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单词学习之词根clar

单词学习之词根clar

词汇学

名词解释 Extension of meaning, also known as generalization, is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo. It is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.词义的扩大也被称为普遍化,是指词的意义的扩展。这是一个词的词义从表达某一专门的意义转化到表示概括意义的过程。 Narrowing of meaning, also called specialization, is the opposite of widening 16 meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. 词义的缩小也称为词义的具体,与词义的扩大相反。这是意义范围较大的词向意义较小的的方向演变的过程 Elevation or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.词义的的升格是指原来表示低微意义的词转而成为表示重要意义的词的词义演变过程。 Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense. 词义的降格与语义的升格相反,这是词从表示褒扬或中性的意义向表示贬义的意义的演变的过程 Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed in this way are called blends or pormanteau words. 拼缀法是通过合并两个词的某些部分或一个词与另外一个词的另一部分相加起来构成新词。以此种方式构成的词被称作为拼缀词或拼缀。 Another common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called clipping.-另一个常见的构词法时将原词的一部分截去,只用剩下来的一部分构成新词,这种方法叫截短法。 Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words.首字母拼音法是将社会组织、特殊的名词词组或技术术语的首字母连起来构成新词的方法。以这种方法构成的词根根据其读音不同又分别叫做首字母缩略词和首字母拼音词。 Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs. 逆生法被认为是后缀法的队里过程。由逆生法生成的词多半是动词。 Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning. The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone. -词素(形位)是抽象的单位,是由分立的形素在话语中具体实现的。“形素”是实际说出来的最小的意义携带体形位与形素的关系同音位与因素的关系一样。 Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs.有些词素根据它们在词中的位置不同可有一个以上的不同形素实现,这些不同的形素叫词素变体。 Derivational affixes. As the term indicates, derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes come before the ward and the suffixes after the word.派生词缀。是加在其他词

大学英语词汇学期末考试 重点复习资料整理 权威版 后附试题

2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany,吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic,冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic,古希腊语- Greek

自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理

学习资料收集于网络,仅供参考 English Lexicology(英语词汇学) 1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。 2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics(文体论)and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary 1.Word(词的定义): A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence 词语是语言最小的自由形式,拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。 2.Sound and meaning(声音与意义): almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”词语是一个符号,代表着世界上其他的事物。每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人,事,地方,特性,过程,行动,当然是在语言系统之外。这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的,并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系” 3.Sound and form(读音和形式):不统一的四个原因(1)the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母,罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音,因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。 (2)the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years另一个原因是发音比拼写的变化快,在一些时候还拉开了距离。在最近五百年里,尽管口语发音已经出现了显著的变化,却没有相应的拼写变化。 (3)some of the difference were created by the early scribes第三个原因是一些早期的书写员发明了一些不同。(4)the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary最后借词来了,这是丰富英语词汇的重要途径。 (5)printing印刷已经变得非常普及。它有助于固定单词的拼写、standardization标准化使得拼写不容改变。、dictionary字典在拼写终结中得到好处。 —Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. 古代英语中的口语比今天更忠实的代表书面语 —The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。英语的书写是发音形式不完善的代表 4.What is vocabulary? (1)Total number of the words in a language一个语言的单词综合 (2)Words used in a particular historical period 特殊历史时期使用的单词 (3)All the words of a dialect,a book ,a discipline...某个方言,书籍,学科中的所有单词 5.Classification of English Words:英语词汇由所有种类的词汇组成。它们可以根据不同的标 准或者不同的目的进行分类。 By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary根据使用频率,单词可以分为基础词和非基础词。 By notion:content words&functional words可以根据概念分成实词和虚词

诊断学英文单词

症状symptom 体征sign 体格检查physical examination 实验室检查laboratory examination 触诊palpation 冲击触诊法ballottement 清音resonance 鼓音tympany 过清音hyperresonance 浊音dullness 实音flatness 听诊auscultation 嗅诊smelling 稽留热continued fever 弛张热remittent fever 间歇热intermittent fever 波状热undulant fever 回归热recurrent fever 不规则热irregular fever 寒战rigor 全身性水肿anasarca 心源性水肿cardiac edema 肾源性水肿renal edema 肝源性水肿hepatic edema 黏液性水肿myxedema 特发性水肿idiopathic edema 血管神经性水肿angioneurotic edema 胸痛chest pain 放射痛radiating pain 发绀cyanosis 心悸palpitation 心包积液pericardial effusion 充血性心力衰竭congestive heart failure 咳痰expectoration 咯血hemoptysis 呼吸困难dyspnea 大叶性肺炎lobar pneumonia 慢性阻塞性肺气肿chronicobstructive emphysema 支气管哮喘bronchial asthma 胸腔积液pleural effusion 气胸pneumothorax 恶心nausea 呕吐vomiting 呕血hematemesis 黑便melena 便血hematochezia 隐血occultblood 里急后重tenesmus 腹痛abdominal pain 腹泻diarrhea 便秘constipation 黄疸jaundice 血尿hematuria 尿频frequentmicturition 尿急urgent m]ctunt]on 尿痛(排尿困难)dysuria 少尿oliguria 多尿polyuria 头痛headache 昏厥syncope 嗜睡somnolence 意识模糊confusion 昏睡stupor 昏迷coma 生命征vital sign 恶病质cachexia 肥胖obesiy 意识障碍disturbance of consciousness 瘀点petechia 血肿hematoma 肝掌liverpalms 蜘蛛痣spiderangioma 淋巴结肿大lymphnodeenlargement 胸骨角sternalangle 胸壁chest wall 皮下气肿subcutaneousemphysema 扁平胸flatchest 桶状胸barrelchest 三凹征Three depressionssion 酸中毒呼吸Kussmaul breath 潮式呼吸chevne-stokes breath 语音震颤vocaltremitus 肺泡呼吸音vesicularbreathsounds 支气管呼吸音bronchialbreathsounds 口罗音rale 湿口啰音moistrale 干口罗音rhonchi 语音共振vocalresonance 胸膜摩擦音pleuralfrictionrub 心尖搏动apicalimpulse

词汇学论文

词汇学论文

英汉词汇文化内涵对比研究 摘要 词汇是语言的载体,是沟通和交流的基础,是文化的组成部分,同时也具有文化内涵。文化,是语言发展的成果,是社会意识形态的集中反映,影响着社会生活,也影响着词汇的发展和变迁。英汉词汇因所属国的文化历史国情不同而具有不同的文化内涵,集中体现在构词、语义和词义上等等。本文通过分析对比英汉词汇文化内涵上的差异及其原因,旨在指导读者正确认识不同语言间的文化差异,更好地联系文化内涵深入地了解词汇的相关知识,从而在对语言的把握上提高一个层次。 关键词:词汇,对比,文化内涵,文化差异 1. 引言 人类社会在发展过程中产生了语言和文化,在语言的各个组成成分中,最能反映民族文化特征的是该民族语言的词汇,词汇背后反映的是该民族的文化认知方式。英汉词汇因本民族的文化成就而有所差异,通过对比研究这两种语言的文化内涵,不仅可以凸显被对比语言的共性和特性,有重要的学术价值,也有利于有针对性地制定学习和教学策略,更可以为语言的综合研究提供相关资料,为词汇学的发展做出积极贡献。 2. 文化内涵 2.1 文化内涵的定义 英国人类学家爱德华·泰勒于1871年提出——文化是一个复合整体,包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及作为一个社会成员的人所习得的其他一切能力和习惯。这是以后文化被重复和扩展定义的基础。文化具有传承性,动态性,民族性和多样性,文化作为一种历史现象,不同民族拥有不同文化,不同的文化之间既有共性又有个性。语言作为文化的载体,语言的使用离不开作为社会河文化成员的人以及使用的语言环境。 2.2 文化与词汇的联系

3.3 谚语 谚语是心理,语言与文化的综合产物。英汉中存在具有共同比喻的谚语,如:火上浇油——pour oil in the flame 半斤八两——sin and half dozen 破釜沉舟——burn one's boats 以牙还牙——a tooth for a tooth 但由于两个民族有各自独特的文化背景和各自独特的风俗习惯,思维方式,因此谚语联想,引申和比喻上有很大的不同。例如汉语“拍马屁”取自古人讨好某人时,用手拍主人的马的屁股,说,“好马,好马”,而英语对应的意思是lick one's boots,舔靴子之意,再如:害群之马——black sheep;一箭之遥——at a stone’s throw; 掌上明珠——the apple of one’s eye; 棋逢对手——diamond cuts diamond.这些谚语后都蕴含着各自的文化信息。英语有时从字面上表达一个意思,实际上整体意义完全不同,如pull one’s leg——拉后腿,前者是“戏弄人”的意思,后者是“阻挠或牵制别人的行为”。再如,move heaven and earth 不是天翻地覆的意思,而是竭尽全力的意思。类似的谚语还有很多。 4. 英汉词汇文化内涵差异产生的原因 4.1 构词方法不同 英汉语在构词法上既有共性,又存在一定的差异,具有各自的特殊性。汉英语属于两种差异较大的语言类型,从来源来看,汉语属于汉藏语系,英语属于印欧语系;从类型上讲,汉语属于分析语,英语属于综合分析语;汉语是象形表意文字,英语是表音文字,汉语重意合,而英语重形合,这些都取决于汉英两种民族不同的思维方式和民族心理素质,不同的思维方式和民族心理素质就会产生不同的语言形式,这些自然也会在构词上有所体现。 4.2 思维方式和认知方式不同 总体而言,汉族人的认知方法倾向于感性和具体,而西方人认知方法比较理想和抽象。汉语数词的使用频率远高于英语的数词就可以说明这个问题,如,“五体投地”,“八面埋伏”,“九死一生”,“十全十美”,“三思而行”等等。西方文化是一种重分析性,实证性和逻辑性的认识文化,要求周密,精确和明细

最新英语词汇学期末复习资料资料

1、选择题(2 ×15=30) 2、填空题(2×5=10 ) 3、搭配题(1×10=10) 4、名词解释题(4×5=20) 5、问题回答(5×3=15) 6、论述题(第39题7分,第40题8分) 选择题: 1. Which of the following is an initialism ? D. UN 2. The following are all nominal suffixes EXCEPT A. –ful . 3.Both English and B. Danish belong to the Germantic branch of the Indo-European language family. 4.Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatik relationships are known as C. inflectional morphemes. 5.Motiation accounts for the connection between word-form and C.its meaning. 6.Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and C.homonymy. 7.Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as B .derivational affixes. 8.The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the A.illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom as in rain cats and dogs. 9.Usually a small number of languages have been designated official languages for an organization’s activities ,for example, the UN was established with five official languages English, French, A.Spanish Russian, and Chinese.中英俄法西

英语词汇学课本与译文

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