法律英语中的拉丁语词汇 Latin Words in Legal English

法律英语中的拉丁语词汇Latin Words in Legal English

ab initio （自始，例：void ab initio 自始无效）from the beginning

ad hoc （特别；特定；为某一目的特设，例：ah hoc committee 特设委员会；临时委员会；专门委员会）for this purpose

ad litem （专为某一诉讼目的；例：agent ad litem诉讼代理人）for the lawsuit

a fortiori（更加，更不必说） according to Webster: "with greater reason or more convincing force -- used in drawing a conclusion that is inferred to be even more certain than another." Example: If it is a violation of the sending state's rights to arrest its consular official, then a fortiori it would be a violation to arrest its ambassador.

a posteriori（经验的；归纳的；后验的） from effect to cause; from particular to general; inductive (based on observation or experience).

a priori（先验的；演绎的） from cause to effect; from generalization to particular; deductive; presupposed by or reasoning from self-evident propositions (based on theory rather than practice).

amicus curiae（法庭之友） "friend of the court"; a person with a strong interest in or views on the subject matter of a given legal action may petition the court for permission to file a brief, ostensibly on behalf of a party but actually to suggest a rationale consistent with its own views. Such amicus curiae briefs are commonly filed in appeals concerning matters of a broad public interest. Example: NPC of Iran v. M/T Stolt Sheaf case

contra legem（违反法律） "against the law" (term used to describe an equitable decision of a court or tribunal that is contrary to the law governing the controversy. Such a decision would not normally be permitted unless the tribunal had been empowered to act ex aequo et bono). As opposed to intra legem.

de facto（事实；事实上） in fact (as opposed to in law, de jure)

de lege ferenda（根据拟议法） what the law ought to be (as opposed to what the law is, lex lata).

de lege lata（根据现行法）what the law is (as opposed to what the law ought to be, de lege ferenda).

de jure（法理上；法律上） in law (as opposed to in fact, de facto).

dolus specialis （特殊目的）special intent. In international humanitarian law, genocide is considered unique because of the special intent to destroy in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group.

erga omnes（对所有国家；普遍适用；对国际社会整体。例：obligation erga omnes 对国际社会整体的义务；对世义务）"toward all" wrongful acts that harm everyone and not simply one injured party)

ex aequo et bono （根据公允及善意原则；本着公平与正义的精神） a judgment based on considerations of fairness, not on considerations of existing law. Such a judgment is rendered "beside" or "against the law" (praeter legem or contra legem), not within the law (infra legem or intra legem). Example: Article 38(2) of the I.C.J. Statute permits the Court to render a judgment on these grounds

ex proprio motu（出于自愿的；出自本意的） on its own accord.

ex proprio vigore（由于本身的力量）by its own strength / of its own force. A law or a treaty may be binding ex proprio vigore, or on its own. If an international law is not binding ex proprio vigore in domestic law, then legislative action is needed. A treaty that requires domestic legislation is referred to as a non-self-executing treaty.

forum conveniens （便利法庭；合适的裁判地）convenient forum. The court is convenient to hear a case and has jurisdiction. The doctrine of forum non conveniens ("inconvenient forum") allows a court to refurse to adjudicate a case on grounds of inconvenience.

forum non conveniens（不便利法庭；非方便裁判地） inconvenient forum.

in pari delicto（同等过错；互有过失）equally wrong. One party is as much at fault as the opposing party.

in pari materia（以相同方式）on like subject matter; same manner. typically used in regards to statutes which relate the same thing or person.

in personam （对人）against the person. Jurisdiction over the person of an individual.

in rem （对物）“in a thing”. In a lawsuit, an action in re m is directed towards some specific piece of property,

in statu nascendi （在新生状态/初始状态/原初状态中）in its original form / in birth status / being just born. Under international law, this term generally is used to refer to a nascent state or a political entity seeking recognition of statehood. It also is used to refer to emergent laws, rules, or principles of customary international law.

inter alia （在其他事项外；此外） among other things.

intra legem（法内） "within the law" (term used to describe an equitable decision of a court or tribunal that is consistent with the rules of law governing the controversy). As opposed to contra legem.

inter arma silent leges (战争的时候无法律可言；战时法律暂停生效) in time of war, the laws are silent

ipso facto （根据事实本身；事实使然） by the fact (or act) itself.

ipso jure （依照法律；根据法律）by the law itself

jus（法；权利）law or the body of law

jus ad bellum（诉诸战争权）Right to War. When and under what conditions is war ever justifiable? Jus ad bellum sets the boundaries for the use of force. War was denounced in the 1919 Covenant of the League of Nations and the 1928 Treaty of Paris (Briand-Kellogg Pact). The UN Charter adopted in 1945 states: "All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations." Article 2(4). The Charter authorizes the use of force in self defense. Article 51. See Chapter VII and Chapter VIII for more provisions. Compare jus ad bellum (right to use force) with jus in bello (conduct during war).

jus civile（市民法） law created within each country. Jus civile is one of two categories of law in formal Roman law, along with jus gentium.

jus cogens（强制性法规；强制法；绝对法）"compelling law," peremptory principles of international law that cannot be overriden by specific treaties between countries; that is: norms that admit of no derogation; they are binding on all states at all times (e.g., prohibitions on aggression, slavery, and genocide)..

jus gentium （万民法） "law of peoples" or "law of tribes," a body of law developed by a Roman praetor peregrinus; applied to non-Romans in the Empire and to dealings between Romans and non-Romans. Jus gentium is one of two categories of law in formal Roman law, along with jus civile.

jus gentium privatum（国际私法）Private International Law

jus gentium publicum（国际公法）Public International Law

jus in bello（战时法）Justice in War. These principles govern the conduct of parties during the law of war and armed conflict, and in a broader sense define the rights and obligations of neutral parties. The basic legal frameworks include, but are not limited to: the 1907 Hague Conventions and Regulations; Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the 1977 Protocols I and II; the 1925 Geneva

Gas Protocol; the 1954 Hague Cultural Property Convention; the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention; the 1980 Conventional Weapons Convention; and the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention. See also jus ad bellum.

jus inter gentes （国家间法） "law among peoples" (nations).

jus naturale（自然法） law of nature. The classical Greeks originated the "natural law" idea, but it was greatly elaborated upon by the Romans, including Marcus Aurelius and Cicero; natural law scholars argue that law has a metaphysical source (God, nature) and is apprehensible by rational humans; the law transcends tiem, place, and circumstance

jus sanguines（血统主义；儿童国籍决定于父母国籍的惯例；根据血统决定国籍的原则）the "right of blood" or "law of descent" : at birth an individual acquires the nationality of her or his parents. In contrast to jus soli.

jus soli（出生地主义；儿童国籍决定于他的出生地的惯例；根据出生地决定国籍的原

则） the "law (or right) of the soil" - the legal principle that an individual's nationality is determined by that person's place of birth (that is, the territory of a given state). Contrast to jus sanguines

lacunae（漏洞；“法律的间隙”） "holes" in the law; a gap or blank in a writing.

lex communis（普通法） the common law; the body of law developed by human practice.

lex ferenda（拟议法；应有法）what the law ought to be

lex lata（现有法律；现行法） what the law is

lex loci （所在地法）law of the place. The notion that the rights to a legal proceeding are governed by the law of the place where those rights arose.

lex posterior derogat priori （后法优于前法；孰后优先）more recent law prevails over (abrogrates, overrrules, trumps) an inconsistent earlier law. One test that is applied in circumstances when (1) both customary and treaty sources of law exist and (2) these two sources cannot be construed consistently. Contrast to lex specialis derogat generali .

lex scripta （成文法） written, "black letter" law

lex specialis derogat generali（特别法优于一般法；特别法优先）specific law prevails over (abrogrates, overrrules, trumps) general law. One test that is applied in circumstances when (1) both customary and treaty sources of law exist and (2) these two sources cannot be construed consistently. Contrast to lex posterior derogat priori.

locus delicti（不法行为地；犯罪地）The place of the offense.

male captus, bene detentus（以不恰当手段抓捕的罪犯可以合法拘押）"badly captured, well detained," the legal principle that permits the trial of an improperly seized defendant; in U.S. practice, articulated by the "Ker-Frisbie doctrine"

malum in se （不法） inherently wrong. An act that is wrong by its nature, regardless of specific prohibition against it.

malum prohibitum（法律禁止的不法行为）prohibited, as by law. An act that is wrong because it is expressly prohibited by law.

mare clausum （领海；闭海） closed seas; as opposed to mare liberum (freedom of the seas)

mare liberum （公海） freedom of the seas; as opposed to mare clausum (closed seas)

mutatis mutandis （加以必要的变通；比照；参照） "when what must be changed has been changed," after making the necessary changes; with alterations to fit the new circumstances. For example: "The new provisions governing the tribunal's operations are to apply as well to the court's operations, mutatis mutandis.

non liquet （法律欠缺；不予裁决） the law is insufficient to provide a decision

nunc pro tunc （事后补正）now for then. Refers to actions that may be taken with retroactive effect.

opinio juris sive necessitatis（法律必要确信） (or simply, opinio juris) the perception that a given behavior is required by law, that it is legally obliged, a duty. (as opposed to behaviors that are motivated by other concerns, or simply random or habitual behavior). Example: the S.S. Lotus case.

pacta sunt servanda （有约必守） the doctrine that agreements must be observed (that is: honored, obeyed). Contrast to rebus sic stantibus.

per curiam （经由法庭；法院意见；法庭整体意见）by the court. An opinion written by the court with no identified author.

persona non grata （不受欢迎的人） An unwelcome person -- this is the basis of expulsion in diplomatic exchanges.

praetor peregrinus（外事裁判官）the Roman magistrate who devised the rules of the jus gentium

prima facie（初步，例：prima facie evidence初步证据） "at first sight," on the face of it, on first consideration. Something presumed or inferred to be true, unless proven otherwise. The standard of evidence applied at U.S. extradition hearings.

quod hoc（关于此事；单就这一点） on this matter.

ratio scripta（成文的理性） "written reason," the assessment of Roman law commonly held in the Medieval period

rebus sic stantibus （情事变更） "matters standing thus," "things staying as they are" - the doctrine that treaty obligations hold only as long as the fundamental conditions and expectations that existed at the time of their creation hold. Contrast to pacta sunt servanda. Under Article 62 of the UN Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), a party may be able to modify or terminate a treaty due to an unforeseeable and fundamental change of circumstances. This principle cannot be used for a treaty defining geographical boundaries and cannot be invoked as the result of a breach of a treaty. See the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia, ICJ)(applying Article 62).

res judicata（既判力） "a matter adjudged ", the legal principle common to many municipal law systems that provides that a matter is settled once a final judgment has been made. Arguably, a general principle of international law under Article 38 (1)(c) of the I.C.J. Statute.

res communis （共有物）belonging to everyone / law of the commons. Typically used to refer to a territorial category for property and lands incapable of being owned, such as the high seas and outer space.

res judicata （已决事件；一事不再理原则）a thing decided. A common law doctrine holding that an adjudicated matter cannot be litigated again by another court.

res publica christiana （基督教共同体） the community of Christian nations.

sine qua non（绝对必需；必不可少的条件） "without which not," an indispensable condition, a prerequisite

stare decisis （遵循先例；判决拘束原则） The doctrine that previous court decisions establish binding precedent for future cases of similar situations; that is, that courts will abide by previously decided cases. Stare decisis is inapplicable to the I.C.J. See article 59 of the Statute of the ICJ.

terra nullius （无主地） land without an owner ("no man's land"); territory that may be acquired by a state's occupation of it. Typically used to refer to a territorial category for land that is not occupied but capable of being occupied.

ultra vires（越权） "beyond the powers "; in excess of the authority conferred by law, and hence, invalid, lacking legal effect

uti possidetis（占有保持原则） "as you possess", so you may continue to possess. In the post-war context: the concept that a state may retain possession of territory acquired by force during war. In the post-colonial context: the concept that colonial territorial boundaries continue in the post-colonial period and that decolonized territories are not terra nullius (and thus, subject to occupation). See, for example, Burkina Faso v. Mali

vel non （或者不是） "or not "

法律英语高频词汇

法律英语高频词汇 发回重审 remand a lawsuit for a new trial 发货人 consignor， shipper 发生法律效力 be legally effective 发现 discovery 发行审核委员会 the Issuance Examination Commission 发展规划 development plan 罚款 Fin 法案 bill 法定部门 statutory machinery 法定代表律师 Official Solicitor 法定代表人 legal representative 法定代理人 legal agent 法定继承 legal inheritance 法定继承人 legal heir 法定监护人 legal guardian 法定期限 time limit provided by law 法定义务 legal duty 法定语言 legal language 法定主管当局 statuory authority

法官法 judges law 法官考评委员会 committee for the examination and appraisal of judges 法规 laws and regulations 法纪 Law and Discipline 法纪监督 supervision over legal discipline 法理背景 jurisprudential background 法理背景 jurisprudential base 法理学 jurisprudence 法令 decree 法律程序文件 written process 法律冲突 conflict of laws 法律服务所 Legal Service Office 法律概念 legal concept 法律顾问处 Legal Consultant Office 法律后果 legal effect 法律解释权 power of law interpretation 法律面前人人平等 equality before the law 合法的 legitimate 法律上的财产处分 legal disposition of property

常用国际法词汇

常用国际法词汇 Jus gentium 万民法 Law of nations 万国法 Public International law国际公法 Oppenheim奥本海 Hugo Grotius胡果·格劳秀斯 Universal// general// special international law 普遍/一般/特殊国际法 Features of international law 国际法的特征 Natures of international law 国际法的性质 International comity 国际礼让 codification of international law国际法的编纂 International Law Commission（the ILC）（联合国）国际法委员会 Effects of IL 国际法的效力 The basis of international law 国际法的效力根据

Naturalists 自然法学派 Positivists 实在法学派 Gratians 格老秀斯派（Compromise school“折中”学派）social solidarity school社会连带法学派 normalism 规范法学派 theory of power politics权力政治说 theory of policy-oriented政策定向说 Congress of Westphalia 威斯特伐利亚公会 Martin 丁韪良 sources of international law国际法的渊源 International custom国际习惯 material element “物质因素” psychological element “心理因素” general practice通例 Usage惯例

法律用语：常用法律英语拉丁词汇(G-M)

法律用语：常用法律英语拉丁词汇（G-M） germanus 纯血亲 gratis 无偿地 gratis dictum 空言 gross modo 大体上 haereditas 继承权 haereditas ab intestato 无遗嘱继承人 haeres 继承人 haeres natus 亲生的继承人 haeres suus 直系继承人 heares legitimus 合法继承人 ibidem 出处同上 id est 即 idem 同上 idem genus 同类 idem sonans 同音姓名 impubes 未成年人 in articulo 立即 in articulo mortis 临死时 in autre droit 凭他人权力

in bonis habere 所有权 in capita 按人头 in re 对于 jus abstinendi 抛弃权得 jus abutendi 滥用权 jus accrescendi 取得权利 jus ad bellum 诉诸战争权 jus ad rem 物权 jus aequum 公正法 jus albinatus 没收外侨遗产kashrut 饮食教规 ketubba 婚书 kiyas 吉雅论 kreis 行政区 lapsus 错误 lapsus calami 笔误 lapsus linguae 失言 lapsus memoriae 记忆上的错误lata culpa 重大过失levissima culpa 轻微过失 lis 诉讼案件

mala fides 恶意 mala in se 自然犯 mala per se 本质罪恶 mala praxis 医疗失误 mala prohibita 法律所禁止的行为malo animo 恶念 malum in se 不法 malum prohibitum 法律禁止的不法行为

法律英语词源

法律英语词源的三个主渠道英语词汇的来源最具开放性,法律英语词汇亦是如此。在英语发展的历史长河中,法语和拉丁语构成了法律英语词汇来源的主渠道,另外,古英语复合副词及其它常用古词语构成另一主渠道。 1. 法语对法律英语词汇的形成产生过直接的巨大作用。如果追究法律英语的词源便会发现几乎所有的词均来自法语,而这一特征具有深刻的历史根源。1066年英国历史上的“诺曼底人的征服”(theNor-manConquest)使英国第一次实现了法的统一,严格意义的英国法——普通法雏型便产生了,同时,精通普通法的律师以及从中产生的法官集团也开始出现。然而,英国人的祖先盎格鲁撒克逊人的法大多是原始部族的习惯法,当时影响很小,流传下来的也很少。除了在法律方面所实行的侵略政策外,法国人还在语言方面实行了隔离政策,结果法语成为英国的官方语言,而英语则被视为粗陋的登不上大雅之堂的语言,只作为口头语言在平民老百姓中继续使用。当时,法院审判均使用法语而不使用英语。然而,这并未使法语的法律词汇侵入到英语中去,因为,当时的语言隔离政策使得法语和英语成为不同社会阶层分别独立使用的语言,两者并未有机地溶合在一起。法语法律词汇与英语的溶合实际在于英语本身地位的提高。中古英语时期,英法之间的“百年战争”(1337—1454)和当时的“黑死病”的蔓延结果使英语的地位出现复苏局面,英语开始用于法律领域。这时虽然法语仍为官方语言,但是在这次语言大冲突中,由于法律英语词汇的贫乏及方便法律概念表达的现实需要,法律英语词汇和法语法律词汇明显溶合,几乎全盘接受。以下例词便可深刻地说明法律英语词汇受法语影响的深度:justice(正义),judgement(审判),crime(罪行),plea(抗辩),suit(诉讼),plaintiff(原告),defendant(被告),attorney(律师),complaint(控告),summons(传票),verdict(裁决),sen-tence(判决),punishment(刑罚),prison(监狱),bill(法案),inquest(审讯),evidence(证据),slander(诽谤),libel(诽谤罪),innocence(无罪)等。这些单词现在看来无论在发音还是在拼写上完全和英语同化了,有些已成为全民的词汇,如果不追究其词源,根本不会感到它们源自法语。在现代英语时期,法语词汇一直源源不断进入英语,尤其是在18世纪初至19世纪其数量为最多,但是法律词汇并不多,例如parole(假释),regime(政权),police(警察),attaché(使馆馆员)等就是在这一时期进入英语的。法语法律词汇在英国法真正产生的背景之下大量涌入英语并逐渐与其同化是在上述中古英语时期。那时的法语对英语在各方面产生的影响是任何时期都无法比拟的。 2.法律英语词汇另一个重要来源就是拉丁语。在“诺曼底人的征服”期间,拉丁语和法语一样占绝对统治地位。虽然其词汇进入英语的数量远不及法语,但是,大量的法律英语术语显然在中古英语时期和随后的文艺复兴时期直接源自拉丁语。例如:custody(拘留),homicide(杀人),legal(法律上的),legitimate(合法的),malefactor(犯罪分子),mediator(调停者),minor(未成年人),notary(公证人),prosecute(对…起诉),testimony(证词),dec-laration(申诉),advocate(辩护人),appeal(上诉),civil(民事的),jurist(法学理家)等等。和法语一样,拉丁语法律词汇进入法律英语之后也与英语完全溶合同化了,从以上例词就可看出许多词已全民化而广泛应用,而且很难根据其词形判断其词源。此外,相当一部分法语和拉丁语法律术语虽然发音有所同化,但词形却保持着原有形式,未被同化。例如源自法语的法律术语:estoppel(禁止发言),feesimple(不限制具有一定身份的人才能继承的土地),laches(长期不行使权利),quash(撤销)等;源自拉丁语的法律术语:alias(再发令状),amicuscuriae(法庭之友),nolleprose-qui(撤回诉讼),resjudicata(定案)等。可能由于难读难记难懂的缘故,有人认为这类术语很少使用。实际上作为法律英语专门术语的一个组成部分,由于语义稳定,没有引伸寓意,文体效果突出,这类术语仍发挥着重要作用。另外,这类术语的词义经过演变扩大也有可能成为一般词语,进入日常生活。例如上述alias现在可用来指“别名,化名”;quash已有了“镇压”词义。 3.法律英语词汇本族语的来源主要是古词语。古词语在现代英语中已不再广泛应用了,而且逐渐在消亡,但是在法律英语中古词语的应用却十分普遍。正如DavidCrystal和DerekDavy言:It

法律翻译常用词汇注释(D).doc

法律翻译常用词汇注释（D）D Damages damages在法律英语中表示损害赔偿金，要注意用的是复数形式，如果用单数，则表示损害。如incidental damages 附带损害consequential damages 间接损害claim damages for the breach of contract．因违约要损害赔偿金等。 Debenture debenture的意思是债券，通常指的是无担保债券。如bank debenture 金融债券bearer debenture 不记名债券coupon bank debenture 附息票金融债券customs debenture 海关退税凭单等。 Declaration declaration在法律英语中常用作申报，如customs declaration 报关，export declaration出口申报，income tax declaration个税申报等。 Decree 法庭判令。法庭聆讯后所作出的判令，可以分成暂时性判令“decree nisi”和永久性判令“decree absolute”，常见于离婚呈请的程序。一般而言，法庭颁出decree nisi后，在指定的期限过后，除非收到反对，否则都会颁出永久判令。 Deed

契约。是一种特别的合约，须要经过当事人签署、盖章并送交对方才算有效，契约上的盖章在法律上被视为一种有效的约因。 Defamation 诽谤。非法破坏他人名誉的行为，口头的毁谤和以书面的永久形式诽谤都可以构成民事索偿的理据或者刑事罪行。 Defence 抗辩。刑事或民事案件中的被告，否认有关的指控或申索，同时提出反对的支持事实。 Delegate delegate在法律英语中的意思是转让，通常指义务的转让，如：In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter “China”), the consent of the creditors shall be obtained for the delegation of obligations to become effective.根据中华人民共和国（以下称“中国”）法律，义务的转让须取得债权人的同意方可生效。 Dependant 受养人。是指某人的某些家庭成员，需要依靠这个人提供的经济来支持生活，如果这个人因意外死亡，他的受养人因而遭受损失，是有权追究责任，要求赔偿有关的损失。 Discharge

法律英语-法理常用词汇

按照法律规定according to law 按照确定的份额分享权力：be entitled to rights in proportion to his proper share of the credit 按照确定的份额分担义务：assume obligations in proportion to his proper share of the debt 案例教学法case system 案例汇编case book; case report; law report 柏拉图Plato 被视为be deemed as 被宣布为非法be outlawed; be declared illegal 比较法comparative law 比较法学comparative jurisprudence 比较法学派school of comparative jurisprudence 比较法制史comparative legal history 比较分析法method of comparative analysis 比较刑法comparative penal law 比较刑法学comparative penal jurisprudence 必然因果关系positive causal relationship 边缘法学borderline jurisprudence 变通办法adaptation; accommodation 补充规定supplementary provision 补救办法remedial measures 不成文法unwritten law 不成文宪法unwritten constitution

法律英语中的拉丁语词汇 Latin Words in Legal English

法律英语中的拉丁语词汇Latin Words in Legal English ab initio （自始，例：void ab initio 自始无效）from the beginning ad hoc （特别；特定；为某一目的特设，例：ah hoc committee 特设委员会；临时委员会；专门委员会）for this purpose ad litem （专为某一诉讼目的；例：agent ad litem诉讼代理人）for the lawsuit a fortiori（更加，更不必说） according to Webster: "with greater reason or more convincing force -- used in drawing a conclusion that is inferred to be even more certain than another." Example: If it is a violation of the sending state's rights to arrest its consular official, then a fortiori it would be a violation to arrest its ambassador. a posteriori（经验的；归纳的；后验的） from effect to cause; from particular to general; inductive (based on observation or experience). a priori（先验的；演绎的） from cause to effect; from generalization to particular; deductive; presupposed by or reasoning from self-evident propositions (based on theory rather than practice). amicus curiae（法庭之友） "friend of the court"; a person with a strong interest in or views on the subject matter of a given legal action may petition the court for permission to file a brief, ostensibly on behalf of a party but actually to suggest a rationale consistent with its own views. Such amicus curiae briefs are commonly filed in appeals concerning matters of a broad public interest. Example: NPC of Iran v. M/T Stolt Sheaf case contra legem（违反法律） "against the law" (term used to describe an equitable decision of a court or tribunal that is contrary to the law governing the controversy. Such a decision would not normally be permitted unless the tribunal had been empowered to act ex aequo et bono). As opposed to intra legem. de facto（事实；事实上） in fact (as opposed to in law, de jure) de lege ferenda（根据拟议法） what the law ought to be (as opposed to what the law is, lex lata). de lege lata（根据现行法）what the law is (as opposed to what the law ought to be, de lege ferenda). de jure（法理上；法律上） in law (as opposed to in fact, de facto).

拉丁语单词和短语

拉丁语单词和短语 法律英语词汇的第三个特点是经常使用拉丁语单词和短语。拉丁语在法律言中处于权威性的地位。在西方法律文明中，法律格言往往是用拉丁文来表述的。这不仅是因为古罗马法学家最早强调“法律人的思维方式（Sententiae iuris）”，主张用简洁、精准的语言来陈述法律规则（Regulae definitiones），更因为拉丁文在西方历史上长期被视为“有教养者的语言”，曾经是欧洲人表述法律规则和法律命题的“通用语言”。在13，14世纪教会统治的欧洲国家“拉丁语垄断了两个世纪的语言”，之后拉丁语依然作为法律的书面语言被使用着。英语国家的居民，尤其是从事法律研究的人，把拉丁文视为高深学问的基础。因此，对学习法律的人来说，学拉丁文就显得太有必要了。很多拉丁语法律格言和用语反映了法律背后的价值规范，有些涉及实体价值，有些则涉及程序价值。这方面的例子有很多。直接表达价值规范和道德的例子有，“Commune bonum” 英语：“a common good”，意即“公益”；“Contra bonos mores” 英语：“contrary to good morals”，意即“违背善良风俗的”，在法律中用来表示某事违背社会道德福利。譬如我们说，关于实施犯罪的协

议是“contra bonos mores”。体现程序价值的拉丁文格言的例子有，“Accusare nemo se debet” 英语：“nobody is bound to incriminate himself”，意即一个人不应被强迫去做出对其不利的证词。“Aequitas sequitur legem” 英语：“equity follows the law”，意即衡平法跟随普通法，只有在普通法似乎忽视了某些重要因素和情形而导致影响到事情的正义时，衡平法才会跟随普通法予以干涉。但是原告在意欲寻求衡平法的帮助时，必须自身是干净的，如英语谚语所说“he who comes into equity must come with clean hands”，即“寻求衡平法救济的人，自己必须两手干净”。表达同样意思的英语谚语还有“The dirty dog shall have no dinner here”。拉丁词语具有言简意赅、约定俗成、表达更为标准的特点。 例1、Omnis interpretation si fieri potest ita fienda est in instrumentis , ut omnes Contrarietates amoveantur 英译：All the interpretations of instruments, as far as possible, are to be such that every inconsistency is removed. 汉译：所有的解释，若是可能的话，必是通过消除文本中的矛盾而实现的。

法律英语常用词汇(一)

法律英语词汇 一、有关机构的词汇 司法部门，司法的 judiciary 法院 court 基层人民法院 Basic People's Court 中级人民法院 Intermediate People's Court 高级人民法院 High People's Court 最高人民法院 Supreme People's Court 专门人民法院 special people's court 军事法院 military court 海事法院maritime court 铁路运输法院 railway transport court 审委会 judicial committee 合议庭 collegial panel 侦查机关 public security inspectorate 检察机关 procuratorate 公诉机关 public prosecution organ 公安局 public security bureau 派出所 public security station 地方人民检察院 local people's procuratorate 人民调解委员会 the people's conciliation committees 居民委员会 neighborhood committee 村民委员会 village committee 民政部门 civil affairs department 二、有关身份和称谓的词汇 公民 citizen

法人 legal person 未成年人 minor 成年人 adult 外国人 alien 无国籍人stateless person 无诉讼行为能力人 person with no legal capacity 监护人 guardian 个体工商户 Individual business 农村承包经营户 leaseholding farm household 个人合伙 individual partnership 法官 judge 代理审判员 acting judge 陪审员 assessor 陪审团 jury 检察官 prosecutor 代理检察员 acting prosecutor 公诉人 public prosecutor 当事人 party, litigant 法定代表人 legal representative 代理人 agent 诉讼代理人 Agents ad Litem 法定代理人 statutory agent 原告 complainant；plaintiff；prosecutor；accuser 共同原告 co-plaintiff 被告 defendant；the accused 共同被告 co-defendant 上诉人 petitioner

法律英语的历时演变及其翻译标准_徐赛颖

第22卷 第3期 宁 波 大 学 学 报（人 文 科 学 版） Vol. 22 No.3 2009年5月 JOURNAL OF NINGBO UNIVERSITY（LIBERAL ARTS EDITION） May 2009 —————————————— 收稿日期：2008 - 10 - 30 作者简介：徐赛颖（1970 -），男，浙江宁波人，宁波大学外语学院讲师，硕士。 法律英语的历时演变及其翻译标准 徐赛颖 （宁波大学 外语学院，浙江 宁波 315211） 摘要：以案例法为特征的英美法系，其语言特征的形成有其长期的历史演变过程。拉丁语、法语以及盎格 鲁—萨克逊语的共同影响使法律英语成为特别风格的职业语言。虽然现代法律英语有着不断简化的发展 趋势，但它仍旧是高度专业化、具有专门特征的英语文体。文章通过对法律英语历时演变的主体特征的历 史解读，透视其法律语言的规约性、严谨性、专业性以及去个性化特征，这些特征使得法律英语的翻译须 遵循“忠实、精确、统一、简洁”这四个原则。 关键词：法律英语；历时演变；翻译标准 中图分类号：H059 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001 - 5124（2009）03 - 0061 - 05 语言是法律的媒介，是法律用来调整社会行为而使用的工具。正如Maley 所说，“一旦准则及诉讼记载下来并标准化和制度化，那么一种特殊的法律语言就成形了，它代表着一种专业化的功能模 式” 。［1］法律英语作为一种法律语言具有独特的语言特征，这种特征一方面源于法律英语的职业特殊性，另一方面还来自于其悠久的演变历史。考察法律英语的这种历时演变有助于我们了解法律英语翻译中的特殊性及其独特的评价标准。 一、法律英语的起源及其演变 欧洲大陆的国家基本上属于大陆法系，起源可以追溯到罗马法，精确地说可以追溯到公元6世纪Corpus Juris 所制定的Justinian Code 。［2］ 也就是说，大陆法系的起源是以法典的形式固定下来的。 英美法系与大陆法系的起源有很大的区别，虽然罗马法对英美法系的起源有一定的影响，但英美法的起源在于英国法主要使用于英国、英国的原殖民地以及美国。英美法系的产生不是以法典的形式而是依赖于法官对长期以来不同案件判决的经验的积累，它给予法庭以极大的权力，而且法律的从业者对于这种法系的形成起了很大的作用，因为在英美法系中，是律师而不是法官首先准备上诉的材料、盘问证人，也是律师根据自己的从业经验和法官对以前的案例的判决提出证据，所以在某种程度上，英美法是由法律的从业者发展成形的。英美法最早起源不是书面的，只存在于法律从业者的记忆当中。在11世纪初，法官才开始把各种判决的案例记录下来，这就是为什么英美法有时候也被称之为“案例法”（case law），也就是说可以由法官解释的法律，与“成文法”（statutory law） 相对应。［3］ 英美法的真正发展是在公元1066年诺曼底人征服英国后，那时才开始出现了用英语和拉丁语 书写的法律，但拉丁语起着主导作用，它成为正式的法律文件比如公文和准则的书写语言。到了13世纪，由于法语随着诺曼底征服后在英国地位逐渐加强，也由于13世纪时半数以上的欧洲法庭都使用法语，所以法语代替了拉丁语成为英国法庭的口头使用语言，但那时拉丁语还是英国法律的书面语言。［4］到了14世纪，法语才取代拉丁语成为了英国最早的法律年报和法规的书面使用语言。所以 法律法语在词汇上和形态上对现代法律英语有着巨大的影响，在当时英国，所有的法律以及记录的案例都使用法语。直到15世纪后期，随着1476年专业出版机构的出现，以及对伦敦标准语作为书

法律英语常用词汇

法律英语实用单词讲解 accord释义：accord在普通英语中的含义是符合，一致，在法律英语中则表示和解或和解协议，指指债务人和一个债权人达成的、以偿还部分债务免除全部债务责任的协议。如reach an accord达成和解协议，accord and satisfaction和解与清偿等。 acquire释义：acquire在普通英语中的含义是获得，获取，而且通常指通过后天的努力获得。在法律英语中通常指对公司的购买，收购，我们通常所说的M&A，即是acquire的名词acquisition和merger 的缩写。如The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year. 外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。 act释义：act在普通英语中的含义是行动，行为，在法律英语中通常理解为作为，与不作为forbear 相对应。如：Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Commission, direct the Commission to act or forbear from action释义：act在普通英语中的含义是行动，在法律英语中则理解为诉讼，相当于suit或lawsuit，如initiate an action提起诉讼，win an action在诉讼中获胜，defend oneself in an action在诉讼中为自己辩护等。 adopt释义：adopt的最常见含义是采用，通过，如adopt a law通过一项法律，adopt a proposal 采纳一个建议等，这种用法在法律英语中也较为常见。另外，adopt在法律英语中可能会用到一个含义是收养，如adopt an orphan according to law根据法律规定收养孤儿。 admission释义：admission是admit的名词，在普通英语中的含义是承认或接纳。在法律英语中，则通常是法律程序中的一个用语，意思是采纳，采信（证据），如The defendant challenged the admission of the evidence by the court on the ground that the evidence was irrelevant.被告以证据没有相关性为由反对法院对其予以采信。 affect释义：affect是普通英语中最常见最普通的单词之一，意思是影响，通常用在口语和非正式的场合中。但在法律英语，affect（本义没有改变，仍然是影响），确实非常正式的用法，通常不能用influence 等单词替换。如The failure of either party at any time or times to require performance of any provision hereof shall in no manner affect its right at a later time to enforce the same．任何一方在任何时候未要求另一方履行本协议任一条款，并在不影响其以后强制执行该条款的权利。 affiliate释义：affiliate是法律英语的常见单词之一，意思是关联方，关联公司，也可以associate或connected person表示。如“Affiliate” means any person or company that directly or indirectly controls a Party or is directly or indirectly controlled by a Party，including a Party's parent or subsidiary, or is under direct or indirect common control with such Party.“关联公司”指直接或间接控制一方(包括其母公司或子公司)或受一方直接或间接控制，或与该方共同受直接或间接控制的任何人或公司。 agent释义：agent也是法律英语中常见单词之一，意思是代理人，代理商，通常指商业代理，如果指非商业性质的代理，如替别人出席会议等，则可用proxy。 例句：Nothing in this Agreement or in the performance of any of its provisions is intended or shall be construed to constitute either party an agent, 1egal representative, subsidiary，joint venturer，partner，employer，or employee of the other for any purpose whatsoever． 参考译文：本协议的任何内容或本协议任何条款的履行，无意表示、亦不应被理解为任何一方为任何目的可以充当另一方的代理人、法定代表、子公司、合营方、合作伙伴、雇主或雇员。

法律英语词汇的三大来源.doc

法律英语词汇的三大来源 法律英语词汇的三大来源 说起法律英语词汇来源，从古到今，英语的词汇经历了很大的变化。但是法律英语词汇却好像独竖一帜，仍然保留着很多古英语和外来语的词汇。这可能是因为法律总是反映统治阶级意志的工具，其所追求的目标总是准确而正式地规定权利和义务。所以作为正式的法律英语并没有随着法律文件的内容改变而发生显著的变化。 第一、来源于拉丁语拉丁语在英语的发展和演变过程中一直占有特殊的地位，不管是古英语时期，还是中古英语时期，拉丁语都是法律英语中的重要部分。学习英语的人都应对拉丁语有所了解，更不用说法律工作者。否则大量的拉丁语词汇将会使阅读和理解法律文献举步维艰。如：ad damunm（就损害而言），amicus curiae（法官的顾问），corpus delicti（犯罪事实），de bonis non（已故遗产管理人的后继人），lex fori （法院地位）等。拉丁语的使用，维持着法律英语的正式特点。 第二、来源于古英语和中古英语古英语及中古英语的词汇，如：hereabout，hereafter，heretofore，herewith，thereabout，thereby，therein，thereunder，thereupon等。这些陈旧和过时

的词汇之所有能在法律英语中存在下去，是因为法律总是反映统治阶级的意志，是维护其统治的工具。所以法律语言总是力求准确和正式，以达到维护统治阶级的意愿和威严的目的。陈旧的古语词恰到好处的完成了这样的任务。 第三、来源于法语法语对英语的发展有着重大的影响，而其对法律英语的影响则更大。这与诺曼人征服并统治英格兰的历史有关。在诺曼人对英格兰的统治期间，法语被频繁地在各种正式场合使用，使用法语也就成为上层社会的趋势。所以，当法律英语要成为正式程度最高的文体之一时，大量法语词汇当然会在其中出现。法律英语中经常出现的法语词汇不胜枚举，如：appeal，arson，claim，contract，covenant，felony，infant，pledge，plaintiff，robbery，purchase，treason等。

法律英语翻译常用词汇及注释

法律词汇:法律翻译常用词汇注释（A-W） A Ab initio Ab initio是拉丁文，其意思是“自开始之时”或“从头开始”，可以直接翻译为“自始”。在法律英语中，ab initio的使用频率较高，比较常见。如：ab initio mundi （有史以来），void ad initio（自始无效）等。 Accord accord在普通英语中的含义是符合，一致，在法律英语中则表示和解或和解协议，指指债务人和一个债权人达成的、以偿还部分债务免除全部债务责任的协议。如reach an accord达成和解协议，accord and satisfaction和解与清偿等。 Accused 被告Accused通常指刑事案件的被告，民事诉讼的被告称为Defendant；而申索案件中的被索偿的一方称为Respondent（答辩人）。 Acquire acquire在普通英语中的含义是获得，获取，而且通常指通过后天的努力获得。在法律英语中通常指对公司的购买，收购，我们通常所说的M&A，即是acquire的名词acquisition和merger的缩写。如The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year. 外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。 Acquittal 罪名不成立。刑事案件经审讯后，被告罪名不成立被释放，称为“The accused is acquitted”。Acquittal是名词。详见民法中和刑法中表达不同意思的“acquit”一文。 Act act在普通英语中的含义是行动，行为，在法律英语中通常理解为作为，与不作为forbear相对应。如：Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Commission, direct the Commission to act or forbear from。

法律英语常用词汇最全

法律英语常用词汇大全

法律英语常用词汇大全 一、律师部分 案件受理费court acceptance fee 案情重大、复杂important and complicated case 案由cause of action 案子case 包揽诉讼monopolize lawsuits 被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件) 被上诉人appellee 被诉人respondent; defendant 本案律师councel pro hac vice 本地律师local counsel 毕业证diploma; graduation certificate 辩护词defense; pleadings 辩护律师defense lawyer 辩护要点point of defense 辩护意见submission 财产租赁property tenancy 裁定书order; ruling; determination(指终审裁定) 裁决书award(用于仲裁) 裁决书verdict(用于陪审团) 采信的证据admitted evidence; established evidence 草拟股权转让协议drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests 查阅法条source legal provisions 产权转让conveyancing 出差go on errand; go on a business trip 出国深造further study abroad 出具律师意见书providing legal opinion 出示的证据exhibit 出庭appear in court 传票summons; subpoena 答辩状answer; reply 代理词representation 代理房地产买卖与转让agency for sale and transfer of real estate

常用国际法词汇

Jus gentium 万民法 Law of nations 万国法 Public International law国际公法 Oppenheim奥本海 Hugo Grotius胡果·格劳秀斯 Universal// general// special international law 普遍/一般/特殊国际法 Features of international law 国际法的特征 Natures of international law 国际法的性质 International comity 国际礼让 codification of international law国际法的编纂 International Law Commission（the ILC）（联合国）国际法委员会 Effects of IL 国际法的效力 The basis of international law 国际法的效力根据 Naturalists 自然法学派

Positivists 实在法学派 Gratians 格老秀斯派（Compromise school“折中”学派）social solidarity school社会连带法学派 normalism 规范法学派 theory of power politics权力政治说 theory of policy-oriented政策定向说 Congress of Westphalia 威斯特伐利亚公会 Martin 丁韪良 sources of international law国际法的渊源 International custom国际习惯 material element “物质因素” psychological element “心理因素” general practice通例 Usage惯例 opinio juris “法律确信”