy, find this difficult. 另一件需要避免的事就是老想和年轻人呆在一起，希望从青年的活力中汲取力量。孩子们长大之后，就希望独立生活，如果你还像在他们年幼时那样关心他们，你就会成为他们的累赘，除非他们特别麻木不仁。我不是说一个人不应当关心孩子，而是说这种关心主要应该是多为他们着想，可能的话，给他们一些接济，而不应该过分地动感情。动物，一旦它们的后代能够自己照料自己，它们就不管了；但是人，由于抚养子女的时间长，是难以这样做的。59.我必须承认，我的时间和精力似乎越来越少了。一地同志送来的他的部分稿子，我不能仔细地欣赏，但我却充分感觉他的文章的魅力。如《海乡风情》写出了他对童年生活的眷恋。《心上的河流》写出了他对于小河流水的深情，这使我忆起我所热爱的无边的大海。I must admit that my time and energy seem to be running short. I was unable to read carefully and enjoy all the articles he had sent me, but I was fully aware of the charm of his writings. In “Episodes in My Homeland near the Sea” ，He revealed his love for his childhood life. In “A River at Heart”, he expressed his deep feelings towards the flowing water of a creek, which reminded me of my own love for the boundless, vast sea. 60.她不是鲁镇人。有一年的冬初，四叔家里要换女工，做中人的卫老婆子带她进来了，头上扎着白头绳，乌裙，蓝夹袄，月白背心，年纪大约二十六七，脸色青黄，但两颊却还是红的。卫老婆子叫她祥林嫂，说是自己母家的邻舍，死了当家人，所以出来做工了。四叔皱了皱眉，四婶已经知道了他的意思，是在讨厌她是一个寡妇。但看她模样还周正，手脚都壮大，又只是顺着眼，不开一句口，很像一个安分耐劳的人，便不管四叔的皱眉，将她留下。试工期内，她整天地做，似乎闲着就无聊，又有力，简直抵得过一个男子，所以第三天就定局，每月工资五百文。大家都叫她祥林嫂；没问她姓什么，但中人是卫家山人，既说是邻居，那大概也就姓卫了。她不很爱说话，别人问了才回答，答的也不多。直到十几天之后，这才陆续的知道她家里还有严厉的婆婆；一个小叔子，十多岁，能打柴了；她是春天没了丈夫的；他本来也打柴为生，比她小十岁；大家所知道的就只是这一点。She was not from Luzhen. Early one winter, when my uncle’s family wanted a new maid, Old Mrs. Wei the go ? between brought her along. She had a white mourning band round her hair and was wearing a black skirt, blue jacket, and pale green bodice. Her age was about twenty ? six, and though her face was sallow her cheeks were red. Old Mrs. Wei introduced her as Xi anglin’s Wife, a neighbour of her mother’s family, who wanted to go out to work now that her husband had died. My uncle frowned at this, and my aunt knew that he disapproved of taking on a widow. She looked just the person for them, though, with her big strong hands and feet; and, judging by her downcast eyes and silence, she was good worker who would know her place. So my aunt ignored my uncle’s frown and kept her. During her trial period she worked from morning till night as if she found resting irksome, and proved strong enough to do the work of a man; so on the third day she was taken on for five hundred cash a month. Everybody called her Xianglin’s Wife and no one asked her own name, but s ince she had been introduced by someone from Wei Village as a neighbour, her surname was presumable also Wei. She said little, only answering briefly when asked a question. Thus it took them a dozen days or so to find out bit by bit that she had a strict mother ? in ? law at home and a brother ? in ? law of ten or so, old enough to cut wood. Her husband, who had died that spring, had been a woodcutter too, and had been ten years younger than she was. This little was all they could learn. 61.I remember that the Gabilan Mountains to the east of the valley were light gay mountains full of sun and loveliness and a kind of invitation, so that you wanted to climb into their warm foothills almost as you want to climb into the lap of a beloved mother. They were beckoning mountains with a brown grass love. The Santa Lucias stood up against the sky to the west and kept the valley from the open sea, and they were dark

and brooding—unfriendly and dangerous. I always found in myself a dread of west and a love of east. Where I ever got such an idea I cannot say, unless it could be that the morning came over the peaks of the Gabilans and the night drifted back from the ridges of the Santa Lucias, It may be that the birth and death of the day had some part in my feeling about the two ranges of mountains. 我记得河谷东面的加毕仑山脉总是阳光璀璨、明媚可爱，仿佛向你殷勤邀请，你不禁想爬上暖洋洋的山麓小丘，正像爬到亲爱的母亲的怀里那样。棕色的草坡给你爱抚，向你召唤。西面的圣卢西亚斯山脉高耸入云，黑压压地挡在河谷和大海之间，显得不友好而危险。我发现自己一直对西方怀有畏惧，而对东方怀有喜爱。我说不出这种想法的根子在什么地方，也许是因为黎明从加比仑山顶升起，夜晚从圣卢西亚斯山脊压下来。每一天的诞生和消亡也许使我对两条山脉产生了不同的感情。62.I felt a little better already. When you are a child of the mountains yourself, you really belong to them. You need them. They become the faithful guardians of your life. If you cannot dwell on their lofty heights all your life, if you are in trouble, you want at least to look at them. 我已经觉得稍许自在了些。如果你是一个在群山之中长大的孩子，那你就确实属于群山。你需要它们。它们俨然成了你生命的忠实卫士。如果你不能在那些高高的山顶上居住终生，那么，一旦你遇到困难，你总是希望至少能够看看它们。63.在旧社会，我们评剧演员常常挣钱不够吃饭，艺人们大都是拉家带口，生活困难。演员们唱完戏还要各自找点儿活干，有人拉排子车，有人卖破烂，卖烟卷儿，当小工，拾烟头是普遍现象。In the old society, pingju players seldom made enough to live on, and as most were saddled with big families their life was hard. Apart from acting they had to find other work. Often they pulled handcarts, sold junk or cigarettes, hired themselves out as coolies, or collected cigarette stubs. 64.我在东亚毛纺织厂当小工，那些女工大姐姐们都喜欢我，都说我好，她们知道我是演员，要我教她们唱，她们就教我织毛线，还把工厂里印的毛线花样的书送给我。从那以后我学会了很多毛衣的花样，成了织毛衣的能手。While I did odd jobs in the East Asia Woollen Mill,all the elder sister workers loved me and they all spoke well of me. Knowing I could act,they asked me to teach them to act ,in return they taught me to knit and presented me with wool pattern books printed by the factory.After that I learned a lot of sweater patterns and became a good hand at knitting.

65.Because it is very slippery, it is used for lubrication. Two metal surfaces rubbing together cause friction and heat; but if they are separated by a thin film of oil, the friction and heat are reduced. No machine would work for long if it were not properly lubricated. The oil used for this purpose must be of the correct thickness; if it is too thin it will not give sufficient lubrication, and if it is too thick it will not reach all parts that must be lubricated. 因为它非常滑润，可以用作润滑剂。两个金属面相擦，就要产生摩擦和热；但如果在它们之间抹上薄薄的一层油，就可以减少摩擦，降低热度。任何机械如果不使用一定的润滑剂，就不能持续工作。润滑油的浓度必须适当，太稀则起不到应有的润滑作用，太稠则流不到所有需要润滑的零件。66.中国拥有大陆岸线18000 多公里，以及面积在500 平方米以上的海岛5000 多个，岛屿岸线14000 多公里；按照《联合国海洋法公约》的规定，中国还对广阔的大陆架和专属经济区行使主权权利和管辖权，中国的海域处在中、低纬度地带，自然环境和资源条件比较优越。中国海域海洋生物物种繁多，已鉴定的达20278 种。中国海域已经开发的渔场面积达81.8 万平方海里。China boasts a mainland coastline of more than 18,000km. There are more than 5,000 islands in China’s territorial waters, each with an area of more than 500 sq m, and the islands’ coastlines total more than 14,000km. China also exercises sovereignty and jurisdiction over the vast continental she lves and exclusive economic zones(EEZs), as defined by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Located in medium and low latitudes, China’s sea areas have comparatively advantageous natural environmental and resource conditions. Some 20,278 species of sea creatures have been verified there. T he fishing grounds that have been developed in China’s sea areas cover 818,000 square nautical miles. 67.海洋覆盖了地球表面的71%，是全球生命支持系统的一个基本组成部分，也是资源的宝库，环境的重要调节器。人类社会的发展必然会越来越多地依赖海洋。即将到来的二十一世纪是人类开发利用海洋的新世纪。维护《联合国海洋法公约》确定的国际海洋法律原则，维护海洋健康，保护海洋环境，确保海洋资源的可持续利用和海上安全，已成为人类共同遵

守的准则和共同担负的使命。The ocean,which covers 71 percent of the earth’s surface,is a basic component of the global bio ? support system.It is also a treasure house of resources and an important regulator of the environment.It is inevitable that the development of human society will come to depend more and more on the ocean. In the coming 21st century mankind will have new opportunities to develop and utilize the ocean.Upholding the principles of the international marine law as defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,maintaining the wholesomeness of the oceans,protecting the marine environment and guaranteeing the sustainable utilization of marine resources and maritime safety have become common norms for all the people in the world to abide by,and a collective mission for all mankind to undertake. 68.As recently as the early 1960s, the phrase “environmental law” w ould probably have produced little more than a puzzled look, even from many lawyers. Such issues as clean air, pure water and freedom from noise pollution were not important public concerns. There were, of course, numerous state and some federal laws intended to protect America’s rivers and streams from excessive industrial pollution and to guard wildlife from the depredatio ns of man. But these regulations were generally ignored. 早在六十年代初，甚至连许多律师接触到“环保法”这个词儿，大半也只会感到纳闷而已。当时，诸如空气清新、水质洁净、无噪声污染之类的问题，都不是公众怎么了不起的关切所在。当然，已经有了许多州法和一些联邦法，其立法意图是保护美国的江河，使之免受过分的工业污染并保护野生生物不受人类的掠夺。可是对这些规定，人们一般都置之不理。69.As you said in your toast, the Chinese people are a great people, the American people are a great people. If our two people are enemies the future of this world we share together is dark indeed. But if we can find common ground to work together, the chance for world peace is immeasurably increased. 正如你在祝酒时讲的那样，中国人民是伟大的人民，美国人民是伟大的人民。如果我们两国人民互相为敌，那么我们共同居住的这个世界的前途就的确很暗淡。但是，如果我们能够找到进行合作的共同点，那么实现世界和平的机会就将无可估量地大大增加。70.相互了解，是发展国与国之间关系的前提。惟有相互了解，才能增进信任，加强合作。中美建交以来，我们两国人民之间的相互交流与了解在逐渐扩大和加深，但还不够。为了推动中美关系的发展，中国需要进一步了解美国，美国也需要进一步了解中国。Mutual understanding is the basis for state ? to ? state relations. Without it, it would be impossible for countries to build trust and promote cooperation with one another. Since the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and the United States, the exchanges and mutual understanding between our two peoples have broadened and deepened steadily. However, this is not enough. To promote the development of China ? U.S. relations, China needs to know the United States better and vice versa. 71.现在，我们正在满怀信心地全面推进改革。在经济上，要加快建立社会主义市场经济体制，实现工业化和经济的社会化、市场化、现代化；在政治上，要努力发展社会主义民主政治，依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家，保证人民充分行使管理国家和社会事务的权力；在文化上，要积极建设面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来的，民族的科学的大众的社会主义文化，实行科教兴国战略，不断提高全民族的思想道德素质和科学文化素质。总起来说，就是要把中国建成富强民主文明的现代化国家。中国作为疆域辽阔、人口众多、历史悠久的国家，应该对人类有较大的贡献。中国人民所以要进行百年不屈不挠的斗争，所以要实行一次又一次的伟大变革、实现国家的繁荣富强，所以要加强民族团结、完成祖国统一大业，所以要促进世界和平与发展的崇高事业，归根到底就是为了一个目标：实现中华民族的伟大复兴，争取对人类作出新的更大的贡献。We are conducting a comprehensive reform with full confidence.Economically,we will speed up the establishment of a socialist market economy and realize industrialization,and the socialization,marketization and modernization of the economy.Politically,we will endeavor to develop socialist democracy,govern the country according to law,build a socialist country under the rule of law and ensure the full existence of people’s rights to govern the country and manage social affairs.Culturally,we will work hard to develop a scientific socialist culture for the people,a culture that is geared to the needs of modernization of the nation,of the world and the future,adopt a strategy of rejuvenating China through science and education,and strive to raise the political and moral standards as well as scientific and cultural level of the entire nation.In a word,our goal is to build our country into a prosperous,strong,democratic and culturally advanced modern

country. China,a country with vast territory,a big population and a long history,should make greater contribution to humanity.The Chinese people waged a dauntless struggle for one hundred years.They have effected great reforms and changes one after another to build China into a strong and prosperous country.They have worked to strengthen ethnic solidarity and achieve national reunification and to promote the lofty cause of world peace and development.In the final analysis,they have done all these for one objective,that is the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and China’s new and greater contribution to humanity.第三部分翻译理论第三部分翻译理论1.初学翻译的人的两条要求是：①忠实；②通顺。2.译者使用英语能力的三个方面：①拼法正确；②合乎用法；③句子平稳。3.译文在内容上要忠实于原文，在语言上要readable。这样的译文才是好的译文。4.常常有人对我说：这段英文我看懂了，只是翻不出来，或者说，只是翻不好。为什么外国文字能看懂，用自己的语言反倒说不出呢？这说明我们使用汉语的能力还有待于提高。5.东汉时代，天竺人摄摩腾、竺法兰翻译《四十二章经》，这是我国现存佛经中最早的译本。释道安（314—385）东晋前秦时高僧。鸠摩罗什（344—413）后秦高僧。他和弟子僧肇等译出《摩诃般若波罗蜜经》《妙法莲华经》《金刚、、般若波罗蜜经》等，对佛教在中国的发展起了重要的作用。在翻译过程中，他倾向于意译，常对原文加以改动，以适应中国的文体。他的译法虽然灵活，态度却很谨慎。因此他的译文既准确又流畅。玄奘（602—664）唐高僧，俗称唐僧。曾游学天竺各地达十七年之久。玄奘的译文与鸠摩罗什的译文相比，是倾向于直译的。但是他对自己提出的要求是“既须求真，又须喻俗。”再加上他工作勤恳、认真，他的译文质量是很高的。6.严复。他翻译《天演论》，宣传“物竞天择，适者生存”的观点，对当时思想界有很大影响。戊戌变法后，他又翻译了《原富》《群学肄言》《法意》《穆勒名学》等。他是中国第一个系统介绍西方、、、哲学的人。严复在《天演论·译例言》里首次提出了“信、达、雅”的翻译标准。“信”指的是“忠实”“达” ，指的是“流畅”“雅”指的是“尔雅” ，。所谓“尔雅” ，用严复自己的话来说就是“用汉以前的字法、句法” 。7.林纾。他用文言文翻译欧美等国小说184 种，例如《巴黎茶花女遗事》《鲁滨逊漂流记》《海外轩渠录》《吟边燕语》《块肉余生述》《贼史》《黑奴吁天录》等。林纾的译作第一次使中国读者接触到这些外国文学作品，引起了他们对外国文学的兴趣，对中国的文学创作有很大的影响。

8.钱钟书先生在“林纾的翻译” 一文中提出了一条新的标准。他写道：“文学翻译的最高标准是‘化’。” 9.经贸文章总要涉及许多数字，但数字特别容易出错，而且带来严重后果。要避免出错有且只有一个秘诀——仔细核对。10.鲁迅曾针对当时赵景深的“宁顺而不信”的提法，提出了“宁信而不顺”的主张。1935 年，鲁迅在“ ‘题未定’草”一文中又对翻译作了新的概括。他说：“凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当力求其易解，一则保存着原作的丰姿。” 11.1954 年，郭沫若在全国文学翻译工作会议上说：“翻译是一种创造性的工作，好的翻译等于创作，甚至还可能超过创作。我们对翻译工作决不能采取轻率的态度。翻译工作者必须具有高度的责任感。” 12.茅盾。他在全国文学翻译工作会议上作了报告说：……文学的翻译是用另一种语言，把原作的艺术意境传达出来使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作时一样得到启发、感动和美的感受。……这样的翻译既需要译者发挥工作上的创造性，而又要完全忠实于原作的意图…… 茅盾认为风格是能译的。1980 年他说过：“很重要的一点是能将他的风格翻译出来。” 13.朱光潜。直译和意译的分别根本不应存在。……想尽量表达原文的意思，必须尽量保存原文的语句组织。因此直译不能不是意译，而意译也不能不是直译。14.周建人认为，直译既不是“字典译法” ，也不是死译、硬译，它是要求真正的意译，要求不失原文的语气与文情，确切地翻译过来的译法。换一句话说，当时所谓直译是指真正的意译。15.林汉达。在“翻译的原则”一文中他写道：“正确的翻译是直译，也就是意译。死译和胡译不同，呆译和曲译不同，这是可以划分的，它们都是错误的翻译。正确的翻译是分不出直译或意译的。” 16.周煦良。1982 年，周煦良在“翻译三论”一文中写道：直译可以分为三类：第一类是译音而不译意。第二类是照字面译。第三类是不按照中国语言习惯和词序而按照原文的结构或词序的翻译。他认

为风格是无法翻译的，风格离不开语言，不同的语言无法表达同样的风格。他认为，一部文学译品的风格是由四方面决定的：一、原作的风格；二、译者本人的文章风格；三、译者本国语言的特征；四、译者所处的时代。17.许渊冲认为当译文和原文相同的形式能表达和原文相同的内容时，可以直译，不能表达时就意译；当原文的表达形式比译文精确、有力时，可以直译，译文的表达形式比原文精确、有力时，可以意译。18.王佐良认为一部好的译作总是既有直译又有意译的；凡能直译处坚持直译，必须意译处则放手意译。他说：“文学翻译不是机械乏味的事，而是一种创造性的努力。” 19.王力先生在《中国语法理论》“欧化的语法”一章中指出：“中国语里多用意合法，联结成分并非必需；汉译英时，往往要加关联词，关联词里用得最多的是and。”

20.最初提出“重神似不重形似”观点的是傅雷他曾写过“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。”他在向中国读者介绍法国文学方面作出了很大贡献。21.刘隆惠。1961 年刘隆惠写道：“对于文学翻译，不仅要求通顺流畅，而且要求表达原作的风格。” 22.张中楹。1961 年张中楹写道：“在同一语言的领域里，尚且不易摹仿一个作者的风格；在翻译方面，把原作译成另一种语言而要保持同一风格，这是更不易做到的工作。……我是极为赞同周煦良同志的‘不必多伤脑筋’的说法的。” 23.西塞罗认为逐字直译毫无必要，他维持了演说的总体风格和充满魅力的语言，强调保持原作的总的风格和力量。24.哲罗姆将《圣经》译成拉丁文，他的通信对史学家、圣经学者和神学家有重要参考价值，他强调翻译意思，而不是翻译孤立的词。25.——泰特勒的三原则对我国翻译界有很大影响：①译文必须能完全传达出原作的意思；②著作的风格与态度必须与原作的性质一样；③译文必须含有原文中所有的流利。26.不同的文字背后都有着相同的思想，因此，专事逾越文字障碍的翻译便成为可能。《外国翻译界》在介绍西奥多·萨沃里的《翻译艺术》（The Art of Translation 时，称之为翻译技巧最好的著作）。他对译者下的任务：①作者说的是什么？②作者的意思是什么？③作者怎样说？这种分析方法可以适用于段落、句子，甚至短语。27.费道罗夫认为翻译的确切性就是通过复制原文形式的特点（如果语言条件许可的话），或创造在作用上与原文特点相符的东西来表达原文所特有的内容与形式间的相互关系。28.在翻译过程中为了解决多义性问题和确定等值物的选择，有时只需考虑某个单位，包括词的句法上下文。29.杨宪益认为翻译的译者应尽量忠实于原文的形象，既不要夸张，也不要夹带任何别的东西。30.施觉怀在“翻译法律文献的几个特点”一文中指出：“法律文件的翻译，最主要的要求应当是‘严谨’” 。31.李宁赋认为练好外语基本功和翻译的质量有着密切的关系。32.翻译的新概念中，尤金·奈达和查尔斯R·泰伯表示如果所有的语言在形式上都有区分(此成其为语言不同的根本)，即使为保持内容，形式上也会很自然地被改变。对于译者，正确的选择不是直译，也不是模仿，而是意译，有一定自由活动余地的翻译。“意译会使作者一直处于译者的视野之内，不至于迷失方向，但作者所用的字词并非严格地逐字译出，而对于意却非如此。意容许发挥，但并不是改变。” 33.程镇球在部分与整体的问题中称：语言具有很强的辩证性，什么都不是一成不变的，都不是孤立的。一个句子中安排的词以及句子本身都受到前后上下的影响。整体是由部分组成的，部分的意义取决于它在整体中的位置。自然，部分与整体只是相对的，有时一个短语、分句或句子就构成一个整体，有时在较大的上下文中又只是整体的一部分。34.防止中文式英文的问题上爱德乐认为：在汉语中比在英语中更经常地使用表示空间的副词、表示时间的副词和表示空间与时间的副词短语。第四部分常考的英汉词语翻译对照表第四部分常考的英汉词语翻译对照表

Berlin：柏林fellow countryman：同胞Sun Yat ? sen：孙中山the Chinese Communist Party group in Berlin：中国共产党在柏林的党组织the Berlin Communist group：柏林共产党支部the Grand Canal：大运河the great Nanjing Bridge：南京长江大桥VIP：大人物Aaron’s rod：亚伦魔杖Industrial Revolution：工业革命navigation：航行grammar school：文法学校Oxford：牛津Cambridge：剑桥cottage industry：家庭手工业Royal Society：皇家学会an Indian summer：晚秋的晴暖气候，小阳春long drive ：长征wild west：西部荒原the Civil War：内战the Revolution of 1911：辛亥革命the Morrill Land ? Grant College Act：莫里尔公地兴学法案the Ethiopian highlands：埃塞俄比亚高原fellah：夫埃拉(农民) the Nile Delta：尼罗河三角洲Cairo：开罗the Nile Valley ：尼罗河河谷Allah：真主the Aswan High Dam：阿斯旺高坝summer resort：避暑胜地Mediterranean climate：地中海型气候mean temperature：平均温度the Imperial Palace：皇宫the Palace Museum：故宫博物院the Imperial Ancestral Temple：太庙China’s most important historical sites：全国重点保护文物the Meridian Gate：午门the Outer Palace：外朝the Inner Court：内廷the Golden Water Bridge：金水桥the Gate of Supreme Harmony：太和门the Hall of Supreme Harmony：太和殿the Hall of Complete Harmony：中和殿the Hall of Preserving Harmony：保和殿the business section：商业区parklands：公园区sovereign nations：主权国家per capita GNP：人均国民生产总值two way trade ：双向贸易

bilateral trade：双边贸易joint venture：合资企业labour intensive industries：劳动密集型产业economic growth：经济增长trading nation：贸易国the Pacific region：太平洋地区net income：净收入international trade and investment：国际贸易和投资international community：国际社会foreign exchange dealing：外汇交易major economy：经济大国the European Union：欧洲同盟the World Trade Organization：世界贸易组织the net import：净进口量Southern California：南加利福尼亚州Valentine’s day：情人节“Good gracious”“我的天哪!” ：the British Museum：大英博物馆the Westminster Abbey：威斯敏斯特教堂William,the Conqueror：威廉大帝county history：郡志animal oil：动物油vegetable oil：植物油mineral oil：矿物油the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea：联合国海洋法公约the screw ? worm：螺旋锥蝇Environmental Law：环境保护法contracting states：缔约国Universal Copyright Convention：世界版权公约come into force：生效diplomatic relation：外交关系BCCI：国际商业信贷银行Let a hundred schools of thought contend：百家争鸣man of letters ：文学家the rules of literature：文学规律literary circles：文学界the highest state to which art can attain is artlessness：艺术的最高境界是无技巧flowery language：花言巧语glory ? seeking：欺世盗名deaf mute：聋哑人sign language：手语the Reform Movement of 1898：戊戌变法the May 4th Movement：五四运动united front：统一战线communist intellectual：共产主义的知识分子revolutionary petty ? bourgeois intellectual：革命的小资产阶级知识分子bourgeois intellectual：资产阶级知识分子right wing：右翼literature for the common people：平民文学

the urban intelligentsia：市民阶级的知识分子the May 30th Movement in 1925：五卅运动the Northern Expedition：北伐战争the Northern Warlord government：北洋军阀政府the Paris Peace Conference：巴黎和会Defend our sovereignty, punish the traitors!：外争国权，内惩国贼! Abolish the Twenty ? one Demands!：废除二十一条! the imperial garden：御花园the White Dagoba：白塔the Nine ? Dragon Screen ：九龙壁Five ? Year Plan：五年计划economic reform：经济改革the open(door) policy：对外开放政策inward investment：引进外资self ? sufficiency：自给自足self ? reliance：自力更生the yield per unit area：单位面积产量cultivated land：耕地the multiple crop index：复种指数inland waters：内陆水域aquatic products：水产品intensification：集约化animal by ? products：畜产品knowledge economy：知识经济new high：新高new low：新低commercial and financial ties：贸易与金融关系statistics：统计数字Children’s Literature：儿童文学“Episodes in My Homeland near the Sea”《海乡风情》：“A River at Heart”《心上的河流》：A frog at the bottom of a well：井底之蛙the patron saint of actors：祖师爷a drowned rat：落汤鸡freshwater resources：淡水资源sustainable development：可持续发展regenerate marine energy resources：海洋可再生资源continental shelves：大陆架exclusive economic zones：专属经济区fishing grounds：渔场tourist, scenic and recreational spots：旅游娱乐景观资源the Nat ional People’s Congress：全国人民代表大会the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese ? Foreign Equity Joint Ventures：中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法economic cooperation and technological exchange：经济合作和技术交流the principle of equality and mutual benifit：平等互利原则lawful rights and interests：合法权益department in charge of industry and commerce administration：工商行政主管部门limited liability company ：有限责任公司registered capital：注册资本

board of directors：董事会the chairman and the vice ? chairman：董事长和副董事长the budget for revenues and expenditure：收支预算the venture’s development plans：企业发展规划proposals for production and business operations：生产经营活动方案the distribution for profits：利润分配the plans concerning manpower and wages：劳动工资计划the termination of business：停业gross profit：毛利润income tax：所得税reserve fund：储备基金venture expansion fund：企业发展基金tax reductions or exemptions：减税或免税regulations on foreign exchange control：外汇管理条例insurance company：保险公司Bank of China：中国银行individual income tax：个人所得税force majeure：不可抗力breach the contract：违反合同enter into force：生效equity joint venture：合营企业the state agency for foreign exchange control：国家外汇管理机关Sino ? American relations; China ? U.S.relations：中美关系equality, solidarity and mutual assistance：平等、团结、互助Loving people and treating neighbors kindly are most valuable to a country：亲仁善邻,国之宝也international environment of peace：和平国际环境the principles of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit and non ? interference in each other’s internal affairs：相互尊重、平等互利、互不干涉内政的原则never seek hegemony：永不称霸rejuvenation of China：振兴中华Mao Zedong Thought：毛泽东思想Deng Xiaoping Theory：邓小平理论foreign policy：对外政策moral force：精神力量democracy：民主政治dauntless struggle：不屈不挠的斗争a socialist country under the rule of law：社会主义法治国家

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F . Man's alien! ion span is very short- In order to capture a viewer's attention, television must provide constant stimulation through variety, novelty, action and movement. In doing so, news is rather short, and it results in inefficient communication; much of the news is like "machine-gunning with scraps", and it destroys the coherence of thought. The TV's appeal to the short attention span is decivilizing as well. A voiding complexity means sacrificing thought. Among adult Americans, there are more and more "functionally illiterate" people, who even cannot answer the want ad or understand the instructions on a medicine bottle. At least, TV is partly responsible for this. Television, since its first prevalence over radio in the 1950s, has played a more and more important role in people's lives. Some are of the opinion that TV is enlightening. It has become so much a part of human life that a modern world without television is unimaginable. But I, on the other hand, argue against TV. I think TV's disadvantages outweigh its advantages. I want to draw your attention to the fact that television is decivilising. In the first place, watching TV takes too much of our time. Children rush to TV immediately after school. Some people sit in front of TV all day long. In this way, reading is entirely ignored. Do you remember the days when we had no TV? We read stories, listened to radio programs from which we benefited a lot. I dare say that the generation accompanied by TV will be less literate. In the second place, watching TV doesn't involve much thinking. When we take up reading, we need to think and imagine before we can thoroughly understand the writer. However, when we watch TV, what we have to do is to open our eyes and enjoy whatever is shown. Little by little we will become slow in thinking. F. 14F. 15 F.

自考英语(一)课堂笔记完整版(2)

自考英语（一）课堂笔记完整版（2） Unit1 4. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice，and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner. 注意句中hundreds of hours的用法，阅读课本第六页注解2. 请翻译下面的词组： 1）十个学生 ten students 数十个学生 tens of students 2）五百年 five hundred years 数百年hundreds of years 3）两千年 two thousand years 数千年 thousands of years 4）三百万美元 three m illion dollars 数百万美元m illions of dollars 5. Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. 句中be different from意为“与…不同”，如：My opinion is different from yours.（我的 观点与你的观点不同。） 请注意下面三个句子中所用的词组： Man is different from all the other anim als in his ability to learn and use a language. Man differs from all the other anim als in his ability to learn and use a language. The greatest difference between m an and all the other anim als is his ability to learn and use a language. 从上面的句子中可以看出differ是动词，different 是形容词，difference是名词。 6. … find it difficul t to succeed in language learning. … find it difficul t to succeed in other fields. 句中的i t是形式宾语（form al object），真正的宾语（real object）是不定式to succeed in language learning，此类用法在英语中很常见，请注意掌握。如：At first I found it diffi cult to rem em ber all these new words.（开始我感到记住这些单词很难。） 请翻译下面的句子： 1）外面的噪音使我无法继续工作。 （The noise outside m ade it diffic ult for m e to go on with m y work.）

自考英语二重点语法知识讲解

重点语法知识讲解 1．动词的时态和语态 动词的时态和语态一览表 时态语态一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时 主动被动 do are done did were done will do will be done 现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时 主动被动 are doing are being done were doing were being done will be doing现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时 主动被动 have done have been done had done had been done will have done will have been done 现在完成进行时 主动被动 have been doing 1．1 现在完成时 发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在，或对现在仍有影响。 现在完成时的标志： so far， by now/ up to now，for three years， since 1995， in the past two decades 1.2 过去完成时 过去的过去。 1）said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。 He missed the train. He said he had missed the train. 2）hardly…when, no sooner… than句型中表示先发生的动作 No sooner had he got up than he received the call. 3）与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中

If I had tried harder, I would have won. I wish I had done better in the exam. 1.3 完成进行时 从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。汉语提示语：一直 The water has been running the whole night. 1.4 过去时 过去某一具体时间发生的事，不考虑与现在的关系。 过去时的标志：yesterday， in 1995， last week，in the nineteenth century，five years ago 等等。 2．非谓语动词 2.1 非谓语动词一览表 非谓语动词形式意义 现在分词 一般式 doing 主动 , 正在进行 被动式 being done 被动 , 正在进行 完成主动式 having done 主动 , 已经完成 完成被动式 having been done 被动 , 已经完成过去分词 done 被动 , 已经完成 动词不定式 一般式 to do 主动 , 将要进行 被动式 to be done 被动 , 将要进行 完成主动式 to have done 主动 , 已经完成 进行主动式 to be doing 主动 , 正在进行 2.2. 非谓语动词作状语

自考英语本科高级英语上下册课后短文翻译

1 Rock music began in America in the late 1950's ? It was not only a new musical form , but a forum for the American youth to express their ideas of the world and life . In this foiiini, the stars sang out the attitudes of the youth towards civil rights , war and peace ,the disaffection of their society , and a range of emotions between love and hate ? Allin all, in this forum , the American youth redefined the beliefs and feelings of their society ? The typical representatives of the early rock music were Elvis Presley , singer and poet Bob Dylan , the Bealtles , the rolling Stones and so on ? They were the culture heroes whom the young people worshipped ? 2 The American young people in 1960，s were a generation of rebellion ? Tliey found that the affluent American society was filled with poverty , injustice and gypocrisy . They didn't tmst the adult world that didn't belong to them and revised to take theii' beliefs and values . Many young people took active part in the struggle which protested against poverty , racial discrimination and Vietnam War ? Some young people even tried to overthrow this world by armed revolution. Many other young took passive ways to show their disaffections ? They took drugs , refused to take any responsibilities and lived a parasitic way of life ? Or they escaped to the frontiers and lived a primitive way of life ? 3 Mathilda had been ill for three days ? Her mother had given her some medicine, but it didn^t do any good ?So they had to ask the doctor to come ? There had been a number of cases of diphthena in Mathildaschool and two of them had been dead ? When the doctor anived at Olson's home . he wanted to examine Mthilda's tluoat first ? But no matter how he coaxed ”She wouldn't open her mouth ? So the doctor had to get the tongue depressor into her mouth ? But Mathilda reduced it to splinters .In order to protect Mathilda herself and other children , the doctor had to make sure whether she had diphtheria or not, so that he could treat her in time ? Letting Mathilda c s father hold her wrists lie tned his best to open her mouth and found she really had diphtheria. Tliis stoiy made us can think such a question that something in life can^ only depend on self willingness ? Under some circumstances , certain force seems necessary ? 4

自考英语心得范文

自考英语心得范文 才的有关规定，造就和选拔德才兼备的专门人才，提高全民族的 欢! 自考英语心得范文一 加自考专升本学习，经过一年多的学习，顺利通过了专升本课程以及加考的水平英语(一)、水平英语(二)和综合英语(二)课程。应该说，对于比较难学的英语专业，我算是在比较短的时间内取得 在此与大家交流。 滴的积累达到的，从量变上升到质变，即所谓的平时有好的学习习惯，才会使我们最终取得好的成绩。所以在平时的学习当中就要严格要求自己，力求扎实的功底，为日后的考试做好准备。

习惯的养成还源自对自考的正确认识。高等教育自学考试是高等教育中较为严格、对考生要求较高的一种自学形式，要想通过考试，就要有较强的自控力和坚持不懈的恒心。其中自控力是坚持不懈的保证，没有较强的自控能力，基本的学习时间无法保 在此我就谈谈我的学习习惯。 读，其他课程如公共课若时间不足，可注意上课笔记。 二、坚听挺好每一堂课，知识的积累重在平时的点点滴滴，虽然一些需要记忆的课程，临阵磨枪有一定的作用，但基础课程仍在于平时的功夫，在于潜移默化，扎扎实实，稳步提高。 三、及时的针对所学内容作总结、联系。即对所学课程及时 四、考前要做的工作。大致读一遍课文，然后有针对性的增加习题训练，起到查漏补缺的作用，最后做一些模拟题型、模式。 五、在不面临国考压力时，也不能松懈，而应主动培养自己的英语意识，多听英语广播、音乐，以及多看英语方面的书籍与节目等，同时如有充裕时间，可针对自身的弱点有选择的参加一些辅导班。

除了以上这几点，我认为还需要时时保持一种紧张状态，即在规定课程未全部达到要求之前，绝不能有所放松，从而争取最后的胜利。 这是我的体会。我认为通过考试拿文凭不是我们的目的，更多的是为了获取真正的知识以及更好的掌握知识，为我们将来的学习和事业打下坚实的基础。所以，在努力通过考试的同时，也应注意培养自身的能力，包括运用知识的能力，适应社会的能力等。在学习的过程中，注意磨砺自己的意志，培养积极、向上、乐观的心理状态，从而迎接人生中的每一次挑战和考验。 最后，我要说的是，既然大家选择了这条学习道路，就应该有恒心、有耐心并且有信心，要相信：付出的汗水中终将获得收获，这段经历将成为我们人生中特有的宝贵的财富，也将成为教会我们懂得珍惜人生的一次机会。 让我们共同努力，为最后的胜利而奋斗! 自考英语心得范文二 我2001年大学毕业以后一直在北京从事英语教育行业，因为一个偶然的机会我接触到了一个自考学校，我发现相当多的自考学生的英文功底不好，要想通过公共科目英语(一)(二)十分的不容易，所以我现在正在筹划开办一个校内的英语补习培训班，

自考《英语二》讲义总结大纲

英语（二）学习是一种信仰 英语（二） 讲义 【00015】 【内部资料】

课程介绍 一、课程性质 英语（二）是高等教育自学考试各专业（英语专业除外）本科阶段的公共基础课。 三、本资料介绍 针对英语（二）试题中第一题到第四题，本资料给出对应的解题技巧及真题举例；第五题和第六题主要涉及到英语语法，本资料将近5 年真题涉及到的语法知识进行总结，详细解释并举对应的真题为例；针对第七题作文部分，本资料给出写作模板及参考例文。 如果您能认真阅读本资料并掌握其中的解题技巧和语法知识，那么您一定能顺利通过考试！

目录 第一部分语法知识 (4) 第一单元名词形容词副词介词 (4) 第一章名词 (4) 第二章形容词 (5) 第三章副词 (8) 第四章介词 (10) 第二单元谓语动词 (11) 第一章系动词 (12) 第二章情态动词 (12) 第三章时态 (13) 第四章英语语态 (16) 第三单元非谓语动词 (17) 第一章动词不定式 (18) 第二章分词 (19) 第四单元从句 (21) 第一章名词性从句 (21) 第二章形容词从句（定语从句） (21) 第三章副词从句（状语从句） (21) 第五单元并列结构 (22) 第二部分应对技巧 (24) 第一章阅读判断 (24) 第二章阅读选择 (28) 第三章概括段落大意和补全句子 (33) 第四章填句补文 (36) 第五章填词补文 (38) 第六章完形补文 (40) 第七章短文写作 (41)

一、概念 第一部分语法知识 第一单元名词形容词副词介词 第一章名词 名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。 如：person，phone，China，time 二、用法 1.名词作主语和宾语。 ●Knowledge is power. （知识就是力量。） ●I love English. （我喜欢英语。) 2.名词可以作定语修饰名词 ①作定语的名词往往是说明其中名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等 ②被修饰的名词变复数时，一般情况下，作定语用的名词不需要变为复数形式。 ● a diamond ring(一枚钻戒) ●orange juice(橙汁) ●English lessons(英语课) 3.名词分为可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词出现时，要么是复数名词，要么前面加限定词，如冠词（a、an 或 the），不可数名词永远是单数形式。 ●He has a girlfriend.（他有一个女朋友。） ●He has two girlfriends.（他有两个女朋友。） ●I want some bread.（我想要一些面包。） 三、考点 1.名词作宾语 They were given 33 on memory and thinking. (2014.10) 【答案】：B 【解析】：原文“They were given 33 on memory and thinking.”可知此处应填写名词，作宾语，后文中谈到“tests”，可知 B 选项符合文意。 2.名词修饰名词 For language _ (learner), these forms of communication enable them to share i d e a s about themselves and the world in almost real time. （2015.4）