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浅析英语口笔译之异同

浅析英语口笔译之异同
浅析英语口笔译之异同

浅析英语口笔译之异同

所谓翻译,就是把一种语言(可以称之为“原语”)所表达的意思用另一种语言(可以称之为“译语”)传达出来的过程。它是人类在跨越文化、语言、民族的交往活动中所依赖的一种基本交际工具,是使用不同语言的人们互相沟通的纽带和桥梁。正是有了翻译,世界各国人民才能在政治、经济、军事、文化、科技、卫生和教育等各个领域进行相互交流、相互了解、相互学习。而随着当今社会的日益发展,英语作为一种国际语言,在国际交流中扮演着越来越重要的作用。因此,了解英语口笔译特点、翻译标准、翻译过程等方面的异同,可以帮助英语学习者更好地学习和掌握翻译技能,翻译工作者更好地从事翻译工作。

英语翻译有两种形式,即口译和笔译。两者虽然不同,但也有相辅相成的一面。口译又大致分为交替传译和同声传译两种。但不论口译的哪种形式,都是通过口,而不是通过笔和纸将两种不同的言语进行转换来表达同一信息,也就是通过口头表达,译员将英语母语者的英语讲话内容转化成汉语或将汉语母语者所讲的汉语内容转换成英语的语言交际行为。笔译则不同,不论是汉译英还是英译汉,都是通过笔和纸将两种不同的文字进行转换来表达同一信息,也就是译者通过书面形式将英语母语者发出的信息由英语转化成汉语或将汉语母语者发出的信息由汉语转换成英语的语言交际行为。

虽然英语口译和笔译的表达形式不同,但目的都是一样的。就是在理解的基础上,把英语讲话人的意思用汉语尽可能准确无误地传达出来,反之亦然,而不能用译者自己的意思来代替对方的意思。

但是,英语口译和笔译各有其特点。首先,口译和笔译的信息接收方式不同。口译是一种集视、听、说、写、读等多方面的综合性行为;相比而言,笔译则主要运用视和写这两方面的技能。其次,英语口笔译的信息处理方式不同。

另外,口译是一种即时性很强的活动,它强调实效性、独立性、现场性、一次性,属于一种“个体劳动”,口译人员往往在毫无准备的情况下就要将听到的信息经过大脑瞬间的理解,再转换成另一种语言,口头表达出来,译员往往承受着更大的压力;而英语笔译则需要译者充分、正确地理解原文,反复推敲翻译出的文字,在必要时还可以借助工具书,查阅大量资料,反复思考与斟酌,甚至进行集体讨论,最后形成文字,用书面表达出来,与口译所要求的即时性完全相反。比如,当一个译员听到一个英语母语者说出“Rome was not built in one day.”这句英语谚语时,他的瞬间反应可能会是直译这句话的表层意思“罗马不是一日建成的”。而当一个笔译工作者看到这句话时,他却可以通过反复思考与推敲,找到与该英语谚语真正想表达的相对的汉语表达方式,即“伟业非一日之就”或“只要功夫深,铁杵磨成针”或“冰冻三尺,非一日之寒”。

而且,英语口笔译的信息表达方式不同。口译的翻译形式是用语言表达,这就要求译员在翻译时注意英语的语句结构,英语词汇的使用和语音语调、节奏等方面的问题;而根据笔译的特点,译者要注意译文句型的完整和精确,语言的优雅和信息表达的准确性。

如果说翻译的过程是正确理解原文和创造性地用另一种语言再现原文的过程,那么英语口笔译的翻译过程也不同。英语口译的基本过程是输入———理解、转换———输出;而英语笔译的基本过程是理解———书面表达———反复校对。在口译过程中,译员只有通过听或看来接收信息,用最短的时间将信息理解后转换成另外一种语言,并用流畅的语言将接收到的信息表达出来;而在笔译过程中,译者通过对文章深入透彻的理解,再利用工具书和大量资料的帮助,将原文用书面形式表达出来,最后进行反复校对,直到译文的文字优美,内容忠实于原文。同样一句话“I couldn’t agree with you more”,如果是没有经验的译员可能会把这句话译成“我不能更多地同意你”,而笔译者可以经过查阅,发现这句话本身属于习惯表达,意为“我完全同意你”,更显译文的地道和用词的准确性。

再者,英语口笔译的标准也不尽相同。衡量口译优劣的基本标准是迅速、准确和流利,而笔译的衡量标准则是忠实与通顺。准确,是英语口译的灵魂,它要求译员应准确地用英语或汉语将一方的信息传达给另一方,从而达到双方交流的目的;流利,就是译员要迅速、流畅地将所获取的信息传达出来。而英语笔译的忠实与通顺同翻译家严复提出的“信、达、雅”大体上是一脉相承的,它要求译文必须符合原意并通顺流畅。比如,当口译员现场听到联合国序言“Wethe peoples of the United Nations determined to save succeedinggenerations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetimehas brought untold sorrowto mankind…”时,除非该译员是在联合国工作多年,对联合国各项条例和规章制度都了如指掌的资深专业译员,否则不可能将其像笔译译稿一样翻译为“我

联合国人民同兹决心欲免后世再遭近代人类两度身历惨不堪言之战祸……”(Net.)因为口译员根本不可能在当场听到如此言简意赅又意义深刻的英文原文时,还有充足的时间去思考如何将中文译文说得像笔译译稿一样也精确到字斟句酌,没有一个字、一个标点的多余。所以用笔译的衡量标准去衡量口译质量的好坏是行不通的。

笔者作为一个初涉英语口笔译领域的新手,在英语口笔译实践中有着自己切身的体会。笔者曾参加了2012 年“中国- 挪威精神卫生法宣传培训”大会同传和交传翻译工作。尽管会前笔者做了大量的案头工作,尽力去了解和精神卫生相关的术语以及背景资料,但几天的准备显然不可能十全十美。在第一天的全体大会的交传任务中,挪威方专家在演讲时提到“somatic disease”,这让不十分清楚病情分类又在事前不知道“somatic”是什么意思的笔者顿时慌了手脚,顺势译为“某类疾病”,却没有将其正确的含义“身体疾病”当场译出。虽然这种口译没有给与会代表们造成误解,但确实是令我影响深刻的一次误译。

另外,笔者也参与了美国9 年级原版生物书引进(英译中)的笔译任务。由于对生物学科的专业知识钻研不够,在翻译海洋生物群落部分中层带海域时,由于不了解海洋生物的习性及扑食习惯,笔者对一些大型鱼类“…or swim downto the ocean depths to feed on carcasses”的翻译原为“……或下游至深海以尸体为食”,后经反复斟酌,发现将译文中的“尸体”译为“动植物残骸”更符合语境和实际情况,如此使得读者更容易理解海洋生物群落的生物特性。

综上所述,不论是从理论还是从笔者的口笔译翻译实践看,英语口笔译在其特点、翻译标准、翻译过程等方面均存在异同性。因此,笔者认为,要想成为一个优秀翻译工作者,不论是口译工作者还是笔译工作者,都必须具备扎实的双语语言功底以及丰富的译文背景知识。在培养英语口译方面技能时,要着重夯实对英语基本句型的掌握,大量了解英汉双语中成语、习语、风俗习惯等习惯表达方式。同时,要加强英汉双语的语音、语调、吐词清晰等方面的训练,锻炼公共演讲的技能,注重逻辑思维的培养,提高快捷思维的转换能力,不断增强记忆力,强化一次性听解技能。尤其是英语专业的学生,在学习专业知识的同时,还要开阔视野,多多了解时事、政治、经济、人文、科技、民俗知识以及生活常识等等,同时还要培养责任心,忠诚、稳重的人品和大方的举止。而在培养和提高笔译方面的技能时,除了上述各方面,更多的是对语言表达的精准性要求更高,因为要把一门语言转换为另一门语言,不仅需要精通原文,也需要译者有很好的驾驭母语文字的能力,要做到这样,笔译工作者就更多地需要大量涉猎文学名著,熏陶语言文化素质,提高自身的文学鉴赏力和对双语文字的驾驭能力,这样才能在笔译中做到既忠实于原文又能用优美、流畅的文字将原文的信息准确无误地表达出来。

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