英语语言学复习资料.(XC)
英语语言学复习资料
一：名词解释
1. Language (语言) is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
2. Linguistics(语言学)is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
3. General linguistics(普通/一般语言学)
The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.
4. Phonetics(语音学) the study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics.
5. Phonology(语音体系) how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.
6. Morphology(形态学) these symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of study called morphology.
7. Syntax(句法学) then the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages is governed by rules. The s tudy of these rules constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies called syntax.
8. Semantics(语意学) the study of meaning is known as semantics.
9. Pragmatics(语用学) when the study of meaning is conducted, not in isolation, but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics.
10. Phone(音素) is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.
11. Phoneme(音位)is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.
12. Allophones(音位变体) the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones.
13. IPA(International Phonetic Alphabet国际音标) It’s a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter selected from major European languages to represent one speech sound.
14. Diacritics(变音符) it is a set of symbols which are added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions.
15.broad transcription(宽式标音) one is the transcription with letter-symbols only.
16.narrow transcription(严式标音) the other is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.
17. open class words(开放类词)In English , open class words are nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. We can regularly add new words to these classes.
18. closed class words(封闭类词) In English , closed class word are conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns. New words are not usually added to them.
19. Morpheme(词素) the most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.
20. bound morpheme(黏着词素) morphemes which occurs only before other morphemes. They cannot be used alone.
21. free morpheme(自由词素)it is the morphemes which can be used alone.
22. suprasegmental features(超音段特征) the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features.
23. Category(范畴) it refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase or a verb.
24. Phrases(短语) Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases.
二：简答题
1. Three distinct of phonetics(语音学的三个分支？)
Articulatory phonetics发音语音学; auditory phonetics听觉语音学; acoustic phonetics声光语音学.
2. Main features of language(语言的主要特征？)
Language is a system. Language is arbitrary. Language is vocal. Language is human-specific.
3. Synchronic vs. diachronic(共识语言学与历史语言学的区别？)
Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.
4. Speech and writing (言语与文字的区别？)
Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is
learned and taught later when he goes to school. Written language is only the “revised” record of speech.
5. What are the branches of linguistic study?(语言学研究领域中的主要分支有哪些？)
1) sociolinguistics; 2) psycholinguistics; 3)applied linguistics and so on.
6. Traditional grammar and modern linguistics(传统语法与现代语言学的区别？) Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. Second, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word.
Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.
7. Prescriptive vs. descriptive (语言学中描写性与规定性的特征是什么？) Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using la nguage, it is said to be prescriptive.
8. Design features of language (语言的识别特征？)
Arbitrariness随意性，productivity生产性, duality 二重性, displacement 不受时空限制的特征, cultural transmission 文化传递系统.
9. Competence and performance (语言能力与语言行为的区别？)
Competence is defined as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.
10. Organs of speech (发音器官)
Pharyngeal cavity—the throat, oral cavity—the mouth, nasal cavity—the nose.
11. Word-level categories(决定词范畴的三个标准)
T o determine a word’s category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution.
三：问题回答
1. Some rules in phonology(音位学规则)
sequential rules(序列规则)；assimilation rule (同化规则) ；deletion rule(省略规则)。
2. Suprasegmental features(超音段特征)
stress(重音)；tone(声调)；intonation(语调)。
3. Classification of English speech sounds(英语语音分类)
The classification will divide the speech sounds in English into 20 vowels and
28 consonants.
4. Phrase categories and their structures (短语的范畴和类型)
noun phrase(NP), verb phrase(VP), adjective phrase(AP), prepositional phrase(PP).
5. Morphological rules of word formation(形态学的规则)
The ways words are formed are called morphological rules. These rules determine how morphemes combine to form words.
Some of the morphological rules can be used quite freely to form new words.
They are productive morphological rules.
Another way to form new words are compound words, is by stringing words together.
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英语语言学期末考试试卷 第一部分选择题 I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%X10=20%) 1. Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ in that ____________. A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a psychological point of view B. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a sociological point of view C. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic point of view D. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic point of view 2. Language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication. A. unnatural B. artificial C. superficial D. arbitrary 3. We are born with the ability to acquire language, _______________. A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmitted B. therefore, we needn’t learn the details of our mother tongue C. but the details of language have to be learnt. D. and the details are acquired by instinct 4. A(n)________ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. allophone C. phoneme D. sound 5. The morpheme –ed in the word “worked” is a(n) __________ morpheme. A. derivational B. inflectional C. free D. word-forming 6. WH-movement is __________ in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative. A. obligatory B. optional C. selectional D. arbitrary 7. Naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by _________. A. Grice B. Plato C. Saussure D. Ogden and Richards 8. “John married a blond heiress.”__________ “John married a blond.” A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes 9. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called _______, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. A. utterance B. reference C. predication D. morpheme 10. In Austin’s speech act theory, ___________ is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A. a perlocutionary act B. a locutionary act
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《英语语言学概论》重、难点提示 第一章语言的性质 语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）；语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。 第二章语言学 语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；普通语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学）等。 第三章语音学 发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。 第四章音位学 音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等. 第五章词法学 词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。 第六章词汇学 词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。第七章句法 句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格）；一致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。 第八章语义学 语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。 第九章语言变化 语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）； 第十章语言、思维与文化 语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文化的异同。 第十一章语用学 语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为和言后行为）；合作原 320240*********
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