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高口必备词汇精细by李锦森

高口必备词汇精细by李锦森
高口必备词汇精细by李锦森

Johnson中高口翻译必背词汇精析(一)

之前,Johnson已经为大家列出了翻译考试必背课文以及考试的热点,但是,千里之行,始于足下。从今天起,Johnson将对真题和课本中的难点词汇进行精析,夯实大家的翻译基础,也为同学们顺利通过考试保驾护航。今天,我们进入第一个热点主题——“上海”。必背词汇1:开埠 open to foreign traders;become a seaport city (2010秋中口真题汉译英篇)

课本链接及精析:高口口译课本P165 中也讲到了上海的字面意思“海上之埠”,这里对“埠”应理解为“港口”的意思,所以一般翻译为“a port on the sea”或者“seaport city”.

必背词汇2:兼容并蓄 combine A with B/a (harmonious)

combination of A with B(2010秋中口真题汉译英篇、2006.9高口真题汉译英)

精析:“四字格”本身就是翻译考试的一大难点及高频考点。这个“四字格”在上海文化及政治外交场合均出现过,并且横跨中高级口译,是考生必背的词汇。很多同学面对“四字格”都会莫名惶恐,这里对其应采用我课上所讲过的“减法及白话释义原则”,对其先简化为“兼并”二字并通过白话文做出简单解释,即“结合”,这样我们就可以用相应的英语单词进行对应翻译了。类似的例子还有“日新月异”(2010秋中口真题汉译英篇)等等,同学可自己想想如何运用减法

及白话释义原则进行翻译,而考场上,条条大路通罗马,只要做出合理解释,都是过关的好译文。

Johnson 精析中高口翻译必背词汇(二)

在这一讲中,让我们聚焦经贸类词汇,参考课文是中口翻译课本206页的《中美经贸发展与中美关系》。

需要重点识记的是课文中的高频经贸趋势类词汇,具体归纳如下: 积极趋势词汇:

推动(v.) propel, promote

这是政经中经常出现的模板词,包括“推动经济建设”及课文中的“推动新世纪中美关系全面健康发展”等等。在这里,最精确的译法是“propel”, 这是个很具画面感的词,其名称“propeller”表示飞机的推进器,非常形象。但考生如果出现考场提笔忘字的现象,不妨采用“绕译法”译为“promote”,这是个“百搭”词汇,既可以表示“推动”,也可以表示“促进”、“提高”等等。用这种方式,未必完美,但至少完整,可保证考试时及格的底线分。

消极趋势词汇:

波折(n.) fluctuations, twists and turns, ups and downs

衍生政治类相关用词:动乱(n.):chaos, turmoil,turbulence

停滞(v.) stagnate

(n.) stagnation

衍生政治类相关用词:僵局(n.) stalemate, deadlock (尤其指谈判类)

这些词汇同学可通过模块单词进行系统归纳,并且注意在政治和经济情况下的合理选择和运用。需要加强记忆的是stagnation, 这个词有一个很有趣的衍生词汇,叫做stagflation. 有时候将单词一分为二,大家可以看到两个完全不同的世界。这里stagflation 是stagnation (停滞)和inflation (通货膨胀)的结合体,意思表示“滞涨”,即由经济停滞引起的通货膨胀。通过这种记忆方法,相信大家也可以做到事半功倍。

Johnson精析中高口翻译必背词汇(三)

今天,让我们来聚焦中口课本P217的课文《2010年上海世界博览会》。 必背难点词汇:时代性、独创性和普遍性。(世博会主题的三大特点)

对于这三个词汇,如果按照词典式翻译法,直接译为:contemporaneity、originality 和universality,在翻译中称为“死译”,即译得特别死板,无法体现出字面背后的实质内容。在这里,课本译文译为:reflecting the spirit of our time, being original

in concept和having the universal significance,但这些译文仅可相信,绝不可迷信。翻译本身就是条条大路通罗马的过程,建议考生还可按其本质做注释翻译,如“时代性”即“与时俱进”,译为“keeping pace with time”, “touching the pulse of the modern era”均为上佳的译文。

除此以外,这三个词的共同点是“性”这个词,这个词在翻译中也是个高频考点。比如:我们要意识到反腐败问题的长期性、艰巨性和复杂性。这句例句中的三个“性”,用词典式翻译法是根本在词典中找不到对应单词的,而这里, “性”更不能想当然译为“sex”. 因此笔者还是建议考生之前先对其进行注释,其实“sex”在这里的本质是“性质”,即“nature”,因此译为: the long-term, arduous and complicated nature 更符合其本意。

字典是死的,语言环境是鲜活的。这一讲的重点是希望同学能按照语言环境,简称语境进行相应注释及转换,并最终完成两种不同语言的准确转换。

Johnson 精析中高口翻译必背词汇(四)

今天,让我们聚焦中口翻译教程P235 《亚太经济合作组织与中国》一文,对这一热点话题所出现的难点词汇做解析。

必背词汇:

(贸易投资)自由化 liberalization

(商业活动) 便利化 facilitation

这两个词汇的关键点在于对“化”一词的翻译处理。“化”这种讲法是“五.四”运动之后语言进化的产物,在运动之前中文里是不带“化”的,而运动之后,这种“化”的文字现象愈演愈烈,一般的译文都用“-ization”的后缀形式进行翻译,比如“现代化”-modernization; “全球化”-globalization; “无核化”- denuclearization等等。一般情况下可以屡试不爽,文中的“自由化”也通过这种后缀方式进行翻译。但对于诸如“便利化”的翻译,如硬性添加“-ization”的后缀,便会变得不伦不类,因此这种译法往往会成为译者的桎梏。对于“化“现象的翻译,关键需根据翻译的目标语言(这里是英语)的语言习惯,进行习惯化处理。比如商业活动便利化,即便利于商业活动,这种译文相对更符合facilitation的拼写习惯。

其他例子还有:

1.国际关系民主化,这里对于“民主化”不能生造单词

“democracization”, 其实仔细一想,无非就是实施民主的意思。因此参考译文为practise democracy in international relations.

2.教育大众化,这里又不能硬译。一般可提供的参考用词是

public-oriented/based/driven education. 只要体现出“大众”的趋势,都可以作为合格的译文。

Johnson中高口翻译必背词汇精析(五)

今天,让我们聚焦高口翻译课本343页的内容《涉外经济合同一般条款》。合同文本是翻译课本第三版新增添的内容,旧的两版中没有出现,理所当然会成为考试的重点,并且在上次高口考试中曾经作为考题出现。一般来说,在这次考试中同样的合同文本内容不大会出现,但合同文本和经济、政治部分密切相关,其中的一些模板用词还是值得我们考生密切关注的。

◆???? 必背词汇:

本着……的原则

in conformity with the principle of…

conforming with the principle of…

abiding by the principle of…

guided by the principle of…

◆???? Johnson 精析:这个词组搭配结构是非常高频的考点,在合同中可添加“平等互利、协商一致”等内容,而在外交场合可变为

“以邻为伴、与邻为善”,在政治场合则可变为“三个代表”或“八荣八耻”等等,因此大家可以看出,这是个模板化的用词,而其难点则是对“本着”这一词的理解和处理。在这里建议考生首先将其动词化:“本着”即“遵循”的意思,书面表达有conform with, abide by的主动用法和be guided by的被动用法。以上所列举处理的表达都是对这些动词的介词及分词结构处理,用于和主句的衔接。除此以外,这个词组结构还可转化为“本着……的方针”,同学在考试时可灵活运用,将“方针”译文替换为“policy”,这样同样可以做到以不变应万变。

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