dayin当代研究生英语下课后close完型中英对照翻译答案
UNIT 1
There are two factors which determine an individual's intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual—the sort of environment in which he is brought up. If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable. The importance of environment in determining an individual's intelligence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and John. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. John, however, was educated in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. John's I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother.
有两个因素决定一个人的智力。首先是他出生时带的大脑排序。人类的大脑彼此之间有很大不同，有的有比别人多的能力。但不管他出生时有多好的大脑，个人将有低下的智力，除非他有学习的机会。因此第二个因素是在他长大的环境中发生了什么。如果一个人在环境方面有障碍，很可能他的大脑将无法发展，他将永远不会他能够达到的智力水平。同卵双胞胎彼得和约翰的经历可以说明环境对于一个人智力发展的重要性。当这对双胞胎三个月大，他们的父母去世了，他们分别被安置在不同的寄养家庭。彼得被寄养在一个孤立的社区并且教育机会少，低智商的父母家中。然而约翰，在生活富裕、上过大学的父母家中接受教育。这种环境差异继续到这对双胞胎十几岁时，当测试他们的智力时。约翰的I.Q.是125，高于普通人二十五点，比他的兄弟高出整整四十分。
UNIT 2
Recent studies of the human brain have resulted in some interesting discoveries. Scientists believe that a way to improve the power of the brain may soon be possible.
Scientists have discovered that the brain can make its own drugs. The brain contains a protein substance which can act directly on the brain to change aspects of mental activity. Some may change or improve, for example, creativity,intelligence, imagination, and good memory.
Chemicals found in the brain carry messages. In recent years scientists have found chemicals that affect mood, memory and other happenings of the mind. About 25 have been found so far.
Today the role of chemicals and protein substance in human behaviour is creating much interest. Research seems to show that they may help control insomnia, pain, and mental illness. They have a great capacity to stimulate the brain to conquer deficiencies. They also improve the qualities of memory and learning already in the brain. They hold the secret to mood and emotion. Some day there may be a chemical way to create a better and more efficient brain.
最近对人类大脑的研究报告中有一些有趣的发现：科学家认为一种改善大脑功能的方法可能很快成为可能。
科学家们发现大脑可以产生自己的药物。大脑中含有一种蛋白物质，它可以直接作用于大脑以改变心理活动的各个方面。有些可能会改变或改善，例如，创造力，智力，想象力和良好的记忆力。
在大脑中发现的化学物质携带着消息。近年来科学家们已发现影响情绪，记忆和大脑活动的其它化学物质。目前约25种已被发现。
今天，化学物质和蛋白质物质在人类行为的作用引起了人们很大的兴趣。研究似乎表明，它们可能有助于控制失眠，疼痛，和精神病。它们有一个巨大的能力来刺激大脑克服不足。它们还提高记忆和大脑中应经存在的学习质量。他们保持情绪和情感的秘密。将来有一天，有可能会有一种化学方法来创造一个更好、更有效率的大脑。
Unit 3
By measuring the amount of HIV’s genetic material i n various representative tissue samples from infected peop le, and extrapolating form these samples to the entire bod y, Haase estimates that at most 1 in 2,500 cells, maybe fe wer, is
infected with HIV. This is nowhere near enough for direct cell killing to account for the depletion in their numbers th at leads to AIDS.
通过测试被感染者具有代表性的组织样本中HIV 的遗传材料，从这些样本推算整个身体，哈泽估计，最多1 ／2500，或许更少，感染了HIV。这对于直接杀死细胞引起细胞大量消亡而导致艾滋病是远远不够的。
Haase says that his own work now shows that large n umbers of CD4 cell are becoming trapped in lymph tissue , and he believes that HIV also disrupts the production of new cells. In common with a number of other researchers, he also
believes that HIV may cause the loss of uninfected CD4 c ells by triggering abnormally high levels of cell suicide,or apoptosis-a separate process that has been a subject of res earch throughout the 1990s .
哈泽说自己现在的工作表明，大量的CD4细胞被困在淋巴组织，而且他认为，艾滋病病毒会破坏新细胞的产生。研究人员普遍认为，艾滋病毒可以通过触发细胞自毁或消亡，导致未受感染的CD4细胞减少。在20世纪90年代这一过程曾是一个研究课题。
Taken together, these findings clearly suggest that H IV keeps the immune system in a state of constant activati on,
and unbalances it in four ways :by trapping mature cells ,b
y stopping the production of new cells, by triggering abnormally high rates of apoptosis and by killing a small but significant number of cells directly. Their combined i mpact leaves the immune system depleted and unable to c ope with opportunistic infections.
总之，这些研究结果清楚地表明，艾滋病病毒使免疫系统处于激活状态，不平衡的方式有四种：通过捕获成熟细胞，停止生产新的细胞，通过触发异常的高细胞凋亡率，直接杀死小但是数量大的细胞。他们共同影响使免疫系统衰亡，无法应对感染。
How will any of this affect treatments? Would better knowledge of the ways in which the virus disturbs the im mune system enable researchers to rebuild it ,broadening t he depleted repertoire of CD4 cells ? Roederer , at least, t hinks that drugs that directly affect the immune system wi ll be needed.
如何处理这些影响？最好的方式，利用病毒干扰免疫系统的理论，使研究人员能够对其重建，拓宽CD4细胞消亡的部分？Roederer，认为至少需要药物直接影响免疫系统。
Others go further, Jay Levy at the University of Cali fornia , San Francisco, worries that prolonged treatment with cocktails of antiviral drugs might even fool the imm une system and “put it to rest”, by keeping levels of HIV s o low in the body that they fail to trigger any immune res ponses at all. This might make individuals who stop takin g the drugs even more vulnerable. He argues that immune -restoring treatments should be given alongside antiviral d rugs. Already, some researchers are working on novel app roaches such as developing genetically engineered T cell t o replace lose CD4 cells. 其他人走得更远，旧金山加利福尼亚大学Jay Levy担心，持续很久的抗病毒药物鸡尾酒疗法，甚至欺骗免疫系统“让它休息”，使体内保持艾滋病毒很少的状态，他们没有引发任何免疫反应。这可能会使人停止服药而更容易受到攻击。他认为，免疫恢复治疗应与抗病毒药物一起进行。目前，一些研究人员正在研究新的方法，如开发基因T 细胞来取代失去的CD4细胞。
UNIT 4 What is globalization?
Economic "globalization" is a historical process, the result of human innovation and technological progress. It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows. The term sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across international borders. There are also broader cultural, political and environmental dimensions of globalization that are not covered here.
At its most basic, there is nothing mysterious about globalization. The term has come into common usage since the 1980s, reflecting technological advances that have make it easier and quicker to complete international transactions—both trade and financial flows. It refers to an extension beyond national borders of the same market forces that have operated for centuries at all levels of
human economic activity—village markets, urban industries, or financial centers.
Markets promote efficiency through competition and the division of labor—the specialization that allows people and economies to focus on what they do best.
Global markets offer greater opportunity for people to tap into more and larger markets around the world. It means that they can have access to more capital flows, technology, cheaper imports, and larger export markets.
But markets do not necessarily ensure that the benefits of increased efficiency are shared by all. Countries must be prepared to embrace the policies needed, and in the case of the poorest countries may need the support of the international community as they do so.
什么是全球化？
经济“全球化”是一个历史过程，是人类创新和技术进步的结果。它指的是世界各地的经济日益一体化，特别是通过贸易和资金流动。这个术语有时也指人（劳动力）和知识（技术）跨越国际边界的运动。也有更广泛的文化，政治和环境的全球化，这里没有涉及到的范围。
关于全球化，其最基本的，没有什么神秘的了。
这个术语从20世纪80年代就已成为常见的用法，它反映了使国际交易双方的贸易和资金流动更容易和更快地完成的技术的进步。它指的是超越国界同一市场力量、在人类经济活动的乡村市场，城市工业和金融中心的各级经营的几个世纪的延伸。
市场通过竞争和劳动分工——允许人民和经济集中在他们所做的最好的的专业化，来促进效率。全球市场为人们提供更多的机会来开发世界各地的更多，更大的市场。这意味着他们可以有机会获得更多的资本流动，技术，廉价进口和更大的出口市场。但市场并不一定确保所有共享的、提高效率的好处。国家必须准备接受必要的政策，以及最贫穷国家可能需要国际社会支持的情况，就像他们做的如此。
UNIT 5 Spinal Cords Agricultural and public-health experts in Britain find many other serious flaws in the government's handling of the mad-cow epidemic. Officials waited 18 months after discovering the first cases of BSE to declare it a "notifiable" disease, requiring that all cases be reported to the authorities. They waited nearly three years to forbid use of cattle brains and spinal cords in food for humans.
The government offered to compensate farmers for any suspected BSE cases they destroyed -- but at far less than the animal's normal value, a rate that discouraged farmers from reporting the disease in their herds, according to critics. "It could all have been over in a month," says Millstone. "It might have cost a few million pounds. But that's a fraction of what it's going to cost now."
Currie argues that the government likewise fumbled when it disclosed the possible link between CJD and mad-cow disease. "If you are going to announce a health scare," she says, "you have to announce at the same
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time what you are going to do about it." The government has yet to announce any preventive measures beyond a few tightened restrictions, such as the ban on mammalian meat in cattle feed. Currie herself knows all too well how easy it is to start a public health panic; she left her post as health minister after helping touch off a scare in the winter of 1988-89 over the safety of British eggs and other farm products.
脊髓英国的农业和公共卫生专家发现许多其他政府处理疯牛症疫情的严重缺陷。官员在发现第一例疯牛病后用了18个月来宣称它是一种“需要向官方汇报”的疾病：要求所有事例都向当局报告。他们等待了近三年来禁止牛脑和脊髓在人类食品中使用。政府为农民提供补偿，因为他们销毁了任何疑似疯牛病病例，但根据评论家所称，补偿远少于动物的正常价值，劝阻农民报告自家牛群疾病的费用。“这可能在一个月内” Millstone说：“这可能要花费数百万英镑，但这是现在要花费的一部分。”
柯里认为，政府在披露克雅氏病和疯牛病之间可能存在的联系时同样是在摸索。“如果你要宣布一个健康恐慌，”她说，“你需要同时宣布你要做些什么。”政府还没有宣布任何超出了一些限制的预防措施，比如禁止在牛饲料中放哺乳动物的肉。柯里自己太清楚地知道它是多么容易造成公共健康的恐慌；在帮助掀起了1988至1989年冬季对英国的鸡蛋和其他农产品的安全性恐慌后，她辞去了她卫生部长的职位。UNIT 6
Almost every American wears a watch, and, in nearly every room in an American home, there's a clock. "Be on time." "Don't waste time." "Time is money." "Time waits for no one." All of these familiar sayings reflect the American obsession with promptness and efficiency. Students and employees disappoint their teacher and bosses when they arrive late. This desire to get the most out of every minute often affects behavior, making Americans impatient when they have to wait. The pressure to make every moment count sometimes makes it difficult for Americans to relax and do nothing. The desire to save time and handle work more efficiently often leads Americans to buy many kinds of machines. These range from household appliances to equipment for the office, such as calculators, photocopy machines, and computers. One such machine is video cassette recorder (VCR), which gives Americans a new kind of control over time. Baseball fans don't have to miss the Sunday afternoon game on TV because of a family birthday party. They simply videotape it. Then, for them, the Sunday afternoon game occurs on Sunday evening.
几乎每一个美国人都戴手表，并且在几乎每一个美国家庭的房里间都有一个钟表。“准时”，“不要浪费时间”，“时间不等人”。所有这些耳熟能详的谚语反映的是美国人对守时和效率的痴迷。学生和员工在他们的老师和老板迟到时会对他们感到失望。这种想最大限度利用每一分钟的渴望往往会影响他们的行为，使美国人当他们不得不等待时不耐烦。想要利用每一分
钟的压力有时让美国人难以放松，什么也不做。节省
时间和更有效地处理工作的愿望，经常导致美国人购
买多种机器。从家用电器到办公室设备，比如计算器，复印机和电脑。一个这样的机器是录像机（VCR），
为美国人提供了一种对时间新的控制。棒球球迷不用
因为一个家庭生日派对而错过电视上周日下午的比
赛。他们简单地把它录下来。然后对他们来说，周日
下午的比赛周日晚上发生。
UNIT 7
Intellectual property regimes coupled with trade regulations have serious implications for third world economies. Agricultural research has developed much faster on plants than animals. And there is insufficient reason to expect that if species patents on plants are upheld, the practice of granting such patents will be restricted to them. It seems from developments so far that the blitzkrieg is inching its way to higher life forms.
Protection and enforcement strategies for plant-based technology are implemented through four different forms of intellectual property: utility plants, plant patents, plant variety protection certificates and trade secrets. Since patenting provides a broader range of protection and costs less, this has potential to be preferred means of protecting plant-based inventions by private companies in the US. New utility patents form more aggressive property rights than ever existed in biological material before.
Utility patents can establish property right in broad classes of organisms in radically different species as long as the organisms have the same traits and functional properties. The Harvard oncomouse patent is actually an onco mammal patent. Harvard thus owns any mammal with any recombinant cancer causing gene, (and there are about forty of them known) inserted into any mammal or its ancestors at an embryonic stage. This allows biotechnicians to patent organisms they have never actually produced.
Broadly worded patent rights (as in the case of cotton or soybean), or the taking out of a large number of patents effectively suppress competition through the threat of infringement suits. On a global scale this allows patent holders to exert control on the production of a variety of agricultural commodities leading to unprecedented competitive advantage. The enormity of this possibility has led to "biocolonial" concerns in the developing world.
Utility patents also prohibit farmers from the common practice of saving and using seeds from previous crops or from breeding animals, as well as restricting research exemptions. This could create a barrier to further innovation. Most nations have in place a research exemption analogous to the fair use doctrine in copyright law.
知识产权与贸易制度对第三世界经济造成严重影响。关于植物的农业研究发展的比动物要快得多。并且没有足够的理由期待，如果支持物种专利植物，对
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于他们批准专利的习惯将被限制。似乎从发展到目前为止，闪击战在通向更高的生命形式的路上缓慢前行。
对以植物为基础的技术的保护和执法战略通过四种不同形式的知识产权：实用植物，植物专利，植物新品种保护证书和商业秘密来实施。由于专利提供了一个更广泛的保护并且成本低，这有可能成为在美国的私人公司保护以植物为基础的发明的首选方法。实用新型专利比之前存在于生物材料的任何形式具有更激进的产权。
只要生物具有相同的特征和功能特性，实用专利就可以在完全不同的物种广泛的生物上建立产权。哈佛肿瘤鼠的专利实际上是一个肿瘤哺乳动物专利。哈佛大学因此拥有带有任何重组致癌基因的任何哺乳动物（其中约四十种已知）插入到任何哺乳动物它或处于胚胎阶段的祖先。这允许生物技术人员他们申请从来没有实际制造的生物的专利。
措辞广泛的专利权（例如棉花或大豆），或其中拿出来的大量专利通过侵权诉讼的威胁有效地抑制竞争。在全球范围内，这允许专利持有人对导致了前所未有的竞争优势的各种农产品生产施加控制。这种巨大的可能性已经导致了发展中世界对“biocolonial”的关注。
实用新型专利也禁止农民保存和使用从以前作物的种子或动物繁育的种子的普遍做法，以及限制研究豁免。这可能对进一步创新造成的障碍。类似于在版权法中对公平使用原则的豁免，大多数国家的研究豁免已经到位。
Unit 8
Shyness is the cause of much unhappiness for a great many people. Shy people are anxious and self-conscious; that is, they are excessively concerned with their own appearance and actions. Worrisome thoughts are constantly occurring in their minds; What kind of impression am I making? Do they like me? Do I sound stupid? Am I wearing unattractive clothes?
It is obvious that such uncomfortable feelings must affect people adversely. A person's self-concept is reflected in the way he or she behaves, and the way a person behaves affects other people's reactions. In general, the way people think about themselves has a profound effect on all areas of their lives.
Shy people, having low self-esteem, are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others. They need reassurance that they are doing "the right thing". Shy people are very sensitive to criticism; they feel it confirms their inferiority.
They also find it difficult to be pleased by compliments because they believe they are unworthy of praise. A shy person may respond to a compliment with a statement like this one; "You're just saying that to make me feel good. I know it's not true." It is clear that, while self-awareness is a healthy quality, overdoing it is harmful.
Can shyness be completely eliminated, or at least reduced? Fortunately, people can overcome shyness with determined and patient effort in building self-confidence. Since shyness goes hand in hand with lack of self-esteem, it is important for people to accept their weaknesses as well as strengths. For example, most people would like to be "A" students in every subject. It is not fair for them to label themselves inferior because they have difficulty in some areas. People's expectations of themselves must be realistic. Living on the impossible leads to a sense of inadequacy
Each one of us is a unique, worthwhile individual. We are interested in our own personal ways. The better we understand ourselves, the easier it becomes to live up to our full potential. Let's not allow shyness to block our chances for a rich and fulfilling life.
害羞是许多人不快乐的原因。害羞的人是焦虑和自我意识的，也就是说，他们过分关注自己的外表和行动。令人担忧的思想也在不断萦绕在他们的脑海中，我给人什么样的印象？他们喜欢我吗？我听起来很蠢吗？我穿的衣服难看吗？
很明显，这种不舒适的感觉必然给人们带来了不利的影响。一个人的自我概念是反映在他或她的行为方式上，以及一个人的行为影响其他人的反应。一般情况下，人们认识自己的方式对他们生活的所有领域有深远影响。
害羞的人，自尊低，他们可能很被动，容易受他人的影响。他们需要确保他们所做的是“正确的事情”。害羞的人对批评非常敏感，他们觉得这证实了他们低人一等。
他们还发现很难因为被恭维而感到高兴，因为他们相信他们是不值得赞美的。一个害羞的人可能对句恭维做出这样的声明;：“你这样说只是为了让我感觉很好。我知道这不是真的。”很明显，尽管自我意识是一种健康的品质,过分的自我意识却是有害的。
害羞能完全消除或至少减少吗？幸运的是，人们可以通过坚决而又耐心地努力建立自信来克服害羞。由于害羞与缺乏自尊密切相关，所以人们接受自己的弱点和优势是十分重要的。例如，大多数人在每一个科目中都想成为的“A”类的学生。他们标榜自己低人一等是不公平的，因为他们在某些方面有困难。人们对他们的期望一定要切合实际。生活在不可能导致不适感。
我们每个人都是一个独特的，有价值的个体。我们对我们个人的方式感兴趣。我们越是更好地了解自己，就越容易不辜负我们的全部潜力。不要让羞怯妨碍我们追求丰富和满足生活的机会。
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《当代研究生英语》1-8单元翻译和课后答案.doc
Unit 1 A: formerly, embrace, artificial, regulate, precisely, unwanted, extraneous, passionate, be targeted to, at hand, be sued for B: ACBDB BBACD Unit 2 A.uncovered, concurred, accompanies, frustrated, stereotype, switching, dismissed, distracted, adapted, assume, probe, subordinate B.BADB ADAC Unit 3 A.intricate, approximately, earthquake, versatile, isolated, reverse, as well as, interdependent, multiply, live on, kill off, out of true, qualify, (not) at all, spontaneously B.DABCA BCABC Unit 4 A.on, up, by, in, behind, behind, through, in, out, in, on, in, by, out, up, with, down, off, away, in B.prime, constantly, at regular intervals, at arm's length, come off, got over, yielded, be put into operation, challenging, resort to, swarming with, take in Unit 5 A.find out, community, convert, make sense, ecstasy, replace, more or less, at least, intractable, make out B.BDABC BCACA Cloze: quantitatively, make up, at least, unlikely, even if, greater than, common-sense, turn out to be, increases, in the direction of, complaints, the Theory of Relativity, close to, so far as, not only Unit 6 A.acbacabb B.singaled, steer, stand out, stand up for, secondary, stand by, steered, pulled up, pulled into, expire Unit 7 A.get the better of, futility, one-way, unnerve, unscramble, chaotic, haphazardness, catch, smog, flute, depressing, nil, random, distress, institution, congregate B.DBCAB CADBC CC Unit8 A. 1. boom 2.hybrid 3. executive 4. returns 5. apart from 6. unparalleled 7. bring about 8. stillborn 9. strategy 10. subsequent 11. figure out 12. leave over B. 1. C 2.D 3. A 4. B 5. B 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.D 10. Bll.A 12.C 新生的亿万富翁 ■1最近所呈现的技术进步，新商务的欣欣何荣，以及个人财富的急剧增长是过去25年中计算机产业形成的第三次，也是最令人瞩目的一次浪潮。第一次浪潮涉及有形产品——硬 件，它与构成软件的计算机程序相对而言。本世纪六七十年代，圣何塞和III金山地带的圣克拉拉谷的一些公司为计算机生产出存储器硅芯片，于是便有了“硅谷”的名字。接着他 们又生产了用以指令计算机操作的逻辑硅芯片。随后，许多公司也开始生产计算机。 ■2在硬件时代获得巨大财富的包括Hewlett and Packard家族，惠普公司 --------- 该公司在硅时代前就通过经营科学仪器开始赚钱。总资产为100亿美元的Packard基金会最近超过了福特基金会，成为全美国第三大私人基金会。90年代占统治地位的硬件公司是Intel
汉译英短文翻译练习
汉译英短文翻译——清华在线 1 近年来，中国城市化进人加速阶段，取得了极大的成就，同时也出现了种种错综复杂的问题。今天的城乡建设速度之快、规模之大、耗资之巨、涉及面之广、尺度之大等已远非生产力低下时期所能及，建筑已成为一种重大的经济活动。（102字） 难点注释： 1）城市化urbanization 2）加速阶段an accelerating phase 3）错综复杂的问题some complicated problems 4）远非…所能及surpass 5）重大的经济活动a major economic pursuit 2 世界各地有3,600万人染上了艾滋病—这比整个澳大利亚的人口还多。目前，艾滋病是全球第4大死因，而在非洲则是头号罪魁。在非洲，艾滋病使工人丧失工作，使家庭丧失经济来源，使父母丧失孩子。在7个非洲国家中，巧岁至49岁的人口中艾滋病病毒感染者占到20％以上。（119字） 难点注释： 1）染上艾滋病suffer from AIDS 2）头号罪魁the chief culprit 3）使……丧失deprive of 4）艾滋病病毒感染者people infected with HIV 3 当今中国，对传真机的使用已十分普及，并成为现代重要的通讯终端设备。据一项调查显示，2002年，中国市场对传真机的需求量约为200万台，国内产量仅满足了约30%的需求，进口机占据市场的主导地位。（89字） 难点注释： 1）传真机fax machines 2）通讯终端设备telecommunications terminal equipment 3）占主导地位dominate 4 2000年，美国数码相机的销量达到惊人的510万台，而1999年只有310万台。数码相机的流行其原因非常简单：成像质量好且花费少。此外，使用数码相机还能省去不少麻烦。你不用买胶卷，所有的照片都被存在可反复使用的存储卡上。一按快门，就可以马上在液晶显示屏上观察照片的效果。（124字） 难点注释： 1）数码相机digital camera 2）可反复使用的存储卡reusable memo叮cards
科学美国人的中文翻译
2012年1月4日星期三 雌激素是新的“利他林”吗？ ——性激素能让一部分女性思维敏捷，却也让一部分迟钝 大考即将来临？无法集中注意力？尝试一点雌激素吧。 加州大学伯克利分校的神经系统科学家在最近的一项研究中报道称，女性生理周期中的荷尔蒙波动可能会如咖啡因、甲基苯丙胺或最常见的兴奋剂利他林一样影响其大脑。 近年来的研究表明，工作记忆（短期信息处理能力）是依赖于化学物质多巴胺的。事实上，像利他林这样的药物可以模仿多巴胺帮助人们集中注意力。在老鼠身上的研究显示，雌激素似乎可以诱发多巴胺的释放。但是伯克利这次的新研究是首次把认识能力和人的雌激素水平联系起来，这也就解释了为什么有些女性会在她们生理周期的不同时间点有着或好或坏的认识能力。 这只研究团队对24名健康女性进行了检测。通过基因测试，她们中有些天然多巴胺水平高，而有些天然低。不出所料，多巴胺水平低的女性对于处理复杂的工作记忆问题有困难，比如将一串五个数字反着背出来。但当测试在排卵期中进行，雌激素水平最高时（一般是月经期的10~12天后）这些女性的表现显著改善，有大约10%的进步。令人惊讶的是，多巴胺水平天然高的女性处理复杂问题的能力，却在排卵期中雌激素水平最高的时候有很明显的下降。 根据组织此次研究的Ph.D Emily Jacobs说，脑中的多巴胺是“classic Goldilacks scenario”。对于多巴胺水平最低的25%女性来说，在月经期多巴胺水平的增加会增强她们的认识能力，而对于多巴胺水平最高的25%女性来说，月经期多巴胺水平的增加可能会使她们的多巴胺水平超过一个上限，从而减弱她们的认识能力。而剩下的50%女性都处在这两类女性水平之间，不在研究的范围内。 这项研究有着重大的意义。Jacob说，像咖啡因、利他林这种诱发多巴胺释放的药物对于特定时期的女性是无效，甚至是损害性的。而且，她还希望提醒科学家们注意，在研究脑部疾病时，男女大脑虽然天赋相同但是并不完全一样。 Jacob说，这之间有很大区别，只有我们能知道他们在正常状态下的区别，我们才能预测他们在疾病状态下的区别。 毁约——脑扫描揭示誓言什么时候会不被遵守 新郎说“我愿意”而又和别人有一腿的时候，他脑中发生了什么？朋友承诺还钱却一直不还，他的脑中又发生了什么？一项最新研究显示，毁约是一项很复杂的神经生物学事件。而且脑扫描可以在毁约发生前预测出谁将要毁约。 瑞士苏黎世大学的科学家运用核磁共振技术把大脑比喻成了一场投资游戏。投资者必须决定是否承诺与受托者分享利益。如果投资，会使得账户中的资金增加，但如果受托者选择不分享，结果也会是投资者受损失。几乎所有投资者都说会把钱给受托者，但最后并不会所有人都守约。 通过核磁共振的扫描，研究者可以在他们有机会毁约前预测出他们会不会毁约。毁约者脑部的一些区域的活动会更加活跃，包括分管在压抑诚实回应时自我控制的前额皮质层，和标志
当代研究生英语习题答案
一，选择 1，This book (contains) all the information you need. 2，The government (restricts) the number of foreign cars that could be imported. 3，As a teacher you should not show (favor) towards any of your students. 4，Traffic is (regulated) by police at every intersection. 5，How much do you (charge) for this pair of shoes? 6，We can (leave off) now and return to work in the morning. 7，That matter can be left (over) until our next morning. 8，I learned that he was (on) sick leave from a government office. 9，It was one of the most beautiful sights that I had even set eyes (on). 10, Each week he tried to set (aside) a few dollars of his salary. 11, All this ceremony is just (for show); it doesn’t mean a thing. 12 ,Bill is afraid to (show his face) since Tom threatens to beat him up. 13, She has been behaving foolishly; I hope you will (bring her to senses). 14, The classroom is 30 feet (in length) and 20 feet in breadth. 15, I’m leaving this job because I’m tried of being (pushed around). 16, After the rain, the orchard seems to have (burst into) blossom overnight. 17, The two men stood (glaring at)each other, while the crowd looked on with amusement. 18, When you have any problems in your studies, you can always (look to) John for help. 19, Theodore Roosevelt was a (versatile) man ; he was successful as a statesman, soldier…. 20, The small town has (undergone) many changes during last 10 years. 21, The old farmer (survived) his wife, living until 105 years of ages. 22, Poor eyesight is a (handicap) to many students. 23, The wheat crop will be (decimated) with strong spring rains. 24, The various parts of the essays do not adequately (interrelate). 25, Hot weather (multiplies) the bacteria in the milk rapidly. 26, If something very substantial is not done next month , he cannot (retain)his office. 27, We sent him an invitation but he (declined). 28, The lifeguard pulled the (inanimate) body out of the pool. 29, If you are to be accepted as a member of the club you must (abide) by its rules. 30, (Even if) you dislike ancient monuments, Warrick Castle is worth a visit. 31, The cites will to be (deflated) and the population distributed in villages. 32, He gave a (distorted) account of what has happened. 33, His speech (fermented) trouble among the works. 34, The criminal was told he would be (immune)from punishment if he said what…… 35, If you (strain) the elastic band any more, it will break. 36, The Egyptians (inhabit) an area equal to France and Spain combines. 37, He is (by no means) considered to be a great explorer. 38, It was a long time before scientists could (penetrate) the mystery of the atom.
汉英翻译练习十篇
1.浪漫 一个小伙子暗恋着一个女孩。女孩是他的同事，他们在一个办公室里工作。小伙子性格内向，不善言辞，他不知道如何向女孩子表达他的爱慕之意。写情书罢，小伙子是学理工的，一直搞技术工作，满脑子的图形，就是没有一句有文采的话。小城也没有鲜花店，电影电视上常见的送花那一套也无从说起。至于直接了当地告诉女孩子说“我爱你”，小伙子就更没有那胆量了。 这样的恋情应该说是没有什么希望的了。事实上一年后他们却结了婚。有人向小伙子讨教，他说：“我每天上班第一件事就是帮她擦桌子，然后为她泡上一杯她喜欢喝的绿茶。她的胃不好，我经常备些胃药放在她的桌上。一开始她不知道是我做的这些事情，时间长了就知道了。就这么简单。” 忍不住叫人想到“浪漫”一词。写情书是一种浪漫，送99朵玫瑰是一种浪漫。我不知道，擦桌子泡茶送药是否也是一种浪漫。浪漫是没有定式的，或许那些实实在在地呵护和关爱才是真正的浪漫，它是生命之火所点燃的最绚烂的花朵。
2.家信 大学时代，情书可以少写或不写，家信是少不了的。 刚进大学时，陌生的环境，陌生的人群，甚至连宿舍楼下的磁卡电话也是陌生的。于是，隔三差五一封又一封的家信带着深深的眷恋飞向父母手中。识字不多的父亲读着洋溢着南国气息的来信，觉得最惬意不过了：小学毕业的母亲竟也听得津津有味……尽管她始终搞不懂“克隆”技术究竟是怎么一回事。 入学后的新鲜感消失后，信也渐渐地少了，不会再把饭盆磕掉一块瓷之类的事告诉父母了。不过，写家信的一个最大的好处是：它让我忽然觉悟到父母深藏不露的幽默。父母的回信上，除了老生常谈的好好学习、遵守纪律外，还有一些令大学教授都为之皱眉的离奇的事。例如，最近一封来信，正值联合国秘书长安南为解决伊拉克武器核查危机前往巴格达而进行外交斡旋。父亲在信中说，报上那个隐形战斗机分明可以看到，干嘛说它“隐形”呢? 对于这类问题，我总是写信耐心地解释给他们听。回答不了的，查资料，问老师，以满足这两位“编外大学生”的求知欲望。去年寒假回家，母亲竟然背诵出“信息高速公路”的定义来……当然，有几处是父亲提醒的。 父母同样需要新鲜知识，需要倾心交流，需要关爱和理解，家信是再好不过了。拿起笔来，写封家信吧，偶尔撒个娇也无妨。
科学翻译
第12页 0903060136 梁潇 0903060137 黄浩 0901014108 黄瑞尧 5.3性能分析 通信开销：在和平时期，验证和密钥协商协议的要求只有三路之间的网状路由器和网络用户和双向沟通网络用户之间。这是最低的通信回合要实现相互认证，因此，和平招致降低认证延迟。此外，通过设计，和平带来最低的额外因为它们可能对网络用户的通信开销如掌上电脑和智能手机进行的移动客户端比其他笔记本电脑访问无线网状网。这些移动客户端要少得多强大相比，网状路由器考虑到他们的沟通能力。在消息（M.1），（M.1），（M.2），网络用户只需要发送一组签名履行认证功能。作为我们立足本集团上签字的变化计划[8]中提出，签名的包括两个G的元素五个元素的Z带够。当使用[19]中描述的曲线，可以首要采取p到170位并使用G组1，其中每个元素是171位。因此，总群签名的长度为1192位或149字节。有了这些参数，安全性是大致相同作为一个标准的1024位RSA签名，这是128个字节[8]。也就是说，群签名的长度几乎是作为一个标准的RSA-1024的签名相同。 计算开销：在和平，最昂贵的计算操作的签名生成和验证。签名生成需要两个同构的应用中。同构计算，需要大约同时，作为一个在G1幂（使用快速计算的轨迹图）[8]。因此，签名生成需要约八幂（或multiexponentiations）和两个双线性映射计算。验证签名需要六个幂和3+2|网址|双线性映射计算。按照设计，和平采用会话认证的不对称对称的混合方法，降低计算成本。网络实体（Mesh 路由器和网络用户）执行昂贵的组签名操作相互验证，只有当建立一个新的会话，所有同一会话的后续数据交换是通过高效的基于MAC的方法进行验证。 更具体地说，和平需要进行相互认证，为建立一个新的会话时，执行一个签名生成和签名验证的网络用户。由此可以看出，签名验证的实际成本计算取决于一致资源定址器的大小，而签名的发电成本是固定的。和平可以主动控制的一致资源定址器的大小。此外，可以采取一种更为有效的吊销检查算法，其运行的时间是一致资源定址器的独立[8]中描述了对用户的隐私有点牺牲。这种技术可以进一步带来的总成本六幂和5个双线性映射计算的签名验证。另一方面，和平需要一个网状路由器进行相互认证其覆盖范围内的每个网络用户每每灯塔消息不同的会议和标志定期播出。 存储开销：在和平中，网络用户可以携带资源约束的普及设备，如掌上电脑和智能手机访问的无线网状网。因此，存储每个网络用户的开销应该是负担得起的现代普及设备。在我们的计划显示说明，在和平中的每个网络用户需要存储两个信息：他的小组的私钥及相关系统参数。该组的私钥为每个用户包含1组元素的G1和2个Z元素。如果我们首要选择p到170位，并使用G组1每个组171位的元素，每个组私钥用户只需消耗511位的内存，这是微不足道的现代普及设备。大多数的内存消耗部分是系统参数，其中可能包括代码来形容双线性组（G
当代研究生英语下册课后题(Units 1-10)
选词填空汇总 Unit 1 1.In order to strengthen his arguments,Toffler_____respectable social scientists who agree with him. a.quotes(摘引) b. confirms c. recites d. convinces 2.He could scarcely resist taking another drink of the delicious wine, but remembering the doctor’s advice, he_____. a.refrained(克制) b. withdrew c. avoided d.retreated 3.When people have their basic needs satisfied, they begin to think of other things to fulfill their life_____. a.necessities b. requirements c. appreciations d.expectations(期许) 4.Within seconds，the experienced instructor_____the situation and decided to attempt rescue. a.assumed b. assured c. assessed(评估) d. affirmed 5.Most good writers use every means at their_____to make the reader’s way smooth and easy. a.will b. disposal(处理) c. request d. convenience 6.The new apartment house built a few months ago is large enough to_____over two hundred people. a.accommodate(容纳) b. locate c. settle d. reside 7.A river_____through the narrow wooded valley below. a.pours b. twists(迂回曲折) c. expends d. expands
当代研究生英语1-8单元的cloze
1、There are two factors which determine an individual ’s intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born w ith .Human brains differ considerably, some being mor e capable than others . But no matter how good a brai n he has to begin with ,an individual will have a low or der of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn . So the second factor is what happens to the individual -the sort of environment in which he is brought up .If a n individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likel y that his brain will fail to develop and he will never att ain the level of intelligence of which he is capable. Th e importance of environment in determining an individ ual’s intelligence can be demonstrated by the case histo ry of the identical twins, Peter and John. When the twin s were three months old, their parents died, and they w ere placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reared b y parents of low intelligence in an isolated communit y with poor educational opportunities. John, however , was educated in home of well-to-do parents who ha d been to college, This environmental difference contin ued until the twins were in their late teens, when the y were given tests to measure their intelligence. John’s IQ was 125,twenty-five points higher than the averag e and fully forty points higher than his identical brothe r. 2、Recent studies of the human brain have resulted in s ome interesting discoveries. Scientists believe that a wa y to improve the power of the brain may soon be possi ble. Scientists have 1.discovered that the brain can mak e its own drugs. The brain contains a protein substanc e which can act directly on the brain to change aspect s of mental activity. Some may change or improve, fo r example, creativity, intelligence, imagination, and go od memory. Chemicals found in the brain carry messag es .In recent years scientists have found chemicals tha t affect mood, memory and other happenings of the mi nd .About 25 have been found so far。Today the role o f chemicals and protein substance in human behaviour i s creating much interest .Research seems to show that t hey may help control insomnia, pain, and mental illnes s .They have a great capacity to stimulate the brain to c onquer deficiencies. They also improve the qualities o f memory and learning already in the brain .They hold t he secret to mood and emotion. Some day there may b e a chemical way to create a better more efficient brain. 3、By measuring the amount of HIV’s genetic material i n various representative tissue samples from infected p eople, and extrapolating form these samples to the entir e body, Haase estimates that at most 1 in 2,500 cells, m aybe fewer, is infected with HIV. This is nowhere nea r enough for direct cell killing to account for the depleti on in their numbers that leads to AIDS. Haase says tha t his own work now shows that large numbers of CD4 c ell ate becoming trapped in lymph tissue, and he believ es that HIV also disrupts the production of new cells. I n common with a number of other researchers, he als o believes that HIV may cause the loss of uninfected C D4 cells by triggering abnormally high levels of cell su icide ,or apoptosis-a separate process that has been a su bject of research throughout the 1990s . Taken together , these findings clearly suggest that HIV keeps the imm une system in a state of constant activation, and unbala nces it in four ways :by trapping mature cells ,by stoppi ng the production of new cells, by triggering abnormall y high rates of apoptosis and by killing a small but sign ificant number of cells directly. Their combined impac t leaves the immune system depleted and unable to cop e with opportunistic infections. How will any of this affect treatments? Would better kn owledge of the ways in which the virus disturbs the im mune system enable researchers to rebuild it ,broadenin g the depleted repertoire of CD4 cells ? Roederer,at lea st, thinks that drugs that directly affect the immune syst em will be needed. Others go further, Jay Levy at the University of Califor nia ,San Francisco, worries that prolonged treatment wi th cocktails of antiviral drugs might even fool the imm une system and “put it to rest”, by keeping levels of HI V so low in the body that they fail to trigger any immu ne responses at all. This might make individuals who st op taking the drugs even more vulnerable. He argues th at immune-restoring treatments should be given alongsi de antiviral drugs. Already, some researchers are worki ng on novel approaches such as developing geneticall y engineered T cell to replace lose CD4 cells. 4、what is Golbalization? Economic “globalization” is a historical process, the re sult of human innovation and technological progress .I t refers to the increasing integration of economies arou nd the world,particularly through trade and financial fl ows. The term sometimes also refers to the movemen t of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across i nternational borders. There are also broader cultural, po litical and environmental dimensions of globalization t hat are not covered here . At its most basic, there is not hing mysterious about globalization. The term has com e to common usage since the 1980s, reflecting technolo gical advances that make it easier and quicker to compl ete international transactions-both trade an financial f lows, It refers to an extension beyond borders of the s ame market forces that have operated for centuries a t all levels of human economic activity-village markets , urban industries ,or financial centers. Markets promot e efficiency through competition and the division o f lab or-the specialization that allows people and economie s to focus on what they do best .Global markets offer gr eater opportunity for people to tap into more and large r markets around the world. It means that they can ha ve access to more capital flows, technology, cheaper im ports, and larger export markets. But markets do not ne cessarily ensure that the benefits of increased efficienc y are shared by all. Countries must be prepared to em brace the policies needed,and in the case of the p oorest countries may need the support of the inter national community as they do so. 5、Spinal cords Agricultural and public-health experts in Britain fin d many other serious flaws in th e government’s handlin g of the mad-cow epidemic. Officials waited months af ter discovering the first cases of BSE to declare it a not ifiable disease, requiring that all cases be reported to t he authorities. They waited nearly three years to forbi d us e o f cattle brains and spinal cords in food for huma ns. The government offered to compensate farmers fo r any suspected BSE cases they destroyed- but at far les s than the animal’s normal value, a rate that discourage d farmers from reporting th e disease in their herds, acc ording to critics.It could all have been over in a month , says Millstone.It might have cost a few million pound s. But that’s fraction of what it’s going to cost now.”Cu rrie argues that the government likewise fumbled whe n it disclosed the possible link between CJD and mad-c ow disease. “If you are going to announce a health scar e,” She says ,” you have to announce at the same tim e what you are going to do about it.”The government h as yet to announce any’preventive measures beyond a f ew tightened restrictions, such as the ban on mammalia n meat in cattle feed. Currie herself knows all too wel l how easy it is to start a public health panic; she left he r post as health minister after helping touch off a scare i n the winter of 1988-1989 over the safety of British eg gs and other farm products.” 6、Almost every American wears a watch, and, in nearl y every room in an American home, there's a clock. "B e on time." "Don't waste time." "Time is money." "Tim e waits for no one." All o f these familiar sayings reflec t the American obsession with promptness and efficien cy. Students and employees disappoint their teachers an d bosses when they arriv e late. This desire to get the m ost out of every minute often affects behavior, makin g Americans impatient when they have to wait.The pr essure to make every moment count sometimes make s it difficult for Americans to relax and do (10)nothing . The desire to save time and handle work efficiently o ften leads Americans to buy many kinds of machines. T hese range from household appliances to equipment fo r the office, such as calculators, photocopy machines a nd computers. One )such machine is the video cassett e recorder(VCR), which gives Americans a new kind o f control over time. Fans of professional football don' t have to miss the Sunday afternoon game on TV beca use of a birthday party. They simply videotape it. Then , for them, the Sunday afternoon game occurs on Sunda y evening. 7、Intellectual property regimes coupled with trade reg ulations have serious implications for third world econ omies. Agricultural research has 1[developed] much fa ster on plants than animals. And there is 2[insufficient ] reason to expect that if species patents on plants are u pheld, the practice of 3[granting] such patents will be r estricted to them. It seems from developments so far th at the blitzkrieg is 4[inching] its way to higher life for ms. Protection and enforcement strategies for plant-b ased technology are 5[implement]through four differen t forms of intellectual property: utility plants, plant pate nts, plant variety protection certificates and trade secret s. 6[since] patenting provides a broader range of protec tion and 7[costs] less, this has potential to be preferre d means of 8[protecting] plant-based inventions by priv ate companies in the US. New utility patents form mor e aggressive property rights than ever existed in biologi cal material 9[before]. Utility patents can establish p roperty 10[right] in broad classes of organisms in radic ally different 11[species] as long as the organisms hav e the same traits and functional properties. The Harvar d oncomous e patent is 12[actually] an mammal patent . Harvard thus owns any mammal with any recombinan t cancer causing gene, (and there are about forty of the m known) inserted into any mammal or its ancestors a t an embryonic stage. This allows 13[biotechnicians] t o patent organisms they have never actually produced . Broadly worded patent rights (as in the case of cott on or soybean), or the taking out of a large number of p atents effectively 14[suppress] competition through th e threat o f infringement suits . 15[on]a global scale thi s allows patent holders to exert 16[control] on the prod uction of a variety of agricultural commodities leadin g to unprecedented competitive advantage. The enormit y of this possibility has ledto”biocolonial”concerns in t he developing world. Utility patents also18[prohibit] farmers from the comm on practice of saving and using seeds from previous cr ops or from 19[breeding] animals, as well as restrictin g research exemptions. This could create a barrier to fu rther innovation . Most nations have in place a researc h exemption analogous to the fair use doctrine in copyr ight law. 8、Shyness is the cause of much unhappiness for a grea t many people. Shy people are anxious and self-conscio us; that is, they are excessively concerned with their o wn appearance and actions. Worrisome thoughts are co nstantly occurring in their minds: what kind of impressi on am I making? Do they like me? Do I sound stupid ? Am I wearing unattractive clothes? It is obvious tha t such uncomfortable feelings must affect people. A pe rson's self-concept is reflected in the way he or she beh aves, and the way a person behaves affects other peopl e's reactions. In general, the way people think about the mselves has a profound effect on all areas of their lives . Shy people, having low self-esteem, are likely to b e passive and easily influenced by others. They need re assurance that they are doing "the right thing." Shy peo ple are very sensitive to criticism; they feel it confirm s their feelings of inferiority. They also find it difficul t to be pleased by compliments because they believe th ey are unworthy of praise .A shy person may respond t o a compliment with a statement like this one, "You're j ust saying that to make me feel good. I know it's not tru e." It is clear that while self-awareness is a healthy qual ity, overdoing it is harmful. Can shyness be completel y eliminated, or at least reduced? Fortunately, people c an overcome shyness with determined and patient effor ts in building self-confidence. Since shyness goes (14)h and in hand with a lack of self-esteem, it is important f or people to accept their weaknesses as well as strengt hs. For example ,most people would like to be “A” stu dents in every subject .It is not fair for them to label the mselves inferior because they have in difficulty in som e areas.people’s expectations o f themselves must be re alistic .Living on the impossible leads to a sense of ina dequacy. Each one of us is a unique, worthwhile indivi dual, interested in our own personal ways. The better w e understand ourselves, the easier it becomes to live u p to our full potential. Let's not allow shyness to bloc k our chances for a rich and fulfilling life.