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基本电路理论-英文版

基本电路理论-英文版
基本电路理论-英文版

一、Basic Definitions

Electron: an indivisible particle of negative charge. The amount of charge is measured in coulombs (C). The magnitude of the charge associated with an electron is 1.602x10-l9 C.

Current: charge in motion (electrons). Current is measured in units of amperes, or more simply amp.

Voltage: an electric potential difference that causes electron flow. It is also called electromotive force (EMF). An analogy often used to describe current and voltage is water in a pipe. Current is analogous to the flow of water, while voltage is analogous to the pressure.

Conductor: a material that allows a continuous current to pass through it under the action of a fixed voltage. An example of a good conductor is copper or aluminum which is used in homes and offices for all electrical connections.

Insulator: the opposite of a conductor, it does not allow a continuous current to pass though it under the action of a fixed voltage. An example of an insulator is the plastic on electrical cords. Using our water analogy, a conductor can be envisioned as the region inside a pipe, while an insulator can be envisioned as the actual material of the pipe which contains the water flow.

Switch: used to control the flow of electrons, or current as it is commonly called. Ideally, a switch turns on or off instantly, and has no voltage across it while it is conducting. In our water analogy, an ideal switch would cut the flow immediately, from completely on to completely off in an instant.

Common Passive Circuit Elements

All circuit elements can be separated into two groups: active and passive. The electrical definition is very similar to the common definition: active circuit elements are capable of delivering power, while passive elements are capable of receiving, and possibly storing, power. In our water analogy, a pump would be an active element. A narrow section of pipe that restricts the flow, a tank, and a water wheel would all be examples of passive elements.

Resistors: circuit elements that literally "resist" current flow. Voltage is higher on the end of the resistor that sees the current first. Figure 1 shows two schematic representations of a resistor. In our water analogy, a resistor would be a narrow section of pipe that restricts the flow.

Figure 1. Schematic representations of a resistor

The on-resistance (R DS(on)) of our HEXFET? power MOSFETs is usually one of two parameters critical to the designer. The other is breakdown voltage (V(BR)DSS) or how much voltage the device can block when it is off. On-resistance is merely the resistance from drain to source of the power MOSFET in the "on" state. In the "off" state, the resistance is extremely high, but instead of R DS(off), we measure it as leakage current, or I DSS.

Capacitors: circuit elements that store electrons. In many instances, they are used as a rechargeable battery, providing a stable voltage reference far from the input power point. They have many different uses in electrical circuits in addition to simply storing electrons. There are many different types of capacitors, including aluminum electrolytic, tantalum electrolytic, ceramic disk, mica, polycarbonate, polypropylene, and polystyrene.

Two important considerations in the selection of capacitors are equivalent series inductance (ESL), and equivalent series resistance (ESR). Ideally, these two parameters should be as close to zero as possible, especially as frequency increases. The capacitors above are mentioned approximately in order of decreasing ESL and ESR. Aluminum electrolytic capacitors have extremely high capacitive values, but also high ESL and ESR. This makes them good for dc applications, such as the capacitors on the output of a bridge rectifier, to provide the dc supply to the rest of the circuit. Polypropylene and polystyrene capacitors have very low capacitive values, but also extremely low ESR and ESL values making them good for extremely high frequency applications.

Stray capacitance exists in all circuits to some extent. While usually to ground, it can occur between any two points with different potentials. All semiconductor devices have capacitance between their external terminals, and are specified on the data sheets. Figure 2 shows several different schematic representations of capacitors. In our water analogy, a capacitor would be a tank storing water for later use.

Figure 2.Schematic Representations of Capacitors

Stray capacitance is also responsible for electro-static discharge (ESD). ESD is responsible for the shock you receive in the winter after walking across a carpeted room and touching the doorknob. ESD is particularly dangerous to MOS-gated semiconductors. The amount of static required to cause damage is so small, that a person can damage a device without knowing it. This is why anyone who handles MOS-gated semiconductors must follow strict ESD prevention procedures. Following proper procedures is essential as devices can be damaged, reducing their lifetime, with no perceivable effects at the time of damage.

Figure 3. Schematic representations of inductors

Inductors: circuit elements that resist change. If, after a period of current flow, an attempt is made to interrupt the current flow, the inductor will continue to force current. Figure 3 shows the schematic representations of two different inductors. In our water analogy, an inductor would be a water wheel - it is difficult to start spinning, but once it is spinning, it is difficult to stop.

Figure 4.Toroidal Inductor

Inductors are typically manufactured by winding wire in a toroidal (donut) shape shown in Figure 4. If the inductor is wound around a non-ferromagnetic material such as plastic, ceramic, cardboard, or merely air, the inductance per unit volume is considerably less than if the inductor is wound on a ferromagnetic core. The upper inductor in Figure 4 depicts an air-cored inductor, while the lower inductor depicts a ferromagnetic cored inductor. Ferromagnetic refers to magnetic materials, whose characteristics greatly vary.

Figure 5. B-H Characteristics for a Magnetic Material.

Figure 5 shows the B-H characteristics for a ferromagnetic material where B is the magnetic flux density, and H is the magnetic field. Operation follows the line, in the direction indicated by the arrow. Although the explanation of this figure is beyond the scope of this module, some important concepts can be observed without a thorough understanding of the plot. During operation, the operating point slides along the curve in

the direction of the arrows. If the positive magnetic flux density (B) is not offset by an equal negative magnetic flux density, the operation curve will slowly creep up, until the material saturates (magnetic flux density (B) is at a maximum and cannot further increase).

At saturation the inductance drops to the value of an equivalent air-cored inductor, and the current through it is merely limited by the core's internal resistance which is usually quite low. This is seen at the top of the above curve where the lines flatten, and further increases in flux density (B) are not allowed. Saturation can be caused by one of two mechanisms. First, if the magnetic material is underdesigned, and the flux generated by the current in the winding is greater than the core can handle, the material will saturate. In the above figure, this would place the operating point at the top of the B-H curve.

The second method applies if the magnetic material is not allowed to reset between consecutive pulses. Sufficient time between pulses is necessary to allow the energy stored in the magnetic element to go to zero, or reset. If the design does not allow this to occur, the flux in the magnetic element will build up, or staircase, with each consecutive pulse until the device saturates. This results in a large current which usually destroys the semiconductors in its path. This phenomenon also affects transformers which are merely special cases of the inductor.

Figure 6. Schematic Representation of a Transformer

The final circuit element is the transformer. Figure 6 shows the schematic representation of a transformer. A transformer could be thought of as a ferromagnetic-cored inductor with two or more sets of wires wound on it. Saturation is also a problem in transformers. Thus transformers and inductors are sometimes lumped together and simply called magnetics.

Transformers are most commonly used for one of two purposes. The first is isolation, which is typically needed between two sections of a system which have different ground levels. The second is to change voltage levels. A familiar example is the large ac adapter wall plug supplied with most portable equipment for home use. The adaptor box contains

a transformer which steps the voltage down from the line voltage, usually to around 12V, which is then further conditioned by two diodes, and finally supplied to the equipment.

Leakage inductance is a critical parameter for transformers, generators, and motors. Leakage inductance is the difference between the self-inductance and the mutual inductance of the primary and secondary windings. Its value is typically quite small, but very important in determining the characteristics and operation of the circuit. It is of particular interest as the switching device may be asked to dissipate the energy stored in the leakage inductance. The leakage inductance contributes to a turn-off voltage spike seen by the switching device. If the energy and/or voltage is sufficient, a snubber may need to be added to the circuit to protect the switching device from damage due to this spike. IR specifies the amount of energy HEXFET? power MOSFETs can dissipate in this mode and are tested as shown in Figure 7, the unclamped inductive test circuit.

Figure 7. Unclamped Inductive Test Circuit

Basic Electrical Definitions

Power is defined as current multiplied by voltage:

P=V* I

where P is the power measured in watts (W) (also joules per second), V is the steady state voltage measured in volts (V), and I is the steady state current measured in amps (A).

Energy is defined as current multiplied by voltage, multiplied by time:

E=I*V*T

where "E" is the energy measured in joules (also watt-seconds), "V" is the instantaneous voltage measured in volts, "i" is the instantaneous current measured in amps, and "T" is the time period measured in seconds.

To calculate power, given energy and frequency, multiply energy by the frequency. For example, if an IGBT has a total switching energy loss of 1.4mJ under a given set of operating conditions, and is operated at 20kHz, the total power loss due to switching will be 28W.

E (1.4mJ) * f (20kHz) = P (28W)

二、ac versus dc

Direct current (dc) has a constant magnitude. In contrast, alternating current (ac) has a magnitude dependent on time. it follows a sinusoidal waveform, shown below. ac is generated by moving a copper winding through a magnetic field. This causes a voltage to be developed on the winding. Generators in the United States operate at 60Hz, but many places in the world, 50Hz is the standard. Hz is the abbreviation for Hertz, which is the unit of measure for frequency. Frequency is only defined for regular waveforms that repeat indefinitely. Frequency is how many times per second the same position on the waveform occurs. Thus, in the figure below, sixty peaks will pass in one second if the frequency is 60Hz. T is the period, while 1/T is the frequency.

Figure 8. 60Hz Sine Wave.

Nearly all current starts off as ac, which is generated through an electromechanical process, and is then converted to dc. It is difficult to generate dc directly, as it requires either a dynamo or a chemical reaction such as the one within in a solar cell which converts sunlight into dc voltage. In applications where dc is present, there is usually a nearby ac source. For example, in your automobile the battery that drives the lights, all the

electronics, and all the motors are typically 12 volts dc. This battery is charged by the alternator which is basically a small generator driven by the engine. A three-phase diode bridge is responsible for converting the ac output of the alternator to be compatible with the dc battery.

The last important concept is the role of frequency on magnetics. It is beyond the scope of this training module to explain why, but as the operating frequency of a circuit increases, the physical size of the magnetics (remember this means both inductors and transformers) shrinks. This is one of the reasons designers are constantly increasing the frequency of their designs. In the power supply world, one of the benchmarks of a design is how many watts per cubic inch the power supply delivers. One way to substantially increase this number is by moving to higher frequency, and hence, physically smaller magnetic components. The tradeoff of higher frequency operation is increased switching losses in the semiconductor devices, whether it be a diode, IGBT, or power MOSFET.

电路分析基础课程教学大纲

《电路分析基础B》课程教学大纲(56+0学时) 一、课程基本情况 二.课程性质与任务 《电路分析基础》是电类专业的一门重要的学科基础课。本课程的主要任务是研究电路的基本定理、定律、基本分析方法及应用。本课程的目标是使学生通过对本课程的学习,理解电路分析的基本概念,掌握其分析方法、定理和定律并能灵活应用于电路分析中,使学生在分析问题和解决问题的能力上得到培养和提高,为后续课程的学习奠定坚实的理论基础。 课程思政部分要求:在教学过程中融入爱国教育、社会责任、人生领悟、民族自信、感恩等多种育人要素,倡导科学研究中的科学精神、创新精神和工匠精神,实现教师和学生的知识、情感及价值等方面的共鸣。 三. 课程主要教学内容及学时分配

四.课程教学基本内容和基本要求 第一章基础知识( 5学时) [知识点]:电路分析基本变量(电流、电压和功率)的概念;线性电阻元件和独立源的定义及伏安关系;基尔霍夫电流定律和基尔霍夫电压定律;受控源。 [重点] 电流、电压、功率及参考方向的概念,电路的两类约束关系(元件约束和拓扑约束) [难点] 电流、电压真实方向与参考方向关系、关联非关联参考下功率计算及功率正负含义,受控源电路分析 [基本要求] 1、理解电路分析基本变量(电流、电压和功率)的概念;2、掌握线性电阻元件和独立源的定义及伏安关系;3、熟练掌握基尔霍夫电流定律和基尔霍夫电压定律;4、理解受控源的概念。 [实践与练习] 课后作业布置建议: 习题:1-1、1-2、1-3 、1-5、1-6、1-12、1-9、1-13、1-17 、1-30、1-31。 课程思政映射点:由电压、电流单位以物理学家伏特和安培名字命名,以及基尔霍夫21岁提出基尔霍夫定律,引导学生敬畏科学家、崇尚科学精神。 第二章等效变换分析法( 5学时) [知识点]:单口网络等效条件;实际电源的两种电路模型及其等效变换;无源和含源单口网络的等效化简;T~π等效变换。 [重点]:单口网络的等效条件,单口网络的等效化简方法;

电路分析基础作业参考解答

电路分析基础作业参考 解答 Company number:【0089WT-8898YT-W8CCB-BUUT-202108】

《电路分析基础》作业参考解答 第一章(P26-31) 1-5 试求题1-5图中各电路中电压源、电流源及电阻的功率(须说明是吸收还是发出)。 (a )解:标注电压如图(a )所示。 由KVL 有 故电压源的功率为 W P 302151-=?-=(发出) 电流源的功率为 W U P 105222=?=?=(吸收) 电阻的功率为 W P 20452523=?=?=(吸收) (b )解:标注电流如图(b )所示。 由欧姆定律及KCL 有 A I 35 152==,A I I 123221=-=-= 故电压源的功率为 W I P 151151511-=?-=?-=(发出) 电流源的功率为 W P 302152-=?-=(发出) 电阻的功率为 W I P 459535522 23=?=?=?=(吸收) 1-8 试求题1-8图中各电路的电压U ,并分别讨论其功率平衡。

(b )解:标注电流如图(b )所示。 由KCL 有 故 由于电流源的功率为 电阻的功率为 外电路的功率为 且 所以电路的功率是平衡的,及电路发出的功率之和等于吸收功率之和。 1-10 电路如题1-10图所示,试求: (1)图(a )中,1i 与ab u ; 解:如下图(a )所示。 因为 所以 1-19 试求题1-19图所示电路中控制量1I 及电压0U 。 解:如图题1-19图所示。 由KVL 及KCL 有 整理得 解得mA A I 510531=?=-,V U 150=。 补充题: 1. 如图1所示电路,已知图1 解:由题得 I 3 2=0

第1章-电路基本概念与基本定律

第1章 电路的基本概念与基本定律 一、填空题: 1. 下图所示电路中,元件消耗功率200W P ,U=20V,则电流I 为 10 A 。 + U 2. 如果把一个24伏的电源正极作为零参考电位点,负极的电位是_-24___V 。 3.下图电路中,U = 2 V ,I = 1A 3 A ,P 2V = 2W 3 W , P 1A = 2 W ,P 3Ω = 4 W 3 W ,其中 电流源 (填电流源或电压源)在发出功率, 电压源 (填电流源或电压源)在吸收功率。 U 4. 下图所示中,电流源两端的电压U= -6 V ,电压源是在 发出功率 5.下图所示电路中,电流I = 5 A ,电阻R = 10 Ω。 B C

6.下图所示电路U=___-35 ________V。 7.下图所示电路,I=__2 __A,电流源发出功率为_ 78 ___ W,电压源吸收功率20 W。 8. 20.下图所示电路中,根据KVL、KCL可得U=2 V,I1=1 A,I2=4 A ;电流源的功率为6 W;是吸收还是发出功率发出。2V电压源的功率为 8 W,是吸收还是发出功率吸收。 V 4 9.下图所示的电路中,I2= 3 A,U AB= 13 V。 10.电路某元件上U = -11 V,I = -2 A,且U 、I取非关联参考方向,则其吸收的功率是22 W。 11. 下图所示的电路中,I1= 3 A,I2= 3 A,U AB= 4 V。

12.下图所示的电路中,I= 1 A ;电压源和电流源中,属于负载的是 电压源 。 8V 13. 下图所示的电路中,I= -3A ;电压源和电流源中,属于电源的是电流源 。 8V 14.下图所示的电路,a 图中U AB 与I 之间的关系表达式为 155AB U I =+ ;b 图中U AB 与I 之间的关系表达式为 510 AB U I =- 。 5Ω Ω I I A B B A 10V a 图 b 图 15. 下图所示的电路中,1、2、3分别表示三个元件,则U = 4V ;1、2、3这三个元件中,属于电源的是 2 ,其输出功率为 24W 。

电路理论基础课后答案解析(哈工大陈希有)第11章

题11.1 根据定义求 和的象函数。 解: (1) (2) 题11.2 设 求的象函数。 解: 由拉氏变换的微分、线性和积分性质得: 题11.3 设 (t 为纯数)。分别求对应象函数、、,验证卷积定理。 解: 设 , 则 与的卷积为 )()(t t t f ε=)(e )(t t t f at ε-=2020 001e 1e 1e e )()(- s s dt s s t dt t t s F st st st st =-=+-==∞-∞-∞-∞ -- - - ??ε 20)(20 )(00) (1e )(1e 1e e )(e )(-ααααεααα+=+-=+++-==∞ +-∞+-∞-∞-----??s s dt s s t dt t t s F t s t s st st t ξ ξετd f c t bf t t f a t f f t A t f t t )()(d )(d )(,0)0(),()e 1()(01 11 21/1?-++==-=--)(2t f )(2s F ) /1(//1)(1 τττ+=+-=s s A s A s A s F ) /1(/ )()()/(]/)([)()]0()([)(2 2 111112τ τ+++=++=++-=-s s A c bs as s F s c b as s s F c s bF f s sF a s F )()()(,e 2)(,e 5)(2 15221t f t f t f t f t f t t *===--)(1s F )(2s F )(s F 25)}({)(1 1+==s t f s F L 5 2 )}({)(2 2+==s t f L s F ) 5)(2(10 )()(2 1++=s s s F s F )(1t f )(2t f

(完整版)教学大纲-电子科技大学教务处

《电子技术基础实验Ⅰ》课程教学大纲 课程英文名称:Fundadamentals of Electronic Technology Lab Ⅰ 课程代码:E0200710 学时数:20 学分数:1 课程类型:实验课程 适用学科专业:电子类专业 先修课程:电路分析 执笔者:崔红玲编写日期:2013-11-15 审核人: 一、课程简介 本课程是电子信息工程、通信工程等电子类专业的一门重要实验课程,以“电路分析基础”作为背景知识,在服务于理论课程的同时,注重引导学生建立工程上的感性认识,认识常用的电子元器件,学会使用常用的电子测量仪器,学会简单的电子测量方法,能够设计搭建简单的单元电路。 一、Introduction This course is an important experiment course in electronic and communication engineering. Based on the “Basic Theories of Circuit Analysis”, this course not only serves for the theory courses, but also aims at helping students have a perceptual cognition on electronic engineering projects. Students in this course will be able to know about basic electronic components, use electronic measurement devices, handle simple electronic measurement methods, and design and build the basic circuit unit. 二、课程目标 引导学生建立工程上的感性认识,增强培养学生实践动手能力。通过设计单元电路引导 学生学会应用理论知识,通过预设的问题和实验中遇到的小故障,引导学生学会独立思考, 培养学学生独立分析问题、解决问题的能力。 二、Goals The course will guide the students to have a perceptual cognition on electronic engineering -on ability. Student will be able to apply the electronic theory and thus improve the students’ hands practically by designing the circuit unit. Also, They will have the ability to think independently by solving the problems and faults in the experiments. These teaching activities will enhance

《电路理论基础》(第三版 陈希有)习题答案第一章

答案1.1 解:图示电路电流的参考方向是从a 指向b 。当时间t <2s 时电流从a 流向b,与参考方向相同,电流为正值;当t >2s 时电流从b 流向a ,与参考方向相反,电流为负值。所以电流i 的数学表达式为 2A 2s -3A 2s t i t ? 答案1.2 解:当0=t 时 0(0)(59e )V 4V u =-=-<0 其真实极性与参考方向相反,即b 为高电位端,a 为低电位端; 当∞→t 时 ()(59e )V 5V u -∞∞=-=>0 其真实极性与参考方向相同, 即a 为高电位端,b 为低电位端。 答案1.3 解:(a)元件A 电压和电流为关联参考方向。元件A 消耗的功率为 A A A p u i = 则 A A A 10W 5V 2A p u i === 真实方向与参考方向相同。 (b) 元件B 电压和电流为关联参考方向。元件B 消耗的功率为 B B B p u i = 则 B B B 10W 1A 10V p i u -===- 真实方向与参考方向相反。 (c) 元件C 电压和电流为非关联参考方向。元件C 发出的功率为 C C C p u i = 则 C C C 10W 10V 1A p u i -===-

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电路基本理论课后答案(哈工大版)第10章

答案10.1 解:0t 时,求等效电阻的电路如图(b)所示。 等效电阻 Ω=++-==5)36(4i i i i i u R 时间常数 s 1.0i ==C R τ 0>t 后电路为零输入响应,故电容电压为: V e 6.0e )0()(10/t t C C u t u --+==τ

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