语法(六)

非谓语动词

非谓语动词指的是在句子中起名词、形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。◎非谓语动词包括不定式（to do）、动名词（doing）、分词（doing, done）

◎非谓语动词的特点：

①非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能单独作谓语。

②非谓语动词保留动词的部分特征：a.可以有自己的宾语：to learn English

b. 可以用状语来修饰：to learn English well

知识要点：

一、不定式与动名词做主语：

1、动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。

__Reading in the sun is bad for eyes.

__To learn English well is not difficult. = It is not difficult to learn English well.

2、常用不定式做主语的句型有：

① It + be + 形容词+ for sb. to do sth. “对某人来说做某事怎么样。”

e.g. It is easy for him to carry this heavy box.

（常见形容词: easy, hard, difficult , important, necessary, impossible等。)

②It + be + 形容词+ of sb. to do sth. =sb. be + 形容词+ to do sth. “某人做某事，太怎么样了”（此

句型用来表达说话人向sb.的行为表示感谢、赞扬、满意或不满意等。）

e.g. It is very kind of you to tell me that. = Y ou are kind to tell me that.

（常见形容词:clever, kind, impolite, careless等。)

3、常用动名词做主语的句型有：

①It’s no good / use / fun doing sth.

e.g. It’s no use talking about it now.

I don’t think it’s very good writing to him.

②It’s worth (while) doing sth.

二、不定式、动名词、分词做表语：

1、不定式做表语，主语通常是表示意图、劝告之类的名词，如wish、idea等。不定式一般紧跟在系动词如: be, seem, remain, appear等后面, 用来说明主语的内容。

e.g. My purpose is to teach them a lesson.

What I want to do is (to )tell you the truth.

( 如果主语中含有do的任何形式, 那么不定式可以省去to. )

2、动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释，这时主语与表语位置可互换，动名词常用于口语中。

e.g. Its full-time job is laying eggs.

3、分词做表语:

①现在分词作表语：常表示主动或主语的性质和特征, “令人……”的, 主语多数情况是sth.

②过去分词作表语：常表示被动或说明主语情感心理上的感受, “感到……的”,主语多数是sb. （常用词有interesting / interested; excited / exciting; amazed / amazing等。）

e.g. I have an interesting dog.

The news made us very excited.

◎现在分词做表语表示主语的性质与特征；进行时表示正在进行的动作。

e.g. The task of this class is practising the idioms. （现在分词做表语）

With the help of the teacher, the students are practising the idioms. （现在进行时）

◎过去分词作表语表示主语所处的被动状态或完成某动作的状态。而被动语态表示主语所承受的动作。

e.g. The village is surrounded by high mountains.（过去分词做表语）

The enemy was surrounded by the Red Army.（被动语态）

三、不定式与动名词做宾语：

1、下列动词跟不定式做宾语：

常用动词：begin, learn, try, continue, promise, agree, decide, want, wish, hope, expect, ask, decide, happen, refuse, fail, afford, agree等。

e.g. I want to have some drinks.

I can afford to buy a new house.

2、下列动词或动词短语后用动名词做宾语：

常见动词：enjoy, finish, miss, mind, practice, keep, imagine, risk, suggest, prefer, consider等。

常见短语：be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t help (忍不住), prevent…(from), keep…from, stop…(from), protect…from…, make contributions to, look forward to, object to (反对) 等。

e.g. The book is worth reading.

Everyone should make a contribution to protecting our environment.

3、某些动词后既可接动名词,也可接不定式：

常见动词: begin/start, continue; love, like, hate, prefer, need, want, forget, remember, mean, try, go on, stop, be used to

①. begin/start 三种情况下,一般接不定式做宾语：①主语是sth.; ②本身用于进行时; ③做宾语的动词表示情感、思想或意念时(如:like, love, understand, realize, understand, know, etc.)

②love, like, hate, prefer, 如表示经常性的动作, 用动名词作宾语；如表示特定或具体的动作,多接不定式。

e.g. I like ___playing____ (play) chess during my spare time.

I like ___to play____ (play) at chess with the chess master now.

③need, want 带不定式表示主动语态，带动名词表示被动语态。

e.g. He wants __to repair___ (repair) the bike for me.

The bike needs/wants/ requires __repairing___ (repair).

④forget, remember带不定式表示“记得/忘记要做某事”，带动名词表示“记得/忘记做过某事”。

e.g. The light in the office is still on. I forgot __to turn__ (turn) it of

f.

I’ll never forget __seeing__ (see) the musical comedy in New Y ork.

⑤mean, try, go on, stop, be used to：mean to do sth.打算做某事；mean doing sth 意味着；try to do 中的try是“努力做…，努力于…”，try to do意思是“设法…，试行…”，try doing 中分try是“尝试，试行，试用”，try doing意识是试着去做某事，

e.g. I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。

Doing that means wasting time. 那样做意味着浪费时间。

I try to learn Spanish.

I tried opening the back door but it was locked, too.

区别有两处：

（1）try to do指试着要做，而try doing是想知道结果而尝试着做做看。

try to do 和try one's best to do 的意思一样，为尽力做某事，但并不一定成功了。try doing 意为尝试着做某事，并取得成功。

e.g. What do you mean ___to do___ (do ) with it?

Missing the train means ____waiting____ (wait) for another two hours.

He paused and went on ___explaining___ (explain) the text to us.

Go on ___to do____ (do) the other exercise after you have finished this one.

Wood is used to ___make____ (make) paper.

He is used to ____getting___ (get) up early.

⑥不定式和疑问词连用作宾语。例如：what to do; when to do; how to do; why to do; where to do;

which to do等。

e.g. Do you know how to get to the zoo?

Let’s ask him when to go to the cinema.

四、不定式与分词在句中做宾语补足语：

1、以下动词后跟不定式做宾语补足语：

①动词/动词词组+宾语+to不定式

常见动词：want, wish, ask, tell, beg, allow, help, invite, encourage, would like, wait for等。

e.g. They are waiting for the school bus to come.

I want you to come to my home this weekend.

②动词+宾语+不带to的不定式:

常用动词：feel (一感) ; hear, listen to (二听); make, let, have (三让); see, watch, look at (四看) ; help (半帮助,可带to或不带to) etc. 但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to.

e.g. I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road.

2、下列动词后的复合宾语用分词做宾补：see, watch, find, hear, feel, make, get, start, have, keep,等。用现在分词还是用过去分词做宾补，要看分词与宾语的关系。

e.g. We heard him __singing__ (sing) the song when we came in.

We have heard the song __sung___ (sing) in Japanese.

五、非谓语动词做定语：

1、不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词或代词的后面。

e.g. He had no house to live in but a lot of work to do.

Our monitor is the first one to arrive.

◎如果不定式是个词组，保持词组的完整；如果被修饰的是表示地点和工具的名词，则作定语的不定式要加上相应的介词。

e.g. At that time they had no room to live in.

2、动名词与现在分词做定语的区别：

动名词做定语说明所修饰名词的用途；现在分词做定语，表示所修饰名词进行的动作。

e.g. a sleeping car 卧铺车厢（动名词，a car for sleeping）

the changing world 变化中的世界（现在分词）

3、现在分词与过去分词做定语的区别：

过去分词做定语表示完成或被动的动作，现在分词做定语表示主动或进行的动作。

e.g. a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping

a broken glass = a glass which is broken

六、不定式做状语：不定式做状语，只表示目的、结果或原因：

e.g. He hurried home only to find his money stolen.（结果状语）

To make himself heard, he raised his voice.（目的状语）

All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. (原因状语)

七、常考的含非谓语动词的短语、句型：

（1）特许疑问句+ 不定式：We don’t know what to do / how to do it / where to go.

（2）It’s + adj. + 不定式：It’s very nice of you to tell me the way.

（3）find / think + it + adj. + 不定式

（4）Would you like to do…? / Would (Will) you please do…?

（5）prefer doing to doing / prefer to do rather than do

（6）have + sth + done / have + sb + do

Exercises: 09年各地中考真题

( ) 1. Don’t let him ______ out alone at night. He is young and will be frightened.

A. go

B. goes

C. to go

D. going

( ) 2. The girl was often heard ______ happily in her room.

A. sing

B. to sing

C. singing

D. sings

( ) 3. Please don’t forget ______ the room while I am away in Beijing.

A. clean

B. to clean

C. cleaned

D. cleaning

( ) 4. ---Do you know Neil Armstrong?

---Y es. He is the first man ______ on the moon.

A. walk

B. walks

C. to walk

D. walked

( ) 5. ---______more about tomorrow’s weather, call 121.

---OK. I will. Thank you.

A. Know

B. Knowing

C. To know

D. Known

( ) 6. ---Hi, Tom! Can you tell me when ______ for London?

---Y es, tomorrow morning.

A. leaving

B. leaves

C. to leave

D. are you leaving

( ) 7. In order to win the first place in the contest, he practiced ______ the English song, but he found it difficult ______ the lyrics.

A. to sing; to remember

B. to sing; remembering

C. singing; to remember

D. singing; remembering

( ) 8. ---How about ______ in the river with us?

---Sorry, I can’t. My parents often tell me ______ that.

A. swim; don’t do

B. swim; to do

C. swimming; not do

D. swimming; not to do ( ) 9. ---Do you think ______ is good for you?

---I think so.

A. read

B. reads

C. reading

( ) 10. ---Would you mind ______ soccer ball here?

---Sorry. We’ll go and play on the playground.

A. playing

B. not playing

C. not to play

D. not play

精题精练：

( ) 1. More and more young people are trying to do something ______ the old.

A. served

B. to serve

C. serve

D. serves

( ) 2. Don’t forget to ______ “Thank you!” when someone opens the door for you.

A. tell

B. say

C. speak

D. talk

( ) 3. It’s a good habit ______ a walk after dinner.

A. to come

B. to be

C. to take

D. to go

( ) 4. We saw a UFO ______ on the square in my dream.

A. to drop

B. land

C. wear

D. to fly

( ) 5. The teacher asked Ben ______ a difficult question in class.

A. answer

B. answering

C. to answer

D. answered

( ) 6. ---Why did you buy a radio?

---______ English.

A. Learn

B. Learning

C. To learn

D. Be learning ( ) 7. A mobile phone of this type costs too much. Y ou’d better ______.

A. wait

B. waiting

C. waited

D. to wait

( ) 8. ---May I listen to the music here, Mr. White?

---Sorry, you’d better ______ it like that.

A. not to do

B. not do

C. don’t do

D. not do to

( ) 9. Why not ______ your teacher for help when you can’t finish ______ it by yourself?

A. ask; write

B. to ask; writing

C. ask; writing

D. asking; write ( ) 10. If people ______ cutting down the forest, they will have nowhere ______.

A. keep; to live in

B. will keep; to live in

C. keep; to live

D. will keep; to live ( ) 11. ---I saw Ann ______ a green dress at the school meeting.

---I think she looks better ______ red.

A. dressed; in

B. put on; wear

C. wearing; in

D. wear; put on ( ) 12. She couldn’t ______ her words ______ by the students.

A. get; understanding

B. get; understood

C. make; to understand

D. make; understand ( ) 13. ---I can’t decide ______.

---Y ou mean the purple sweater or the blue one?

A. how to go there

B. who to go with

C. where to visit

D. which to choose ( ) 14. When we practice speaking English, we often end up ______ in Chinese.

A. to speak

B. speaking

C. spoken

D. speak

( ) 15. Doctors tell people ______ their hands often and to stay at home if they feel ill.

A. to wash

B. washes

C. wash

D. washing

( ) 16. Y ou’d better ______ too much time playing computer games.

A. don’t spend

B. not to spend

C. to not spend

D. not spend ( ) 17. ---Shall we stay at home watching TV tonight?

---No, I’d like ______ and see a movie.

A. to go

B. go

C. went

D. going

( ) 18. ---Have you seen the TV play My Ugly Mother?

---Y es, it’s well worth ______. It’s ______ moving that I’ve seen it twice.

A. seeing; too

B. to see; enough

C. seeing; so

D. to see; such ( ) 19. ---I’m very tired these days because of studying for physics.

---Why not ______ music. It can make you ______.

A. listen to; relaxed

B. to listen to; to relax

C. listening to; relax

D. listened to; relax ( ) 20. Stop ______ a noise in the library. The students are reading books.

A. make

B. to make

C. makes

D. making

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在电影院左转，然后直走，它就在左边 library post，office hospital ，cinema ，bookstore ，next to ， turn right ，turn left ，go straight ，then ， Unit 3 what are you going to do? What are you going to do on the weekend?周末你准备去哪儿？ I’m going to visit my grandparents this weekend. 这个周末我要去看望我祖父母。Where are you going this afternoon?今天下午你去哪儿？ I’m going to the bookstore. 我要去书店。 What are you going to buy? 你要去买什么？ I am going to buy a comic book..我要去买一本漫画书。 next week ，this morning ，this afternoon ，this evening ，comic book ，newspaper，buy post card 第二部分：语法知识 一.名词：名词单复数，名词的格 （一）名词单复数 1．一般情况，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 2．以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches 3．以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries 4．以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives 5．不规则名词复数： man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 不可数名词的复数就是原型：paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea

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小学六年级上册英语语法 What 事件 when 事件 where地点 who谁 why为什么 how怎样 wh疑问词和陈述句是降调。E--a连 at前后都连读。 单数is复数are，is跟着他她它。 一般情况下加ing：do-doing sing-singing study-studying comfort-comforting 以不发音的e、ue结尾的动词去e加ing：dance-dancing like- liking write-writing make-making take-taking 以重读闭音节尾的动词且末尾只有一个辅音字母。最后一个字母不是x的动词应双写最后的字母，再加ing：run-running cut-cutting swim-swimming 以ue结尾的动词应变ie为y加ing:die-dying lie-lying 以ic结尾的动词应加king：picnic-picnicing traffic-trafficing 人称变化 人称代词

二、物主代词 形容词性物主代词(my/your/his/her/its/our/their)+名词 而名词性物主代词(mine/yours/his/hers/its/ours/theirs则相单于形容词性物主代词+名词,故其后不必加名词。如： Is this your book? No,，it isn’t，it’s hers(her book)

Jim’s ，Tom’s，Maria’s 代词练习 一、选出括号中正确的词，在正确的词上打勾。 1. This is（my√ / I）mother. 2. Nice to meet （your√ / you）. 3. （He / His√）name is Mark. 4. What’s（she / her）name? 5. Excuse（me√ / my / I）. 6. Are（your√ / you）Miss Li? 7. （I√/ My）am Ben. 8. （She √/ Her）is my sister. 9. Fine , thank （your / you√）. 10. How old is （he / his√） 二、用所给代词的正确形式填空。 1. These are __his____ ( he ) brothers. 2. That is ___her____( she ) sister. 3. Lily is ___luly’s____ ( Lucy ) sister.

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译林六年级上册英语语法汇总 6A Unit 1 The king's new clothes . Grammer: 1.概念 在过去某个时间里发生的动作或存在的状态：过去习惯性或经常性的动作、行为。 2.时间状语 ago,yesterday,the day before yesterday,last week(year,night,month…),in 1989,just now,long long ago,once upon a time. 3.肯定句 主语+行为动词（过去式）+其他。 例如：I was born in 1998. 我在1998年出生。 My grandfather died last year.我（外）祖父去年去世了。 4.否定句: 主语+didn’t+行为动词（原形）+其他。 例如：He didn’t do his homework yesterday. 他昨天没有做他的家庭作业。 I didn’t know you were here. 我不知道你在这儿。 6.一般疑问句 Did+主语+行为动词（原形）+其他？ 肯定回答：Yes,主语+did. 否定回答：No,主语+didn’t. 例如：---Did you go to the zoo last week? 你上周去动物园了吗？

---Yes,I did. 是的，我去了。 7.动词过去式的规则变化和一些不规则变化 构成方法: 1) 一般在动词词尾直接加-ed. help-helped,clean-cleaned, visit-visited, show-showed, walk-walked, look-looked, shout-shouted, point-pointed 2) 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，在词尾直接加-d. live-lived,move-moved, like-liked, 3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，变y为i,再加-ed. study-studied,cry-cried 4) 以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，先双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-ed. plan-planned,stop-stopped 不规则变化（特殊记忆）: am/is-was, are-were, go-went, meet-met, see-saw, do-did, get-got, read-read 6A Unit 2 What a day! 语法点： 1.表示天气的形容词warm cool hot cool sunny windy cloudy rainy snowy 2. 形容词的用法： 3.形容词可以修饰名词，一般放在名词的前面。 如：It’s a sunny morning .是一个晴朗的上午。 4.形容词用于系动词（be,get,look）的后面，用来说明主语的特征。 如：It was rainy yesterday.昨天是个下雨天。 5.形容词可以和副词连用，由于副词的强调作用，所表达的意思更深一层 如：The jacket is too small for me .这件夹克衫对我来说太小了。

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背诵下面语法知识 一、名词单数变复数的变化规则： 1.一般情况直接加s 2.以s，x, sh, ch结尾的加es 3.以o结尾的，表示“有生命”的事物加es potato-------potatoes 土豆tomato------tomatoes 西红柿 4.以o结尾的，表示“无生命”的事物加s zoo------zoos 动物园photo------photos 照片 5.以辅音字母+y结尾的，先变y为i再加es； 6..以f或fe结尾的名词，把f或fe变为v再加es. 7.特殊变化的复数： man------men 男人woman------women 女人child------children 孩子（们）mouse------mice 老鼠foot-------feet 脚tooth------teeth 牙齿 二、现在分词（动词ing）的变化规则 1、一般情况下直接加ing， 2、以一个不发音的e结尾的，先去e再加ing， take-----taking 拍（照）, make-----making 制造，制作 3、重读闭音节词，先双写最后一个字母再加ing， run------running 跑, swim------swimming, 游泳 skip-----skipping 跳绳 三、动词的第三人称单数的变化规则

1、一般情况直接加s, 2、以s, sh, ch, o 等字母结尾的加es， wash------washes 洗go------goes 去 3、以辅音字母加y结尾的,先把y改为i，再加es， 4、特殊变化：have-----has 有，吃 四、动词的过去式 1.一般情况直接加ed， 2.以不发音e结尾的只加d， 3.以辅音字母加y结尾的，变y为i再加ed, 4.重读闭音节词，先双写最后一个辅音字母，再加ed， 5.特殊变化 go---went is---was are---were have---had take---took eat---ate read---read cut---cut put---put do---did come---came feel----felt learn---learnt speak---spoke teach---taught say---said run---ran swim---swam stand---stood sing--- sang write---wrote can---could see---saw bring---brought 五、形容词比较级和最高级的变化规则 1. 一般情况下在词尾加er或est； 2. 以不发音字母e结尾的，只加r 或st； 3. 重读闭音节词，先双写最后一个字母，再加er或est； 4. 以辅音字母＋y结尾的，先把y改为i，再加er 或est；

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