唐静 新东方
翻译是需要强大的基本功的。复习考研翻译的过程也是提高英语各项能力的过程。今天我们讨论两点：
第一点，做！翻译
强调的是“做”，做！翻译≠看！翻译，大家在买参考书目的时候总是喜欢买带有中文译文的参考书目，其实译文不一定对我们的复习有好处，甚至还会影响我们的理解。所谓看翻译就是拿到句子，看一两眼，觉得没有生词了，感觉看懂了，然后就看答案，觉得答案的意思就是自己所理解的，顿时就觉得自己会翻译了，但是这种感觉明显是一种幻觉。做翻译，拿到一句话，应该动手写，写的前提是没有任何外界帮助下，在考试的环境下做翻译。下面我们看一个例子：Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed, and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in recent events in Europe.(2005年46题)这句话显然是考研的一个长难句，首先就是要看生词，只有convey 这个单词比较难，是传递的意思，应该难不倒大家。然后看意思，先看前半句，Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed,根据以前做翻译的方法，如果找单词，首先television电视，很多学生就被means难住了，后面by which是一个定语从句，不难理解，于是，很多考生翻译为：电视是一种方式，通过这种方式，这些感情被创造和传递。我们看这句话的汉字是有问题的，我们在英语中看被动句子时，一般尽量不要在翻译的时候带“被”字，我们可以改一改：电视是一种方式，通过这种方式，创造和传递
这些感情。其实还可以改一改，明白定语从句翻译的人应该明白，可以修饰一下电视，可以改一改刚刚的翻译：电视是一种创造和传递这些感情的方式。但是这句话依然有问题，感情不是创造出来的，可以改一改：电视是一种激发和传递这些感情的方式。如果你能做到这一步，说明你的翻译水平已经很不错了。那是感情还是感受呢？很显然感受比较合适：电视是一种激发和传递这些感受的方式。通过这一步一步的修改，如果你自己不动手写，你是不能体会到这种微妙的变化的，只有自己动手写，才能体验这种变化。看后半句，and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in recent events in Europe. 我们先看每一个单词，很多单词都有不止一个意思，那用哪一个意思更合适呢？只有通过写汉字，自己去体会，才能确定选用哪一个意思。我们这样字对字的翻译就是“也许从来没有以前”，但是听着还是不对，我们稍微变一下，就是（1）“也许以前从来没有”，这样就基本正确了，has it这里有一个倒装，是因为never前置。It代词的指代。Serve有服务的意思，但是电视服务也不合适，只能是起作用，so much是如此多，但是电视起作用如此多不合适，改一改（2）电视器如此大的作用。Peoples 加了复数，是民族的意思，这些都是基本功的问题，即（3）联系不同民族和国家，后面，（4）像在最近的欧洲事件中。有了这四个点，接下来就是连接成句的困难，怎么才能构成通顺的完整句。如果像以前一样读完英语就去看答案，觉得看懂了，其实你自己根本不会做翻译，现在连成句：在联系不同民族和国家方面，电视也许以前从来没有，象在最近欧洲
事件中，起如此大的作用。（电视的作用之大，前所未有），可见做翻译和看翻译有很大的区别，如果自己不动手做，就不会知道做翻译的难度，只看翻译起不到太大的作用。
第二点，怎么做？
处于考研复习的基础阶段，可以把考研阅读中的长难句拿出来翻译，这里选一句考研翻译的句子来看。首先不要看每个单词是不是认识。
第一步：看结构，译主干。
第二步，找关系，加修饰。
He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. (2008年47题)
这句话更有难度，大家可以先自己动手写一些汉字，看自己会怎么翻译。大家在翻译期间可以感受一下你首先做什么，其次做什么，最后做什么，方法对不对。拿到一个长难句，首先应该做的是看结构，译主干。拿到句子不要先看单词认不认识，而是先要看连接词，引导词，看句子的大结构。怎么去看呢？先把主句从句分析出来。英语语法非常严谨，逻辑非常明确。That引导的是一个宾语从句，你可以用红色标注起来，这是一个大结构，后面for which大的定语从句，后面that又是一个宾语从句。就应该这样做，首先看出大主干，好，看完结构了，下一步就是译主干。我们把刚刚看到的主句和从句里面
的核心主干找出来，“他也断言”第一个主干出来了，that引导的宾语从句，就是his power，was, limited,我们就可以翻译他的能力是有限的，后面，for which reason因为这个原因，他感觉确信，再看后面的that从句，他从来，决定没有成功过。所以这就是句子的主干。如果你能做到这一步，就说明你理解了这个句子。最艰难的部分，follow这个词的翻译，主干出来了就是加修饰。To follow不定式做定语修饰能力，his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited。Follow的核心宾语是thought，这样翻译是：他跟随思维的能力非常有限。但是汉语中很少说跟随思维，can you follow me?是你能理解我吗？那么这里follow就是理解的意思，所以翻译成，他理解思维的能力非常有限，然后再加long是修饰思维的，所以我们再加，就是：他理解冗长的思维的能力非常有限。再接着加，就是abstract,他理解冗长而抽象的思维的能力非常有限。而purely 是修饰抽象的，所以就是：他理解冗长而纯粹抽象的思维的能力非常有限。但是我们不说纯粹抽象，说非常，极度抽象。所以改为：他理解冗长而极度抽象的思维的能力非常有限。再看train这个词，火车是一节节，所以我们把它看成是数量关系，一系列的思维，然后翻译为：他理解一系列冗长而极度抽象的思维的能力非常有限。修饰加到这个样子就可以了，回想一下，从第一步找关系，翻译成他的能力有限。到找修饰的各个过程，最后的翻译，整个过程都我们找关系找出来的，如果英语功底足够好，一定要通过找关系，把句子分析出来。所以同学们一定要做翻译。
所以我们总结翻译自学四原则：
第一点要先做，自己模考的过程；第二点是改，自我修改，不要先看译文。可以查词典，可以翻翻语法工具书，分析英语句子的关系，可以提升自己的语法能力，改这个过程才是真正能够提升大家英语基本功的过程；第三步就是对答案，看看参考译文和自己的翻译是否相同，看看参考答案的修饰关系是怎么安排的。第四步就是记，记忆这句话中的核心单词，动词和主干上的名词，词组。不懂的一定要查一下，确定短语的意思；重新看一下句子之间的关系。如果能记住这些修饰关系，明年的翻译就没有问题了。如果这个过程全部弄懂了，那么阅读理解也就不会是问题了。
希望大家一定要坚持，持之以恒，每天多做一点翻译，大家会成功的。
2009年考研阅读翻译
2009年Text1 Habits are a funny thing.We reach for them mindlessly,setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.“Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,”William Wordsworth said in the19th century. In the ever-changing21st century,even the word“habit”carries a negative connotation. 习惯是件有趣的事情。我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。“这并非选择，而是习惯控制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时说的话。在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。 So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits,we create parallel paths,and even entirely new brain cells,that can jump our trains of thought onto new,innovative tracks. 因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。 Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit,we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits.In fact,the more new things we try——the more we step outside our comfort zone——the more inherently creative we become,both in the workplace and in our personal lives. 我们不要把自己看成是一成不变的习惯动物，相反，我们可以通过有意识的培养新的习惯来引导自身的改变。事实上，我们对新事物尝试得越多——就会越远地走出自己的舒适地带——我们在工作场所及个人生活中就会变得越有创造性， But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits;once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain,they’re there to stay.Instead,the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. 但是，不必费心试图摈弃各种旧习惯；一旦这些程序惯例融进大脑，它们就会留在那里。相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路径能避开原来那些老路。 “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,”says Dawna Markova,author of The Open Mind.“But we are taught instead to‘decide,’just as our president calls himself‘the Decider.’”She adds,however,that“to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”
新东方考研英语翻译技巧_附丁雪明完型讲义
第一章 考研翻译基础知识 一翻译的定义 二翻译的标准和翻译的方法 三翻译的基本过程 四考研翻译的核心解题策略 第二章翻译技巧：词法翻译法 一词义选择和词义引申 二词性转换 三增词法 四省略法 第三章翻译技巧：句法翻译法 一名词性从句的翻译 二定语从句的翻译 三状语从句的翻译 四被动结构的翻译 第一讲翻译的定义 翻译是一门语言的艺术，是语言之间的转换，是在准确理解的基础上用一种语言来忠实的表达另外一种语言。 考研翻译简介 （一）考研翻译考查内容和形式 根据全国硕士研究生统一考试英语考试大纲规定，考研翻译“主要考查考生准确理解内容或结构复杂的英语材料的能力。要求考生阅读一篇约400词的文章，并将其中5个划线部分（约150词）译成汉语，要求译文准确、完整、通顺。考生在答题卡2上作答。”以2007年考研翻译题为例，考生在试卷上阅读的是一篇完整的文章，翻译的是5个划线部分。如： （二）考研翻译的评分标准 根据大纲规定，考研翻译的评分标准如下： 5个小题，每题2分，共10分。 ·如果句子译文明显扭曲原文意义，该句得分最多不超过0.5分。 ·如果考生就一个题目提供了两个或两个以上的译法，若均正确，给分；如果其中一个译法有错，按错误译法评分。 ·中文错别字不个别扣分，按整篇累计扣分。在不影响意思的前提下，满三个错别字扣0.5分，无0.25扣分。 （三）考研翻译今年考题特点和内容 根据对大纲和最近十几年来考研翻译已经考过的真题的分析，我们发现考研翻译具有如下明显的特点。 首先，考研翻译的短文内容大多是涉及当前人们普遍关注的社会生活、政治、经济、历史、文化、哲学、心理和科普方面的题材。其体裁基本上是议论文。如： 1990年：人的性格和行为分析 1991年：能源与农业
考研阅读逐句译第篇
唐静考研阅读逐句译 2000年第1篇第1句A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. 单词：effort努力；dreadful可怕的；handicap障碍；proper 适当的。结构：A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, （第一个并列句）//but, if properly handled,（条件状语） //it may become a driving force（第二个并列句）译文：长时间不费吹灰之力就可以获得成功，这样的经验可能会成为一种可怕的障碍，但是，如果处理得当，就会成为一个积极的推动力。 唐静考研阅读逐句译 2000年第1篇第2句 When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. 单词：glow 发光；competitor 竞争者，compete 竞争；parallel 平行的，相似；unparalleled 无比的，无双的，无匹的；scale 规模。结构：When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War,（时间状语从句）// it had a market eight times larger than any competitor,（主句） //giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale.（ing分词短语在句子末尾一般表示结果）译文：二战结束之后，美国恰好进入了这样的一个辉煌时期时，它拥有的市场比任何竞争者大八倍，这使其工业的经济规模举世无双。 后记：5月5日，新浪微博上一个叫Lavanda的同学译文不错：这给它的工业带来的规模经济效益举世无比。 唐静考研阅读逐句译 2000年第1篇第4句 America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. 单词：prosperous 繁荣的；destroy 破坏。结构：America and Americans were prosperous （主句）//beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians （介词短语做状语）//whose economies the war had destroyed.（定语从句）译文：美国及其人民之富裕，远非欧亚人民所能够想象，而后者的经济受到了战争的破坏。 唐静考研阅读逐句译 2000年第1篇第5句 It was inevitable that this
经典英文电影台词~(新东方老师的翻译~)
㈠《Shawshank Redemption肖申克的救赎》 1.You know some birds are not meant to be caged, their feathers are just too bright. 你知道，有些鸟儿是注定不会被关在牢笼里的，它们的每一片羽毛都闪耀着自由的光辉。 2.There is something inside ,that they can't get to , that they can't touch. That's yours. 那是一种内在的东西, 他们到达不了,也无法触及的,那是你的。 3.Hope is a good thing and maybe the best of things. And no good thing ever dies. 希望是一个好东西,也许是最好的,好东西是不会消亡的。 ㈡《Forrest Gump 阿甘正传》 1.Life was like a box of chocolates, you never know what you're gonna get. 生命就像一盒巧克力，结果往往出人意料。 2.Stupid is as stupid does. 蠢人做蠢事(傻人有傻福)。 3.Miracles happen every day. 奇迹每天都在发生。 4.Jenny and I was like peas and carrots. 我和珍妮形影不离。
5.Have you given any thought to your future? 你有没有为将来打算过呢。 6．You just stay away from me please. 求你离开我。 7．If you are ever in trouble, don't try to be brave, just run, just run away. 你若遇上麻烦，不要逞强，你就跑，远远跑开。 8．It made me look like a duck in water. 它让我如鱼得水。 9．Death is just a part of life, something we're all destined to do. 死亡是生命的一部分，是我们注定要做的一件事。 10．I was messed up for a long time. 这些年我一塌糊涂。 11．I don't know if we each have a destiny, or if we're all just floating around accidentally―like on a breeze. 我不懂我们是否有着各自的命运，还是只是到处随风飘荡。 ㈢《The Lion King狮子王》
新东方【唐静】考研英语翻译必备单词
2008年 46) believe, assert, claim, argue, assume, maintain, contend, point out, be convinced that, accept, prove, demonstrate, validate, state, scribe, tell, show, consider, opine, difficulty, difficult, compensate, compensate for, advantage, advantageous, advance, force, strength, power, thus, therefore, hence, enable, detect, detector, error, mistake, false, flaw, shortcoming, reason, reasoned, reasoning, reasonable, observe, observation, observer; 47) follow, pure, purely, abstract, concrete, limit, confine, certain; 48) as well, as well as, found, charge, change, critics, criticize, critical, criticism, while; 49) add, addition, in addition, additional, tradition, traditional, humble, humbly, perhaps, possible, possibly, probable, probably, superior, superior to, super, inferior, inferior to, common, ordinary, banal, notice, attention, escape, carefully, careful, care, take care of; 50) loss, lose (lost), at a loss, take a loss, injurious, injure, injury, intellect, intellectual, intelligence, wisdom, moral, virtue, virtually, virtual, character, characterize, characteristic; 07年 6) legal, law, preserve, conserve, institution, constitution, view, view…as, regard…as, take…as, see…as, special, specialize, specific, especial, especially; peculiar, peculiar t o, particular, particularly, rather than, necessary, essential, essence, critical, significant, significance, equipment, equip, facility;
新东方唐静翻译笔记整理版
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北京新东方国内部唐静《考研英语拆分与组合翻译 法》第四章第二节 1991年翻译题解 说明： 欢迎转载，最好注明出处。 这是早期写这本《拆分与组合翻译法》的稿子，所以，或许其中有些小错，敬请谅解，并指出，我会 在新浪上专门放一篇文章，大家可以对我这本书中的 错误进行讨论。我想用点时间，争取明年新版的时候 把这本书中的内容稍微改一改。 如何使用这个材料，我也在新浪博客上会有说明。 我的博客：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4212363947.html,/tangjing
谢谢你们，祝福各位考研人。 唐静2011年2月16日。 71) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time，and in any case，the oil wells ○1 ○2 will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (34 words) ○3 拆分： ○1句子是and连接的两个并列句，第一个并
列部分主干是the supply of oil can be shut off， ○2第二个并列句部分的主干是the oil wells will all run dry， ○3介词短语作状语。 炼词： 1）shut off有“关上，停止，切断”的意思。 2）unexpectedly有“出乎意料的，想不到的”的意思。 3）in any case有“不管怎样”的意思。注意：跟相关的短语或者习惯用法还有in case of（万一..., 如果发生...）， in good case（健康, 生活富裕），in nine cases out of ten（十之八九），in no case （决不），in that case（如果是那样的话），in the case
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新东方唐静翻译单词
10年 (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. 46.科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。 47. 但我们至少几乎也承认这样一点：不管鸟类是否给我们带来经济上的好处，但鸟类作为生物其固有的权利应该继续存在。 48. 曾几何时，生物学家们有点过度使用这个证据，即这些物种通过杀死体质弱者来保持猎物的正常繁衍或者这些生物捕杀的仅仅是毫无价值的物种。 49. 在欧洲，林业在生态方面更加发达，无商业价值的树种被看作是原生森林群落的一部分，而得到合理的保护。 50. 这一系统易于忽视，因而最终会消除掉这个土地共同体里的许多要素(成员)，虽然这些要素(成员)缺乏商业价值，但这些要素(成员)对这个共同体的健康运行来说是必要的。 09年 (46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. (47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. (48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. (49)Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. (50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. 46. 可以说，任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响 并不是它原来的动机的一部分。 47. 一种制度的副产品，只是逐步被注意到的，而这种效果被视为实施这种制度的一个 指导性因素更加缓慢得多。 48. 在和他们接触的时候，虽然容易忽略我们的行动对他们的倾向的影响，但是也不像 与成年人打交道那么简单。 49. 既然我们的主要任务在于使年轻人参与共同生活，我们禁不住考虑我们是否在形成 获得这种能力的力量。
1990年翻译题解1
北京新东方国内部唐静《考研英语拆分与组合翻译法》第四章第一节 1990年翻译题解 说明： 欢迎转载，最好注明出处。 这是早期写这本《拆分与组合翻译法》的稿子，所以，或许其中有些小错，敬请谅解，并指出，我会在新浪上专门放一篇文章，大家可以对我这本书中的错误进行讨论。我想用点时间，争取明年新版的时候把这本书中的内容稍微改一改。 如何使用这个材料，我也在新浪博客上会有说明。 我的博客：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4212363947.html,/tangjing 谢谢你们，祝福各位考研人。 唐静2011年2月16日。 61) They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain ○1○2○3 behaviors. (13 words) 拆分： ○1整个句子是个复合句，句子的主干是they want to explain， ○2由why引起的宾语从句， ○3and连接两个并列的谓语。 炼词： 1）explain有“解释，说明”的意思。 2）possess有“拥有，具有”等意思。 3）characteristic有“特征”的意思。在本句话中，根据词义选择的翻译技巧，由于这个词是一个复数词，结合前面的certain，所以我们可以翻译成“某些性格特征”。 4）exhibit有“展出，展览；显示，显出”的意思，根据词义选择的翻译技巧，这个动词所带的下文宾语是behavior（行为），结合汉语习惯，我们可以把exhibit翻译成 “表现出（某种行为）”。 组合： ○1主干they want to explain翻译成“他们想要说明”。 ○2why引起的宾语从句why we possess certain characteristics，可以直接翻译成“为什么我们具有某些性格特征”。 ○3宾语从句中的第二个谓语exhibit certain behaviors，可以直接翻译成“表现出某种行为”。
考研英语二真题：翻译(新东方版)
考研英语二真题：翻译（新东方版） LEAD SMARTER Why Bill Gates Reads 50 Books A Year (And How You Can Too!) Billionaire Bill Gates’s ultimate tip for success is to read more; the entrepreneur reads 50+ books a year. Learn how to do the same with one trusty tool. by Saba Khalid | Mar 16 2017 He meets renowned scientists and surgeons on a whim, travels far and wide on his private jet, and attends some of the most important lectures and conferences happening today. Still, Bill Gates considers sitting down with a book his favorite way to learn. A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads—everything from encyclopedias to science fiction novels. He reads so fervently that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy” at the dinner table. That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn’t stopped reading yet—not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet. Nowadays, his reading material has changed from sci-fi and reference books: recently, he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction titles because they explain how the world works. In 2015, he explored topics that ranged from how buildings are constructed to how diseases are eliminated. While we might like to read as much as Gates does every year, our demanding jobs and daily routines make it impossible to follow his example. And when we do manage
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>01 The Language of Music A painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm -- two entirely different movements. Singers and instrumentalists have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner's responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties: the hammers that hit the strings have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear. This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sounds with fanatical but selfless authority. Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century. 01 音乐的语言 画家将已完成的作品挂在墙上，每个人都可以观赏到。作曲家写完了一部作品，得由演奏者将其演奏出来，其他人才能得以欣赏。因为作曲家是如此完全地依赖于职业歌手和职业演奏者，所以职业歌手和职业演奏者肩上的担子可谓不轻。 一名学音乐的学生要想成为一名演奏者，需要经受长期的、严格的训练，就象一名医科的学生要成为一名医生一样。绝大多数的训练是技巧性的。 音乐家们控制肌肉的熟练程度，必须达到与运动员或巴蕾舞演员相当的水平。歌手们每天都练习吊嗓子，因为如果不能有效地控制肌肉的话，他们的声带将不能满足演唱的要求。弦乐器的演奏者练习的则是在左手的手指上下滑动的同时，用右手前后拉动琴弓－－两个截然不同的动作。歌手和乐器演奏者必须使所有的音符完全相同协调。钢琴家们则不用操这份心，因为每个音符都已在那里等待着他们了。 给钢琴调音是调音师的职责。但调音师们也有他们的难处：他们必须耐心地调理敲击琴弦的音锤，不能让音锤发出的声音象是打击乐器，而且每个交叠的音都必须要清晰。如何得到乐章清晰的纹理 是学生指挥们所面临的难题：他们必须学会了解音乐中的每一个音及其发音之道。他们还必须致力于以热忱而又客观的权威去控制这些音符。除非是和音乐方面的知识和悟性结合起来，单纯的技巧没有任何用处。 艺术家之所以伟大在于他们对音乐语言驾轻就熟，以致于可以满怀喜悦地演出写于任何时代的作品。 >02 Schooling and Education It is commonly believed in the United States that school is where people go to get an education. Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school. The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important. Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling. Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formal l earning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning. The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist. Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises. A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged in education from infancy on. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term. It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life. Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the workings of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught. For example, high school students know that they are not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with. There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling. 上学与受教育 在美国，人们通常认为上学是为了受教育。而现在却有人认为孩子们上学打断了他们受教育的过程。这种观念中的上学与受教育之间的区别非常重要。与上学相比，教育更具开放性，内容更广泛。教育不受任何限制。它可以在任何场合下进行，在淋浴时，在工作时，在厨房里或拖拉机上。它既包括在学校所受的正规教育，也包括一切非正规教育。传授知识的人可以是德高望重的老者，可以是收音机里进行政治辩论的人们，可以是小孩子，也可以是知名的科学家。上学读书多少有点可预见性，而教育往往能带来意外的发现。与陌生人的一次随意谈话可能会使人认识到自己对其它宗教其实所知甚少。 人们从幼时起就开始受教育。因此，教育是一个内涵很丰富的词，它自始至终伴随人的一生，早在人们上学之前就开始了。教育应成为人生命中不可缺少的一部分。然而，上学却是一个特定的形式化了的过程。在不同场合下，它的基本形式大同小异。在全国各地，孩子们几乎在同一时刻到达学校，坐在指定的座位上，由一位成年人传授知识，使用大致相同的教材，做作业，考试等等。他们所学的现实生活中的一些片断，如字母表或政府的运作，往往受到科目范围的限制。 例如，高中生们知道，在课堂上他们没法弄清楚他们社区里政治问题的真情，也不会了解到最新潮的电影制片人在做哪些尝试。 学校教育这一形式化的过程是有特定的限制的。 >03 The Definition of "Price" Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utility services. The interrelationships of all these prices make up the "system" of prices. The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else.If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define "price", many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words, that price is the money value of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total "package" being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price. "价格"的定义 价格决定资源的使用方式。价格也是有限的产品与服务在买方中的配给手段。