oracle数据库常用的操作命令

1、su – oracle 不是必需，适合于没有DBA密码时使用，可以不用密码来进入sqlplus界面。

2、sqlplus /nolog 或sqlplus system/manager 或./sqlplus system/manager@ora9i;

3、SQL>connect / as sysdba ;（as sysoper）或

connect internal/oracle AS SYSDBA ;(scott/tiger)

conn sys/change_on_install as sysdba;

4、SQL>startup; 启动数据库实例

5、 查看当前的所有数据库: select * from v$database;

select name from v$database;

desc v$databases; 查看数据库结构字段

7、怎样查看哪些用户拥有SYSDBA、SYSOPER权限:

SQL>select * from V_$PWFILE_USERS;

Show user;查看当前数据库连接用户

8、进入test数据库：database test;

9、查看所有的数据库实例：select * from v$instance；

如：ora9i

10、查看当前库的所有数据表：

SQL> select TABLE_NAME from all_tables;

select * from all_tables;

SQL> select table_name from all_tables where table_name like '%u%';

TABLE_NAME

------------------------------

_default_auditing_options_

11、查看表结构：desc all_tables;

12、显示CQI.T_BBS_XUSER的所有字段结构：

desc CQI.T_BBS_XUSER;

13、获得CQI.T_BBS_XUSER表中的记录：

select * from CQI.T_BBS_XUSER;

14、增加数据库用户：(test11/test)

create user test11 identified by test default tablespace users Temporary TABLESPACE Temp;

15、用户授权:

grant connect,resource,dba to test11;

grant sysdba to test11;

commit;

16、更改数据库用户的密码：(将sys与system的密码改为test.)

alter user sys indentified by test;

alter user system indentified by test

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~``
Oracle 常用指令 SQL> show all --查看所有68个系统变量值
SQL> show user --显示当前连接用户
SQL> show error --显示错误
SQL> set heading off --禁止输出列标题，默认值为ON
SQL> set feedback off --禁止显示最后一行的计数反馈信息，默认值为"对6个或更多的记录，回送ON"
SQL> set timing on --默认为OFF，设置查询耗时，可用来估计SQL语句的执行时间，测试性能
SQL> set sqlprompt "SQL> " --设置默认提示符，默认值就是"SQL> "
SQL> set linesize 1000 --设置屏幕显示行宽，默认100
SQL> set autocommit ON --设置是否自动提交，默认为OFF
SQL> set pause on --默认为OFF，设置暂停，会使屏幕显示停止，等待按下ENTER键，再显示下一页
SQL> set arraysize 1 --默认为15
SQL> set long 1000 --默认为80
说明：
long值默认为80，设置1000是为了显示更多的内容，因为很多数据字典视图中用到了long数据类型，如：
SQL> desc user_views
列名 可空值否 类型
------------------------------- -------- ----
VIEW_NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
TEXT_LENGTH NUMBER
TEXT LONG
SQL> define a = '''20000101 12:01:01''' --定义局部变量，如果想用一个类似在各种显示中所包括的回车那

样的常量，
--可以用define命令来设置
SQL> select &a from dual;
原值 1: select &a from dual
新值 1: select '20000101 12:01:01' from dual
'2000010112:01:01
-----------------
20000101 12:01:01
问题提出：
1、用户需要对数据库用户下的每一张表都执行一个相同的SQL操作，这时，一遍、一遍的键入SQL语句是很麻烦的
实现方法：
SQL> set heading off --禁止输出列标题
SQL> set feedback off --禁止显示最后一行的计数反馈信息
列出当前用户下所有同义词的定义，可用来测试同义词的真实存在性
select 'desc '||tname from tab where tabtype='SYNONYM';
查询当前用户下所有表的记录数
select 'select '''||tname||''',count(*) from '||tname||';' from tab where tabtype='TABLE';
把所有符合条件的表的select权限授予为public
select 'grant select on '||table_name||' to public;' from user_tables where 《条件》;
删除用户下各种对象
select 'drop '||tabtype||' '||tname from tab;
删除符合条件用户
select 'drop user '||username||' cascade;' from all_users where user_id>25;
快速编译所有视图
----当在把数据库倒入到新的服务器上后(数据库重建)，需要将视图重新编译一遍，
----因为该表空间视图到其它表空间的表的连接会出现问题，可以利用PL/SQL的语言特性，快速编译。
SQL> SPOOL ON.SQL
SQL> SELECT'ALTER VIEW '||TNAME||' COMPILE;' FROM TAB;
SQL> SPOOL OFF
然后执行ON.SQL即可。
SQL> @ON.SQL
当然，授权和创建同义词也可以快速进行，如：
SQL> SELECT 'GRANT SELECT ON '||TNAME||' TO 用户名;' FROM TAB;
SQL> SELECT 'CREATE SYNONYM '||TNAME||' FOR 用户名.'||TNAME||';' FROM TAB;
命令列表：
假设当前执行命令为：select * from tab;
(a)ppend 添加文本到缓冲区当前行尾 a order by tname　结果：select * from tab order by tname;
（注：a后面跟2个空格）
(c)hange/old/new 在当前行用新的文本替换旧的文本　c/*/tname 结果：select tname from tab;
(c)hange/text 从当前行删除文本 c/tab 结果：select tname from ;
del 删除当前行
del n 删除第n行
(i)nput 文本 在当前行之后添加一行
(l)ist 显示缓冲区中所有行
(l)ist n 显示缓冲区中第 n 行
(l)ist m n 显示缓冲区中 m 到 n 行
run 执行当前缓冲区的命令
/ 执行当前缓冲区的命令
r 执行当前缓冲区的命令
@文件名 运行调入内存的sql文件，如：
SQL> edit s<回车>
如果当前目录下不存在s.sql文件，则系统自动生成s.sql文件

，
在其中输入"select * from tab;"，存盘退出。
SQL> @s<回车>
系统会自动查询当前用户下的所有表、视图、同义词。
@@文件名 在.sql文件中调用令一个.sql文件时使用
save 文件名 将缓冲区的命令以文件方式存盘，缺省文件扩展名为.sql
get 文件名 调入存盘的sql文件
start 文件名 运行调入内存的sql文件
spool 文件名 把这之后的各种操作及执行结果"假脱机"即存盘到磁盘文件上，默认文件扩展名为.lst
spool 显示当前的"假脱机"状态
spool off 停止输出
例：
SQL> spool a
SQL> spool
正假脱机到 A.LST
SQL> spool off
SQL> spool
当前无假脱机
exit 退出SQL*PLUS
desc 表名 显示表的结构
show user 显示当前连接用户
show error 显示错误
show all 显示所有68个系统变量值
edit 打开默认编辑器，Windows系统中默认是notepad.exe，把缓冲区中最后一条SQL语句调入afiedt.buf文件中进行编辑
edit 文件名 把当前目录中指定的.sql文件调入编辑器进行编辑
clear screen 清空当前屏幕显示
二．Oracle sqlplus语句编辑命令
首先我们输入这样一条指令：
SELECT emp_id, emp_name
FROM Employees
input 命令可以接着上一条指令的后面添加语句，比如在上述语句运行后输入：
input WHERE emp_age > 30
便可得到如下指令：
SELECT emp_id, emp_name
FROM Employees
WHERE emp_age > 30
ln 命令用于指定对以输入的第n行语句进行操作，比如在上述语句运行后输入：
l1则当前选中的语句行即为
SELECT emp_id, emp_name
（语句前有"*"表示）
a 命令用于直接在当前行的末尾加上字符，比如在上述语句运行后输入：
a , emp_dept
则执行的指令变为：
SELECT emp_id, emp_name, emp_dept
FROM Employees
WHERE emp_age > 30
c 命令用于修改当前语句中的字符，比如在上述语句运行后输入：
c /emp_name/emp_age/则执行的指令变为：
SELECT emp_id, emp_age, emp_dept
FROM Employees
WHERE emp_age > 30
del n 命令用于删除第n行指令，比如在上述语句运行后输入：
DEL 3
则执行的指令变为：
SELECT emp_id, emp_age, emp_dept
FROM Employees
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
oracle里常用命令详细讲解【2】
第一章：日志管理

1.forcing log switches
sql> alter system switch logfile;
2.forcing checkpoints
sql> alter system checkpoint;
3.adding online redo log groups
sql> alter database add logfile [group 4]
sql> ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m;
4.adding online redo log members
sql> alter database add logfile member
sql> '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,
sql> '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;
5.changes the name of th

e online redo logfile
sql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log'
sql> to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';
6.drop online redo log groups
sql> alter database drop logfile group 3;
7.drop online redo log members
sql> alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';
8.clearing online redo log files
sql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo';
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2a15751956.html,ing logminer analyzing redo logfiles
a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' '
b. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:"oracle"oradb"log');
c. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:"oracle"oradata"oradb"redo01.log',
sql> dbms_logmnr.new);
d. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:"oracle"oradata"oradb"redo02.log',
sql> dbms_logmnr.addfile);
e. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'c:"oracle"oradb"log"oradb.ora');
f. sql> select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters
sql> v$logmnr_logs);
g. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;

第二章：表空间管理
1.create tablespaces
sql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:"oracle"oradata"file1.dbf' size 100m,
sql> 'c:"oracle"oradata"file2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging]
sql> default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)
sql> [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause]
2.locally managed tablespace
sql> create tablespace user_data datafile 'c:"oracle"oradata"user_data01.dbf'
sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
3.temporary tablespace
sql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'c:"oracle"oradata"temp01.dbf'
sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
4.change the storage setting
sql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;
sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999);
5.taking tablespace offline or online
sql> alter tablespace app_data offline;
sql> alter tablespace app_data online;
6.read_only tablespace
sql> alter tablespace app_data read only|write;
7.droping tablespace
sql> drop tablespace app_data including contents;
8.enableing automatic extension of data files
sql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:"oracle"oradata"app_data01.dbf' size 200m
sql> autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;
9.change the size fo data files manually
sql> alter database datafile 'c:"oracle"oradata"app_data.dbf' resize 200m;
10.Moving data files: alter tablespace
sql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:"oracle"oradata"app_data.dbf'
sql> to 'c:"oracle"app_data.dbf';
11.moving data files:alter database
sql> alter database rename file 'c:"oracle"oradata"app_data.dbf'
sql> to 'c:"oracle"app_data.dbf';

第三章：表

1.create a table
sql> create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....)
sql> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]
sql> [initrans

integer] [maxtrans integer]
sql> storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50)
sql> [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]
2.copy an existing table
sql> create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery
3.create temporary table
sql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;
on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows
4.pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size
pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space)
5.change storage and block utilization parameter
sql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k
sql> minextents 2 maxextents 100);
6.manually allocating extents
sql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf');
7.move tablespace
sql> alter table employee move tablespace users;
8.deallocate of unused space
sql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]
9.truncate a table
sql> truncate table table_name;
10.drop a table
sql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints];
11.drop a column
sql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;
alter table table_name drop columns continue;
12.mark a column as unused
sql> alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;
alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000
data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs

第四章：索引

1.creating function-based indexes
sql> create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped);
2.create a B-tree index
sql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespace
sql> tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
sql> [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0
sql> maxextents 50);
3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*100/maximum number of rows
4.creating reverse key indexes
sql> create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k
sql> next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
5.create bitmap index
sql> create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k
sql> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
6.change storage parameter of index
sql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);
7.allocating index space
sql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile 'c:/oracle/index.dbf');
8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused;

第五章：约束

1.define constraints as immediate or deferred
sql> alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;
set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;
2. sql> drop table table_name cascade constraints
sql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints
3. define constraints whil

e create a table
sql> create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable
sql> using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);
primary key/unique/references table(column)/check
4.enable constraints
sql> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;
5.enable constraints
sql> alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;

第六章：LOAD数据

1.loading data using direct_load insert
sql> insert /*+append */ into emp nologging
sql> select * from emp_old;
2.parallel direct-load insert
sql> alter session enable parallel dml;
sql> insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging
sql> select * from emp_old;
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2a15751956.html,ing sql*loader
sql> sqlldr scott/tiger "
sql> control = ulcase6.ctl "
sql> log = ulcase6.log direct=true

第七章：reorganizing data

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2a15751956.html,ing expoty
$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:"emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2a15751956.html,ing import
$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y
3.transporting a tablespace
sql>alter tablespace sales_ts read only;
$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts
triggers=n constraints=n
$copy datafile
$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2
/sles02.dbf)
sql> alter tablespace sales_ts read write;
4.checking transport set
sql> DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list =>'sales_ts' ..,incl_constraints=>true);
在表transport_set_violations 中查看
sql> dbms_tts.isselfcontained 为true 是， 表示自包含

第八章： managing password security and resources

1.controlling account lock and password
sql> alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock;
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2a15751956.html,er_provided password function
sql> function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varchar2(30),
old_password in varchar2(30)) return boolean
3.create a profile : password setting
sql> create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3
sql> password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30
sql>password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function
sql> password_grace_time 5;
4.altering a profile
sql> alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3
sql> password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10;
5.drop a profile
sql> drop profile grace_5 [cascade];
6.create a profile : resource limit
sql> create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2
sql> cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;
7. view => resource_cost : alter resource cost
dba_Users,dba_profiles
8. enable resource limits
sql> alter system set resource_limit=true;

第九章：Managing users

1.create a user: database authentication
sql> create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users
sql> temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire
sql> [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default];
2.change user quota on tablespace
sql> alter user juncky quota 0 on users

;
3.drop a user
sql> drop user juncky [cascade];
4. monitor user
view: dba_users , dba_ts_quotas

第十章：managing privileges

1.system privileges: view => system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs
2.grant system privilege
sql> grant create session,create table to managers;
sql> grant create session to scott with admin option;
with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role;
3.sysdba and sysoper privileges:
sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter database backup controlfile,
alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover database
alter database archivelog,restricted session
sysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create database,recover database until
4.password file members: view:=> v$pwfile_users
5.O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema
6.revoke system privilege
sql> revoke create table from karen;
sql> revoke create session from scott;
7.grant object privilege
sql> grant execute on dbms_pipe to public;
sql> grant update(first_name,salary) on employee to karen with grant option;
8.display object privilege : view => dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs
9.revoke object privilege
sql> revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints];
10.audit record view :=> sys.aud$
11. protecting the audit trail
sql> audit delete on sys.aud$ by access;
12.statement auditing
sql> audit user;
13.privilege auditing
sql> audit select any table by summit by access;
14.schema object auditing
sql> audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful;
15.view audit option : view=> all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,dba_priv_audit_opts,dba_obj_audit_opts
16.view audit result: view=> dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object,dba_audit_session,dba_audit_statement

第十一章： manager role

1.create roles
sql> create role sales_clerk;
sql> create role hr_clerk identified by bonus;
sql> create role hr_manager identified externally;
2.modify role
sql> alter role sales_clerk identified by commission;
sql> alter role hr_clerk identified externally;
sql> alter role hr_manager not identified;
3.assigning roles
sql> grant sales_clerk to scott;
sql> grant hr_clerk to hr_manager;
sql> grant hr_manager to scott with admin option;
4.establish default role
sql> alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk;
sql> alter user scott default role all;
sql> alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk;
sql> alter user scott default role none;
5.enable and disable roles
sql> set role hr_clerk;
sql> set role sales_clerk identified by commission;
sql> set role all except sales_clerk;
sql> set role none;
6.remove role from user
sql> revoke sales_clerk from scott;
sql> revoke hr_manager from public;
7.remove role
sql> drop role hr_manager;
8.display role information
view: =>dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_priv

s,role_sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles

第十二章: BACKUP and RECOVERY

1. v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafile,v$sgastat
2. Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size
3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback
> v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions
4.perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog)
> shutdown immediate
> cp files /backup/
> startup
5.restore to a different location
> connect system/manager as sysdba
> startup mount
> alter database rename file '/disk1/../user.dbf' to '/disk2/../user.dbf';
> alter database open;
6.recover syntax
--recover a mounted database
>recover database;
>recover datafile '/disk1/data/df2.dbf';
>alter database recover database;
--recover an opened database
>recover tablespace user_data;
>recover datafile 2;
>alter database recover datafile 2;
7.how to apply redo log files automatically
>set autorecovery on
>recover automatic datafile 4;
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2a15751956.html,plete recovery:
--method 1(mounted databae)
>copy c:"backup"user.dbf c:"oradata"user.dbf
>startup mount
>recover datafile 'c:"oradata"user.dbf;
>alter database open;
--method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile)
>copy c:"backup"user.dbf c:"oradata"user.dbf (alter tablespace offline)
>recover datafile 'c:"oradata"user.dbf' or
>recover tablespace user_data;
>alter database datafile 'c:"oradata"user.dbf' online or
>alter tablespace user_data online;
--method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile)
>startup mount
>alter database datafile 'c:"oradata"user.dbf' offline;
>alter database open
>copy c:"backup"user.dbf d:"oradata"user.dbf
>alter database rename file 'c:"oradata"user.dbf' to 'd:"oradata"user.dbf'
>recover datafile 'e:"oradata"user.dbf' or recover tablespace user_data;
>alter tablespace user_data online;
--method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log)
>alter tablespace user_data offline immediate;
>alter database create datafile 'd:"oradata"user.dbf' as 'c:"oradata"user.dbf''
>recover tablespace user_data;
>alter tablespace user_data online
5.perform an open database backup
> alter tablespace user_data begin backup;
> copy files /backup/
> alter database datafile '/c:/../data.dbf' end backup;
> alter system switch logfile;
6.backup a control file
> alter database backup controlfile to 'control1.bkp';
> alter database backup controlfile to trace;
7.recovery (noarchivelog mode)
> shutdown abort
> cp files
> startup
8.recovery of file in backup mode
>alter database datafile 2 end backup;
9.clearing redo log file
>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1;
>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile;
10.redo log recovery
>alter database add logfile group 3 'c:"oradata"redo03.log' size 1000k;
>alter database drop logfile group 1;
>alter database open;

or >cp c:"oradata"redo02.log' c:"oradata"redo01.log
>alter database clear logfile 'c:"oradata"log01.log';