英语2010级英语词汇学练习题(生)

Exercises of English Lexicology:A Coursebook

I.Multiple Choices.(1’×10=10’)

Choose the right answer in each of the following sentences and write on Answer Sheet.There is only one right answer in each question.

1.is the study of the whole history of words.

A.Lexicology

B.Etymology

C.Phonology

D.Morphology

2.are words like pronouns,prepositions,demonstrative,determiners,conjunctions, auxiliary verbs,and son on.

A.Grammatical words

B.Derivational words

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f5224608.html,mon words

D.Structural words

3.Which is a bound morpheme in following choices?

A.child

B.pot

C.dom

D.bug

4.Which is a free morpheme in following choices?

A.ceive

B.mit

C.em

D.cat

5.refers to the kind of meaning a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.

A.Conceptual meaning

B.Social meaning

C.Connotative meaning

D.Reflected meaning

6.refers to the situation in which a word has two or more different meanings.

A.Polysemy

B.Homonymy

C.Inflection

D.Derivation

7.The three words right,rite and write are spelt differently but pronounced the same.We call they are.

A.polysemy

B.homograph

C.homophone

D.polygraph

8.English belongs to in its development.

A.Italic

B.Germanic

C.Europe

D.North India

9.English language began from.

A.43AD

B.410AD

C.450AD

D.10th century

10.in English are all suffixes that occur at the very end of a word.

A.Inflections

B.Derivations

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f5224608.html,pounds

D.Clippings

11.A(n)does not have a head,and its meaning cannot be literally guessed from its constituent parts.

A.endocentric compound

B.exocentric compound

C.copulative compound

D.appositional compound

12.refers to the process of combining parts of two words to form a third word which contains some of the meaning of each part.

A.Conversion

B.Shortening

C.Blending

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f5224608.html,pounding

13.Which one is not right in following clippings?

A.deli from deliciousness

B.flu from influenza

C.plan from aeroplane

D.cause from because

14.refers to the notion of inclusion whereby we can say that‘an X is a kind of Y’.

A.Meronymy

B.Hyponymy

C.Synonym

D.Antonymy

15.refers to the relationship of oppositeness of meaning between words.

A.Meronymy

B.Hyponymy

C.Synonym

D.Antonymy

16.can be seen as a phenomenon of human cognition.

A.Meronymy

B.Hyponymy

C.Metaphor

D.Analory

17.express in few words a truth which relates to everyday experience.

A.Proverbs

B.Idioms

C.Collocations

D.Phrases

18.A dialect that is associated with a particular social group can be termed a.

A.jargon

B.taboo

C.slang

D.sociolect

19.is often defined as the language peculiar to a trade,profession,or other group.

A.Jargon

B.Taboo

C.Slang

D.Sociolect

20.Which type does not belong to meaning shifts?

A.broadening

B.narrowing

C.amelioration

D.projection

II.Filling the Blanks.(1’×10=10’)

Fill the following blanks according to the knowledge of lexicology.Write the answers on Answer Sheet. 1.In traditional grammar,eight parts of speech are distinguished in English:noun,pronoun,adjective,verb, adverb,preposition,conjunction,and interjection.

2.Words can also be classified into lexical words and grammatical words.

3.Morphemes can be classified into bound morphemes and free morphemes.

4.Morphemes may also be classified into derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes.

5.Leech(1981)distinguishes seven types of meaning in language:conceptual meaning,connotative meaning, social meaning,affective meaning,reflected meaning,collocative meaning,and thematic meaning.

6.Three types of affixes are prefix,suffix and infix.

7.Other types of affixes are inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.

8.The four historical periods of English are Old English period,Middle English period,Early Modern English period,Modern English period.

9.The differences between American English and British English are in vocabulary,spelling and pronunciation.

10.According to constituent elements,compounds can be divided into four major types.They are noun compounds,verb compounds,adjective compounds and pronoun compounds.

11.There are four major kinds of conversion:from noun to verb,from verb to noun,from adjective to noun and from adjective to verb.

12.According to Jackson and Amvela(2000),synonymy is of two types:strict synonymy and loose synonymy.

13.According to Jackson and Amvela(2000),idioms have two major features:ambiguity,and syntactic peculiarities.

14.Jackson and Amvela(2000)classify multiword verbs into phrasal verbs,prepositional verbs,and phrasal-prepositional verbs.

15.Since most words have more than one meaning,the definitions are usually grouped together in some order. There are three kinds of order:historical order;frequency-determined order and logical order.

16.Based on media,dictionaries can be classified into electronic dictionaries and print dictionaries.

17.Learner’s dictionaries are designed to serve the needs of learners whose native language is not English but who are at the intermediate or the advanced stage of language learning.

18.Children’s dictionaries are intended for children who are native speakers.

19.The Oxford English Dictionary is the greatest of all unabridged English dictionaries.

20.Metaphor is often considered as a variation in the expression of meanings.

III.True or False Questions.(1’×10=10’)

Judge the following statements and mark T for right one and F or wrong one.Write the answers on Answer Sheet.

()1.Semantics is defined as the study of meaning.

()2.Word is used traditionally to refer to a sequence of letters bounded by time.

()3.Generally speaking,lexical words are nouns,verbs,adjectives,and adverbs.

()4.The relationship of reference holds between an expression and what that expression stands for on particular occasions of its utterance.

()5.Social meaning refers to the kind of meaning a piece of language conveys about the natural

circumstances of its use.

()6.Affective meaning can be used to cover the attitudinal and emotional factors expressed in a word. ()7.A base consisting of a single morpheme is labeled as root.

()https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f5224608.html,tin is not only the first major contributor of loanwords to English,but also one of the most important sources for the coinage of new English words.

()9.Inflection refers to a general grammatical process which combines words and affixes to produce alternative grammatical forms of words.

()10.Affixation is the process whereby an affix is attached to a base.

()11.Class-changing derivational affixes change the part of speech of the word to which they are added.

()12.Class-maintaining derivational affixes change the meaning of the derivative.

()https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f5224608.html,pounds are stems consisting of more than one root.

()14.An endocentric compound consists of a head and its modifier.

()15.An exocentric compound does not have a head,and its meaning cannot be literally guessed from its constituent parts.

()16.Blending often results in the creation of new morphemes or in the addition of old meanings to new ones.

()17.When two words are pronounced like individual words,they are acronyms.

()18.Once a metaphor becomes accepted,speakers tend to view the metaphorical meaning as separate from its peripheral meaning.

()19.Analogy can be seen as a phenomenon of human cognition.

()20.In English,multiword verbs are units in which the main verb occurs with one or two particles. ()21.Proverbs are short well-known statements that give practical advice about life.

()22.Word choice is one of the most obvious linguistic features among registers.

()23.Breaking a taboo may not result in embarrassment,shame,rudeness and even legal penalties. ()24.The most prominent characteristic of a jargon is its specialized vocabulary.

()25.Metaphor is a type of figurative usage.

()26.Collocation cannot affect the meaning of words.

()27.Affective meaning refers to the part of the word-meaning which indicates the attitude of the user. ()28.Slang is often defined as the language peculiar to a trade,profession,or other group.

()29.Jargon is the use of informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker’s dialect or language.

()30.Ameliorations refer to the development of more favorable meaning for words.

IV.Matching.(1’×20=20’)

Match the following words,idioms or proverbs with the Chinese and write the answers on Answer Sheet.

A.Borrowings Matching.(1’×10=10’)

(1)nosher n.吃快餐的人；吃小吃的人

(2)digress vi.离题，(谈话或写作中)暂时离开主题

(3)imitate vt.模仿，仿效；仿造，仿制

(4)peninsula n.半岛

(5)vexillology n.旗帜学

(6)allegory n.寓言

(7)dilemma n.困境；进退两难

(8)democracy n.民主，民主主义；民主政治

(9)anthology n.（诗、文、曲、画等的）选集

(10)zoology n.动物学；动物区系

(11)boulevard n.林荫大道

(12)amethyst n.紫水晶

(13)ruby n.红宝石

(14)duke n.公爵

(15)solo n.独奏；独唱；独奏曲

(16)kimono n.和服

(17)chow mein n.（中国的）炒面

(18)dim sum n.（中国的）点心

(19)bazaar n.集市；市场；义卖市场

(20)hallelujah n.赞美上帝的颂歌

B.Idioms or Proverbs Matching.(1’×10=10’)

(1)to be born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth出生在富贵人家

(2)A bad beginning makes a bad ending.不善始者不善终。

(3)A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.一鸟在手胜过双鸟在林。

(4)the apple of one’s eye掌上明珠

(5)to cross swords with someone与某人去交锋

(6)A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。

(7)All good things come to an end.天下没有不散的筵席。

(8)A new broom sweeps clean.新官上任三把火。

(9)A fox may grow gray but never good.江山易改，本性难移。

(10)A bad thing never dies.坏事遗臭万年。

(11)A word spoken is past recalling.一言既出，驷马难追。

(12)Great minds think alike.英雄所见略同。

(13)Harm set,harm get.害人害己。

(14)He who does not advance loses ground.逆水行舟，不进则退。

(15)Every dog has his day.凡人皆有得意日。

(16)Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.情人眼里出西施。

(17)It is the unforeseen that always happens.天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。

(18)Keep good men company and you shall be of the number.近朱者赤，近墨者黑。

(19)Justice has long arms.天网恢恢，疏而不漏。

(20)Man proposes,God disposes.谋事在人，成事在天。

V.Words Formation with Roots and Affixes.(1’×20=20’)

Choose suitable root or affix to form a word and write the answers(whole words and their Chinese)on Answer Sheet.

1.in-,im-,un-,–able,-ible

consumable,comprehensible,exchangeable,permissible,impossible, avoidable,susceptible,unreliable,ommissible,impotable, unsuitable,unutterable,unverifiable,unwarrantable,importable.

2.–ant,-ent

absorbent,assistant,different,participant,emergent, recurrent,agent,descedant,emigrant,inhatitant, servant,instant,brilliant,distant,confident.

3.–ar,-er,-or

constructor,liar,beggar,editor,developer, scholar,similar,circular,ambassador,conqueror, governor,tutor,inspector,tailor,listener.

4.–ary,-ery,-ory

elementary,stationery,brewery,mockery,adversary,

library,contemporary,functionary,lapidary,secretary,

bakery,gallery,dormitory,factory,laboratory.

VI.Explanation of Terms.(2’×5=10’)

Explain the following terms with the knowledge of lexicology and write the answers on Answer Sheet.

1.Lexicology:Lexicology is the study of the vocabulary or lexicon of a given language.

2.Morphology:Morphology is the study of the forms of words and their components.

3.Word:Word refers to an intermediate structure smaller than a whole phrase and yet generally larger than a single sound segment.

4.Morphemes:Morphemes are the ultimate grammatical constituents,the smallest meaningful units of language.

5.Phonemes:Phonemes are the smallest working units of sound per se,and they build up into morphemes.

6.Morph:Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph.It is a physical form representing some morphemes in a language.

7.Allomorphs:Morphs which are different representations of the same morpheme are referred to as allomorphs of that morpheme.

8.Sense:Sense is a relationship between the words or expressions of a single language,independently of the relationship,if any,which holds between those words or expressions and their referents.

9.Connotative meaning:Connotative meaning is the communicative value of an expression by virtue of what it refers to,over and above its purely conceptual content.

10.Social meaning:Social meaning refers to the kind of meaning a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.

11.Stem:The word to which affixes are added and which carries the basic meaning of the resulting complex word is known as the stem.

12.Root:A stem consisting of a single morpheme is labeled as root.

13.Base:A base is a lexical item to which affixes of any kind can be added.

14.Polysemy:Polysemy refers to the situation in which a word has two or more different meanings.

15.‘New Englishes’refers to new varieties of the language that have become localized not only through the influence of the other languages of the regions where they are used,but also through being adapted to the life and culture of their speakers.

16.Borrowing:Borrowing is the process of imitating a word from foreign language and,at least partly, adapting in sound or grammar to the native language.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f5224608.html,pound:A compound is a lexical item in which two roots combine to make one unit.

18.Conversion:Conversion is a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any change in form.

19.Clipping:Clipping is the process by which a word of usually three or more syllables is shortened without a change in meaning or function.

20.Backformation:Backformation is the making of a new word from an older word which is mistakenly assumed to be its derivative.

VII.Short Answer Questions.(5’×2=10’)

Answer the following questions with the knowledge of lexicology and write the answers on Answer Sheet.

1.Generally speaking,what are the focuses of semantics?

A:Generally speaking,semantics focuses on:

1)the meaning of words;

2)the meaning of utterances in context;

3)the meaning of sentences;

4)meaning relations between sentences;

5)meaning relations that are internal to the vocabulary of a language.

2.What are the features of morphemes?

A:Features of morphemes:

1)A morpheme may be a complete word.E.g.the,fierce,desk,eat,boot,at,fee,mosquito cannot be divided up into smaller units that are meaningful themselves.

2)A morpheme may also be a word form such as an affix.e.g.–able,in-,-hood.

3)A morpheme may be a combining form.e.g.bio-,geo,pre-.

3.What are the four historical periods of English and their time periods?

A:the four historical periods of English:

1)The language from450to1066is known as Old English.

2)From1066to1500the language is known as Middle English.

3)The language from1500to1800is considered the Early Modern English period.

4)The language since1800is called Modern English.

4.What are the differences between American English and British English?

A:the differences between American English and British English:

1)The differences of vocabulary are the most striking;

2)American spelling and British are also a bit different;

3)The differences between American and British pronunciation are perhaps the most pervasive of all. 5.What are basically three ways of extending the word stock?

A:three ways of extending the word stock:

1)borrowing words that already exist in other languages;

2)creating entirely new words;

3)forming new words from existing resources within the word stock.

VIII.Essay Question.(10’×1=10’)

Answer the following question with the knowledge of lexicology and examples.Write the answer on Answer Sheet.

1.Please explain the classification of euphemisms.

A:According to Wikipedia(2008),many euphemisms fall into one or more of the following categories:

(1)Terms of foreign and/or technical origin.e.g.derrière,copulation,perspire,urinate,security breach, prophylactic,feces occur,sheisst.

(2)Abbreviations.e.g.SOB for son of a bitch,BS for bullshit,TS for tough shit,PDQ for pretty damned quick.

(3)Abstractions and ambiguities.e.g.it for excrement,the situation for pregnancy,going to the other side for death,tired and emotional for drunkenness.

(4)Indirections.e.g.unmentionables,privates,live together,go to the bathroom,sleep together, sub-navel activities.

(5)Mispronunciaton.e.g.goldarnit,dadgummit.

(6)Litotes or reserved understatement.e.g.not exactly thin for fat,not completely truthful for lied,not unlike cheating for an instance of cheating.

(7)Changing nouns to modifiers.e.g.makes her look slutty for is a slut,right-wing element for Right Wing.

(8)Slang.e.g.pot for marijuana,laid for sex.

2.What are the major features of a word?

A:Major features of word:

(1)A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we make voluntarily with our vocal equipment.In English,when linguistic symbolize these sounds in writing,they use a special phonemic alphabet that has a different symbol for each phoneme.For example:/?/(the vowel in black,mat,bang),/?/(the first sound in shirt and the last in fish).

(2)A word is symbolic and is used to stand for something else.In each language,sounds are used to represent objects,happenings,or ideas.There is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or idea and the actual thing or idea itself.It is only a symbolic connection,and the word for a bull might just as reasonably be lub or ulb if we all agreed that it should be.

(3)The word is an uninterruptible unit.When elements are added to a word to modify its meaning,they never interrupt the internal stability of the word.For example,the prefix im-and the suffix–able may be added to the words possible and drink and give impossible and drinkable respectively.

(4)A word has to do with its social function.It helps human beings interact culturally with one another—which is another way of saying‘communicate’.Words do much more than promote the exchange of information and ideas.

(5)A word may consist of one or more morphemes.When it consists of one morpheme only,it cannot be broken down into smaller meaningful units,e.g.dog,hand,man,out,work.

(6)Words are part of the large communication system we call language.To know a word,we are to recognize its sound in the stream of speech,the accumulated experiences with which the sound is associated, and its function in a sentence or utterance as it works grammatically with other words.

(7)A word occurs typically in the structure of phrases.It the typical way,morphemes are used to build words,words to build phrases,phrases to build clauses,and to build sentences.

3.Explain the four historical periods of English and the characteristics of each period.

A:The four historical periods of English and the characteristics of each period:

1)Old English Period(450-1066).Characteristics of this period:

(1)The Anglo-Saxon preference for expressions that are synonymous,far exceeds that found in Modern English,as does their ingenuity in the construction of compounds.

(2)The absence of a wide-ranging vocabulary of loanwords also forces them to rely more on word-formation processes based on native elements.

(3)The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number of‘loan translations’.

(4)Grammatical relationships in Old English were expressed mainly by the use of inflectional endings.

(5)Old English is believed to contain about24,000different lexical items.

2)The Middle English Period(1066-1500).Characteristics of this period:

(1)The changes of this period affected English both in its grammar and its vocabulary.

(2)Inflections were greatly reduced in Middle English.

(3)The inflectional endings was due partly to phonetic changes and partly to the operation of analogy.

(4)Middle English is particularly characterized by intensive and extensive borrowing from other languages.

3)Early Modern English Period(1500-1800).Characteristics of this period:

(1)The printing press helped to standardize the spelling of English in its modern stages.

(2)Throughout the modern period,written English has been quite uniform.

(3)In the sixteenth century,scholars began seriously to talk about their language,making observations on grammar vocabulary,the writing system and style.

(4)Adjectives lost all endings except for in the comparative and superlative forms.

4)The Modern English Period(1800-present).Characteristics of this period:

(1)Modern English is as the unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary.

(2)The assertion of American English is as a dominant variety of the language.

(3)The emergence of other varieties known as‘New Englishes’.

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