英语教学法复习要点
Unit 1 Language and Learning
1 How do we learn language？
We learn language at different ages
People have different experiences
People learn languages for different reasons
People learn languages in different ways
People have different capabilities in language learning
Learning can be affected by the way how language is taught
Learning is affected by the degree of success one is expect to achieve. Thus the challenge confronting language teaching is how teaching methodology can ensure successful learning by all the learners who have more differences than the commonality.
2. What are the major views of language?
1) Structural view:
Language is a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: phonology, morphology, lexicology and syntacx. To learn a language is to learn its vocabulary and structural rules.
2) Functional view:
Language is a linguistic system as well as a means for doing things. Learners learn a language in order to be able to do things with it (use it). To perform functions, learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions.
3) Interactional view:
Language is a communicative tool to build up and maintain social relations between people. Learners need to know the rules of a language and where, when and how it is appropriate to use them.
3.Views on Language Learning
Two broad learning theories：
Process-oriented theories are concerned with how the mind organizes new information.
Condition-oriented theories emphasize the nature of human and physical context.
Behaviorist theory
B. F. Skinner
A stimulus-response theory of psychology
Audio-lingual method
The idea of this method is that language is learned by constant repetition and the reinforcement of the teacher. Mistakes were immediately corrected, and correct utterances were immediately praised.
Cognitive theory
Influenced by Noam Chomsky (revival of structural linguistics) Language as an intricate rule-based system
A learner acquires language competence which enables him to produce
language.
One influential idea of cognitive approach to language teaching is that students should be allowed to create their own sentence based on their own understanding of certain rules.
Constructivist theory
Jean Piaget (1896—1980)
The learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what is already known.
Socio-constructivist theory
Vygotsky
“Zone of Proximal Development” (ZPD); scaffolding(脚手架)
Learning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction between the teacher and the learner and between learners.
4 What are the qualities of a good language teacher?
A good language teacher does not solely depend on his/her command of the language. There are a variety of element that contributes to the qualities of a good language teacher. These element can be categorized into three
5 How can one become a good language teacher?
?Wallace’s (1991) ‘reflective model’ (Figure 1.1, p.9)
Stage 1: language development
Stage 2: learning, practice, reflection
?The learning stage is the purposeful preparation that a language normally receives before the practice,This preparation can
include:
1. Learning from others’ experience
2. Learning the received knowledge
3. Learning from one’s own experiences
?The practice stage (2 senses)
Pseudo practice:short period of time assigned to do teaching
practice as part of one’s pre-service education, usually under the
supervision of instructors
The real classroom teaching:what a teacher undertakes after he/she
finishes formal education
?Teachers benefit from practice if they keep on reflecting on what they have been doing
Goal: professional competence
Unit 2 Communicative Principles and Task-based language teaching 1 How is language learned in classrooms different from language used in real life?
Language used in real life Language taught in the classroom
To perform certain communtcative functions To focus on forms (structures or patterns)
Use all skills, both receptive skills and productive skills To focus on one or two language skills and ignore others.
Used in a certain context To isolate language from its
context
2 What is communicative competence?
To bridge the gap between classroom language teaching and real-life language use, one solution is to adopt CLT, the goal of which is to develop students’communicative competence.
3. Definition:
Communicative competence include both the knowledge about the language and the knowledge about how to use the language appropriately in communicative situations
4 Five components of communicative competence (Hedge 2000)
◆Linguistic competence （语言能力）
The knowledge of language itself, its form and meaning.
◆ Pragmatic competence （语用能力）
The appropriate use of language in social context.
◆ Discourse competence （语篇能力）
One’s ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understand them
◆ Strategic competence （策略能力）
Strategies one employs when there is communication breakdown due to lack of resources.
◆ Fluency （流利性）
One ‘s ability to ‘link units of speech together with facility and without strain or inappropriate slowness or undue（过分的，不适当的）hesitation’
6.Implications for teaching and learning
Teaching must enable learners to grasp the five components of communicative competence, but not just the linguistic competence.
7. Principles of CLT
Three principles suggest by Richard and Rodgers：
1 Communication principle：involve real communication
2 Task principle：Carry out meaningful tasks
3 Meaningfulness principle：Meaningful language to the learner
Howatt proposes a weak and a strong version of CLT:
Weak version
Learners first acquire language as a structural system and then learn how to use it in communication.
Strong version
“language is acquired through communication” (Howatt, 1984:279)
8. Major Activity Types of CLT
A sequence of activities represented in Littlewood (1981: 86)
Pre-communicative activities
?Structural activities
?Quasi-communicative activities类似,准,半
Communicative activities (PP22-23)
?Functional communication activities
?Social interaction activities
9.Littlewood’s (1981)classification of communicative
activities:
1). Functional communicative activities:
2). Social interaction activities:
(1). Functional communicative activities:
1. Identifying pictures
2. Discovering identical pairs
3. Discovering sequences or locations
4. Discovering missing information
5. Discovering missing features
6. Discovering "secrets"
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2b5915579.html,municating patterns and pictures
8. Communicative models
9. Discovering differences
10. Following directions
11. Reconstructing story-sequences
12. Pooling information to solve a problem
(2). Social interaction activities:
1. Role-playing through cued dialogues
2.Role-playing through cues and information
3.Role-playing through situation and goals
4.Role-playing through debate or discussion
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2b5915579.html,rge-scale simulation activities
6. Improvisation
10.Six Criteria for evaluating communicative classroom
activities
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2b5915579.html,municative purpose
2. Communicative desire
3. Content, not form
4.Variety of language
5.No teacher intervention
6. No materials control
9.What is Task-based Language Teaching?
TBLT is a further development of CLT. It shares the same belief in the use of language in real life, but stresses the importance to combine form-focused teaching with communication-focused teaching.
10.Four components of a task
1. A purpose
2. A context
3. A process
4. A product
11. Exercises, exercise-tasks and tasks
Exercise-tasks is halfway between tasks and exercises. This kind of activity consists of contextualized practice of language item.
12. Differences between PPP and TBLT
1The way students use and experience language in TBLT is radically different from PPP. 1.Free of language control
2. genuine need to use language to communicate
3.A free exchange of ideas
4.Appropriateness & accuracy of language form in general, not production of a single form
5.A genuine need for accuracy and fluency
2.TBL can provide a context for grammar teaching and form-focused activities. PPP is
different in this aspect.
A task-established context
Encouraged to think, analyze, not simply to repeat, manipulate and apply
A more varied exposure to natural language
Language forms not pre-selected for focus
Learner-free selection of language
TBL cycle lead from Fluency to accuracy (+fluency)
In TBL Integrated skills practiced
13. How to design tasks?
Step 1 Think about students’ needs, interests, and abilities
Step 2 Brainstorm possible tasks
Step 3 Evaluate the list
Step 4 Choose the language items
Step 5 Preparing materials
14. CLT and TBLT in the Chinese context
Problems with CLT
1. The very first and forceful argument is whether it is culturally
appropriate
2. The second problem of CLT relate to the design the syllabus for teaching purpose in the classroom.
3. The third problem is that whether such an approach is suitable for all age level of learners or all competence level of learners
Constraints of TBLT
1.The first is it may not be effective for presenting new language items
2.The second constraint is Time as teachers have to prepare task-based activities very carefully.
3.The third is the culture of learning
4.The forth is Level of difficulty
Unit 3
1. A brief history of foreign language teaching in China
? A phase of restoration (1978-1985)
? A phase of rapid development (1986-1992)
? A phase of reform (1993-2000)
? A phase of innovation from 2000
2. Designing principles for the National English Curriculum 1)Aim for educating all students, and emphasize quality-oriented education.
2) Promote learner-centeredness, and respect individual differences.
3) Develop competence-based objectives, and allow flexibility and adaptability.
4) Pay close attention to the learning process, and advocate experiential learning and participation.
5) Attach particular importance to formative assessment, and give special attention to the development of competence.
6) Optimize learning resources, and maximize opportunities for learning and using the language.
3. Goals and objectives of English language teaching
The new curriculum is designed to promote students’overall language ability, which is composed of five interrelated components, namely, language skills, language knowledge, affects, learning strategies and cultural understanding. Each component is further divided into a few sub-categories. Language teaching is no longer aimed only for developing language skills and knowledge, but expanded to developing learners’positive attitude, motivation, confidence as well as strategies for life-long learning along with
英语教学法考试重点精选文档
英语教学法考试重点精 选文档 TTMS system office room 【TTMS16H-TTMS2A-TTMS8Q8-
判断主张并简要说明理由： Structural view:The structure language sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems:phonology,morphology and syntax.To learn a language means to learn these structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language. Functional view: The functional view is not only sees language as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things,such as offering suggesting,etc.Leaners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions. International view:The international view considers language to be a communicative tool,whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.Leaners not only need to know the grammar and vocabulary but also need to know the rules for using them in a communicative contexts. What makes a good language teacher? These elements can be categorized into three groups:ethic devotion,professional qualities and personal styles. 教师的专业能力是如何发展起来的(How can be a good teacher/The development of professional competence) 答：The development of professional competence including three parts: Stage1,Stage2 and Goal. I. The first stage is language development.All English teacher are supposed to have a sound command of English,and language is always changing,language development can never come to an end. II. The second stage is the most important stage and it is more complicated because it involves three sub-stages:learning,practice,and reflection.(1)The learning stage is the purposeful preparation before a teacher starts the practice of teaching.It includes three parts:learning from other's experience,learning the received knowledge and learning from one's experiences.Both experience knowledge and received knowledge are useful when a teacher goes ton practice.(2)The term 'practice' can be used in two senses. One sense is also called pseudo practice.The other sense is the real classroom teaching.(3)Teacher benefit from practice if they keep on reflecting on what they've done,Not only after they finish their practice,but also while they are doing the practice, III. After some period of practice and reflection,a teacher should be able to reach his or her professional competence.As an final it shouldn't an end,one must be keep learning,practicing and reflecting. 真实应用语言&课堂语言的不同（The differences between language used in real life and language taught in the classroom.) Language used in real life differs from language learned under the traditional language teaching pedagpgy in the following aspects:
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自考英语教学法知识点总结
自考英语教学法知识点总结
自考英语教学法知识点总结： 中学英语教学指导思想：是对中学英语教学的总体科学认识，包括对教学目的，教学路子的认识以及科学观，学习观，教学观等。 智力因素主要包括：思维力，记忆力，想象力，观察力，注意力等。非智力因素包括：动机，兴趣，情感，意志，性格等。 语言是指语言系统，也就是语音，词汇，语法系统。 言语是指人们使用语言所进行的表示和理解的话语活动，也就是说听，说，读，写活动。 教学路子指的是达到教学目的基本途径或总路线，包括成体系的教学法。 语感是指学习者对语言信息的敏锐感知和理解，是自动化的意识活动。教学基本原则是教学指导思想的组成部分，是指导思想的具体化，条理化，在中学英语教学法科学体系中占有重要的地位。 语法是对语言的一般描述，主要是对其组织原则的理论描述, ______学，句法学，词汇学，语义学。 “双规”化简就是运用语音规则，把大量的表面看起来相当复杂的词的读音和拼写化繁为简，化难为易。 句型也叫句式，是从口语和书面语的无数实际句子中概括出来的句子模型或模式，句型是有代表性的，常见性的。 分析性听：是指在听的活动中有明显的语言分析，另外是指把听的材料分析为各个语言层次，让学生分步听，进行听的基本功训练。 综合性听：是指在听的活动中无明显的语言分析而直接达到对内容的理解，也指在听力基本功训练基础上所进行的整篇成文的听的练习。 话语结构就是说话的套路，说的各句子之间的联系规律。
泛读就是广泛地阅读，大量地阅读，快速地阅读。 默读泛指一切不出声地读，默读既包括不出声地“声读”，也包括直接理解文字地“视读”。 实行纵式阅读：真正的默读一般都是快速阅读，在阅读过程中，人的目光主要表现为上下移动，因而阅读有慢速的横向或横式转变为纵向或纵式。 写的含义：在教学中写有两个方面的含义，一是书写或书法，包括字母，单词，句子，标点符号，国际音标的正确写法；二是写作，即笔头表示，如作文，写信，写日记等。 心理控制法：即惊异，悬念，满足。 密度：指单位时间所授教学内容。 广度：这包括两个方面，一是学生的活动面要广，二是教学内容所涉及的面要广。 深度：就是课堂教学内容要有一定的难度。 灵活度：指在练习中学生所表现的理解的多层次程度和表示的多样化程度。 独立度：指教师指导的程度和学生独立的程度。 测试：主要是用来了解，检查和鉴定学习者掌握英语的实际水平的一种手段。 资质倾向测试：是指对学习者的天赋的测定，目的在于了解被测者今后学习外语时是否具有些较强的潜在的学习能力。 诊断测试：目的在于了解被测者在外语学习上的困难或缺陷或发现讲授上的薄弱环节，以便采取相应的补救措施。 综合性测试：目的在于测定被测者的语言知识和言语技能综合运用的能
英语教学法教程试题库 辅修
英语教学法教程试题库 Unit 1 Part I Read the following statements or questions and choose the best answer for each statement or question. 1. Much of human behavior is influenced by their_____ _____ A. experiences B. wisdom C. knowledge D. parents 2. What is the basis for syllabus design, teaching methodology, teaching and assessment procedures in the classroom? A. teaching attitude B. definitions of language C. structural view of language D. functional view 3. What does the structural view of language see language? A. a system of categories based on the communicative needs of the learner B. a communicative tool to build up and maintain social relations between people C. a linguistic system made up of various subsystems D. a linguistic system and a means for doing things 4. What does the functional view of language see language? A. a system of categories based on the communicative needs of the learner B. a communicative tool to build up and maintain social relations between people C. a linguistic system made up of various subsystems D. a linguistic system and a means for doing things 5. What does the interactional view of language see language? A. a system of categories based on the communicative needs of the learner B. a communicative tool to build up and maintain social relations between people C. a linguistic system made up of various subsystems D. a linguistic system and a means for doing things 6. Which of the following teaching method is based on the behaviorist theory? B A. Grammar translation B. Audio-lingual C. Task-based teaching and learning D. Communicative teaching 7.What are the characteristics of audio-lingual method? https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2b5915579.html,nguage is learned by constant repetition and the the reinforcement of the teacher B.Mistakes were immediately corrected, and correct utterances were immediately praised. C.Students should be allowed to create their own sentences based on their understanding of certain rules. D.Both A and B. 8.Which three groups can summarize all the elements of the qualities of a good teacher? A.Ethic devotion, professional qualities and personal styles B. Ethic devotion, professional qualities and individual freedom C. Individual freedom, professional qualities and personal styles D. Ethic devotion, personal styles and individual freedom 9.What are the purposeful preparation that a language teacher normally receives before he starts the practice of teaching? A.Learning from other’s experiences B.Learning the received knowledge C.Learning from one’s own experiences as a teacher
王蔷主编的《英语教学法教程》第二版-unit1
Unit 1 Language and Language Learning Aims of the unit In this unit we will discuss some general matters about language learning and teaching. We are going to discuss five questions on particular: 1.How do we learn language 2.What are the common views on language 3.What are the common views on language learning 4.What are the qualities of a good language teacher 5.How can one become a good language teacher 1.1How do we learn languages Mach of human behavior is influenced by their experiences. The way language teachers teach in the classroom is to some extent influenced by the way they learned languages. This is especially true in foreign language teaching. Before we discuss language learning theories, let us first reflect on our own language learning experience. Task 1 Below is a list of interview questions on how people learn a foreign language. In the first column, write down your own responses. Then interview three other students in your class and enter their responses in the other columns. Discuss your findings in group of 4 and draw some conclusion.
小学英语教学法
浅谈在教学中如何让小学生保持积极心态 摘要：随着中国国际化的日益发展和素质教育的全面普及，英语教学越来越受重视。小学生在三年级的时候就已经开设了英语课。但是如何让小学生在英语教学中保持积极心态，更好的学习英语，这是一个值得探讨的问题。 关键词：英语教学积极心态 在十八大报告中，以保障和改善民生为重点的社会建设中提出：“要坚持教育优先发展，全面实施素质教育”，把教育放在民生之首。教育问题是最大的民生问题，是中华民族振兴和社会进步的基石。在素质教育全面普及中，英语教育也显得越来越重要。小学阶段是一个人养成良好的学习习惯，奠定人终身发展基础的重要时期。所以小学英语教学是教育中一个非常重要的环节。但是如何让这一个环节变得不枯燥乏味，如何让小学生不再总是通过死记硬背来学习英语，这就需要我们在英语教学中想法设法，创造环境让学生在民主的教学氛围中，和谐的师生关系中，开放的思维空间中，保持一种积极向上的心态，去更好的学习英语。 一、建立良好的师生关系 一个好的老师，并不应该只是为了完成教学任务而去教学。而一个成功的教学过程，也并不应该是老师在台上讲，学生在下面听的过程。这样的教学是失败的。一个班级就像是一个大家庭一样。老师和学生应该建立起良好的师生关系，这样才能达到教与学的和谐统一。 （一）从教师到朋友，角色的转变 小学生其实是很敏感的。他能够感觉到老师对他们的态度及心理。所以教师，不能觉得自己是教师就高高在上，用身为老师的威严压迫他们去学习。而在一个班级这样的大家庭里面，教师应该尊重学生，平等地对待每一个学生，让他们感受到来自老师的关心和爱护，感受到老师的期望，激发学生的学习热情和增强学生的学习信心。在这样的一种感觉中，他们自然就有一种想要学习的心理。所以一个老师请不要吝啬，一个和蔼的微笑，一个抚摸头的小动作，或者是一种鼓励的眼神都会让学生感受到浓浓的温暖。 （二）注重课堂评价性语言，多鼓励学生 小学生是从三年级开始才接触英语。在刚开始接触英语时，他们可能会在心理上产生一种好奇的心理，觉得这是一种新事物很有趣，对英语充满学习兴趣。而且，他们现在正处于一个接受语言最佳的年龄阶段，有很强的模仿能力，所以
英语教学法教程-王蔷主编
总目标是使学生在义务教育阶段英语学习的基础上，进一步明确英语学习的目的，发展自主学习和合作学习的能力；形成有效的英语学习策略；培养学生的综合语言运用能力。综合语言运用能力的形成建立在语言技能、语言知识、情感态度、学习策略和文化意识等素养整合发展的基础上。语言技能和语言知识是综合语言运用能力基础。情感态度是影响学生学习和发展的重要因素。学习策略是提高学习效率、发展自主学习能力的先决条件。文化意识则是得体运用语言的保障，这五个方面共同促进综合语言运用能力的形成。 Principles of communicative language teaching（CLT） Communication principle：activities that involve real communication promote learning Task principle：activities in which language is used for carrying out meaningful taskspromote learning Meaningfulness principle: language that is meaningful to the learner supports the learning process Listening and speaking skills need to be refined in terms of the real communicative use，Students should have the chance to listen to and produce what is meaningful, authentic, unpredictable, and creative if possible. Reading is extract meaning or information and the learning of grammar and vocabulary is to facilitate the process Writing：In CLT, students have the chance to write to express their own feelings or describe their own experiences, thus making the practice of writing meaningful and authenticLanguage content (to incorporate functions); CLT just has only expanded the areas Learning process (cognitive style and information processing); and Product (language skills). Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT) Task-based Language teaching is, in fact, a further development of Communicative Language Teaching. It shares the same beliefs, as language should be learned as close as possible to how it is used in real life. It has stressed the importance to combine for m-focused teaching with communication-focused teaching Four components of a task A purpose: making sure the students have a reason for undertaking the task. If the students don't understand why they undertake the task, they will lost interest and the task will face failure. A context: the task can be real, simulated or imaginary, and involves sociolinguistic issues, such as the location, the participants and their relationships, the time and other important factors. A process: getting the students to use learning strategies such as problem solving reasoning, inquiring, conceptualizing and communicating. A product: there will be some form of outcome, either visible (a written plan, a play, a letter. etc.) or invisible (enjoying a story, learning about another country, etc.） The PPP Model & The 5-step teaching method 3p：Step I. Presentation Step II. Practice Step III. Production 5-step Model：Step I. Revision Step II. Presentation Step II. Presentation Step IV. Practice Step V. Consolidation Differences between PPP and TBL：1.The way students use and experience language in TBL is radically different from PPP 2.TBL can provide acontent for grammar teaching and form-focused activities.PPP is different in this aspect. Steps of designing a tasks：
英语教学法重点
Unit 1 Language and Learning 1.1 How do we learn language？ We learn language at different ages People have different experiences People learn languages for different reasons People learn languages in different ways People have different capabilities in language learning Learning can be affected by the way how language is taught Learning is affected by the degree of success one is expect to achieve. Thus the challenge confronting language teaching is how teaching methodology can ensure successful learning by all the learners who have more differences than the commonality. 1. 2 What are the major views of language? 1) Structural view: Language is a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: phonology, morphology, lexicology and syntacx. To learn a language is to learn its vocabulary and structural rules. 2) Functional view: Language is a linguistic system as well as a means for doing things. Learners learn a language in order to be able to do things with it (use it). To perform functions, learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions. 3) Interactional view:
小学英语教学法总结
小学英语教学法汇总 1、直观教学法 在教学时，有些教学材料贴近于生活，能充分反映小学生的日常生活，所以教师应该有效地利用资源，如运用实物或图片、教具等进行演示，使学生头脑中形成比较鲜明的事物表象，丰富学生的感性认识，这样不仅能激发学生的学习兴趣，还能使他们将所学的内容应用到他们的生活中去。如在学习book , pencil 等学习用品和apple , orange 等水果时，就可以利用水果实物或图片进行教学，使抽象的单词直观化，使英语的学习过程更具趣味性。 2、情境教学法 情景是教师创设或模拟的生活场景，应具有真实、生动、实用的特点，便于学生将所学语言材料进行综合、创造性地进行表达交流。这种练习方法，有接近生活的交际功能，而且能变单调、机械的句型操练为活泼、生动的交际性练习。 情境能使抽象的语言具体化、形象化，在生动、形象的情景中学习英语，能使英语课堂教学趣味化、形象化。如学习“May I come in?”这个句子时，可以先请学生注意看和听：教师走出教室，在教室门上敲几下，并注视全班学生，用请求的语气和想进来的手势说：“May I come in?”这时学生都睁大了眼睛，全神贯注地听“老师在说什么呢?”教师可趁势再重复两遍，这样学生就自然而然地听懂了句子的意思，
并且能把听到的句子“May I come in?”流利地说出。在这种情境下学会的句子，记忆牢固且能学以致用，如进老师办公室，就会自然使用“May I come in?” 3、模仿练习法 英语学习需要学生的模仿练习，因为英语的语音、语调及书写必须准确无误。为此，教师在范读字母、单词或句子之前，应该让学生听老师的读音，看老师的口形，进行认真的模仿练习。引领学生反复训练，鼓励学生大胆张口。 4、儿歌说唱法 对于中低年级的学生，我们可以根据其特点，将学习的内容编成一些顺口易记的歌诀，如：丁丁、丁丁真能干，学习思考用head，小小eye看黑板，竖起ear认真听，mouth、mouth长得巧，讲起英语都说好，nose、nose嗅觉灵，foot、foot踢足球，arm、arm来举重，长长leg跳绳快，虽然比赛伤了toe，领奖face乐开了花，全班拍着hand，夸他为班争了光。学生在背歌诀时，脑、口、耳并用，还可以配以肢体表演，这样的英语学习是愉快的，调动了学生的学习积极性，让学生在轻松愉悦的气氛中学习，使他们感到学习不再是一种负担，而是一种乐趣。 教学有法，教无定法，贵在得法。我觉得小学生学英语就像学游泳一样，必须让学生泡在水中、潜到水里去，这样他最后才能成为一