信息系统外文文献及译文

南京工程学院

英文文献及译文

作者：邵亚雯学号：209090712 系部：经济管理学院

专业：信息管理与信息系统

题目：社区自助歌曲点播平台的开发与设计

指导者：金卫健讲师

2010 年 4 月

Information Technology Support System of Supply Chain

Management

HUA JIANG ，JING YANG

School of Economy and Management; School of KeXin

HeBei university of engeneering

Han Dan 056038

CHINA

Abstract: - Effective supply chain management is built on the basis of the high quality of information transmission and sharing, This will rely heavily on information technology to provide reliable support. In this paper, against the characteristics of the supply chain information flow, discuss the impact of information technology on supply chain management and support system which information technology form in the supply chain management.

Key-Words: - Supply chain management; Information technology; Support System; Information flow; Supply chain; Information

1 Introduction

Supply Chain Management (SCM) rise is attributed to enterprises trying to eliminate production and inventory plans misleading as information slow transmission or errors. In 1990s, some of computer manufacturers such as HP, or P & G which product household appliances begin integrate information systems of down-upstream, hope to archieve purposes for rapid responsion to the demand of market and lower inventory by correct and rapid transmission, analysis and integration of information. Therefore, effective supply chain management is built on the basis of the high quality of information transmission and sharing, This will rely heavily on information technology to provide reliable support.

In today's age, information has become a key factor in the decision to the survival and development of enterprises, any business must face the issue of how to integrate information. Information is from both the vertical information of the upstream and downstream firms and the horizontal information of the internal enterprise, as well as

information of the macro level. How to transmit and share information, to coordinate economic behavior of the upstream and downstream enterprises and functional behavior of interal enterprise which is the core questions supply chain management is to deal with. Compared with the individual enterprises, supply chain as an extended enterprise, shows own characteristics by its way of information flow and acquisition.

2 The Characteristics of the Supply Chain Information Flow

2.1 Wide coverage

The information of the supply chain covers from all links of suppliers, manufacturers to distributors and then retailers in the supply chain. Information flow distinct into information flow of demand and supply, these are two different flows of information flow. When demand information (such as customer orders, production planning, procurement, etc.) takes direction from the demand-side to the supply-side movement, it triggered logistics. Meanwhile supply information (such as storage lists, the inventory records for sales, deliver lists), together again along with materials for the direction of the supply chain from supply-side to demand-side movement. The information flow of individual enterprises mainly confined to the internal Invoicing records (see figure 1).

2.2 More access channels

As businesses in the supply chain is a collaboration relationship and community interests, information of the supply chain have so many channels to obtain. demand information isn’t only from the customers but also distributors and retailers; the supply Information is from various suppliers, These information flow and share in all enterprises through the supply chain information systems . For individual enterprises,

as it haven’t formed the Community interests with upstream and downstream businesses, so it is totally dependent on own collection.

2.3 High-quality information

Because of specialization, the quality of the supply chain was superior to the information of the single enterprise, For example, distributors and retailers can be specifically responsible for the collection of demond information, the suppliers will collect supply information, Product manufacturers collect information of products.

3 Information Technology and Supply Chain Management

The development of information technology provides an effective support to supply chain management. About some issues how to thank of the impact of information technology on supply chain management, and how to use information technology in supply chain management, and so on, through studies, it basically can be summed up in three aspects :

3.1Enhance the sharing of information on the supply chain can effectively improve supply chain management

When members of the supply chain based only on information from neighbor member of lower levels to make decision, the system will have a phenomenon of magnification of demand. The reason for this situation is not the irrational of all members, but rational decision-making in the actual circumstances of unclear information, included demand forecast in the unbalanced demand, increasing orders in the expected shortage, increasing EOQ for the fixed orders costs and effects of batch. The occurrence of this phenomenon will have a negative impact on all members of the supply chain. To eliminate or contain this phenomenon, within the scope of the supply chain, we can take appropriate countermeasures, such as to strengthen information sharing, shorten the delay time, coordinate purchasing and simplify marketing behavior and so on.

3.2 The development of information technology enhances internal collaboration in the supply chain

The development of information technology makes enterprises more accessible to use information technology to exchange and collaborate with other members of and

supply chain, therefore the use costs relatively lower, so that enterprises can choose more supplies to get cheaper supply and services in the same level of information use costs. In other words, the relationship between enterprises and their suppliers will likely become unreliable and unstable, but the number of suppliers which successful enterprises choose don’t increase, but reduce. In fact, "between enterprises and their suppliers and customers, it is necessary to establish a collaborative relationship" that it has a clear requirement in the JIT, it just has not been given sufficient attention.

3.3 The development of information technology can help to build a more perfect user demand model

The end-user is an important component of the supply chain, the response situation to customer demand is a very important supply chain management evaluation. Better graspping the demands of users is the basis of supply chain management. Many articles used similar assumption for a variety of needs and distribution, but demand is random, its release is not as ideal as we generally assumed. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the demand forecast in the supply chain inventorycontrol problems, choose different model according to different circumstances, establish an appropriate demand model.

4 Information Technology Support System of Supply Chain Management

The establishment of the supply chain information systems needs a large number of information technology to support, we discuss information technology support system in the forming of supplychain management from the main areas of supply chain management.

The main areas of supply chain management involved: products (services) design, manufacturing, marketing, customer service, logistics and so on. It is a synchronized, integrated production plan as a guide, through use different types of information technology to improve the performance in these areas (see figure 2).

Information technology to support the supply chain can be divided into two levels.

4.1 The first level

The first level is component with technology of identification code, automatic identification and data collection technology, electronic data interchange technology, Information technology on the basis of Internet technology.

4.1.1 Technology of Identification Codes

A unified information coding is the basis of the exchange and sharing of data among supply chain trading partners. Without it, automatic identification technology and electronic data interchange (EDI) can not be realized. Through standardization technology of information coding applied to the supply chain management system, it is realized that automated data collection in the activities of supply chain systems and exchange of data and sharing ofresources between systems. It can promote the efficient functioning of the supply chain activities.

4.1.2 Automatic Identification and Data Collection Technology

Automatic identification and data collection (AIDC) has become the ideal technology of dealing with the logistics information in process to supply chain management. Through automatic identification technology, automatic data identification and data collection, it is ensured that High-speed and accurate data acquisition and real-time control in the links of supply chain. At present, in the supply chain management, the most commonly AIDC technology is barcode technology and radio frequency

identification technology. Barcode technology can facilitate the timely capture the needs of the consumer, improve sales results, as take placeimmediately automatic retrieval of information in the activities. Barcode alternative keyboard input and improve the accuracy of data collection, the application of technology solve the "bottleneck" problems of the data entry and data collection.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is a relatively new automatic identification technology. RFID technology can be characterized as non-contact identification (identification distance from a few centimeters to tens of meters), identification of high-speed moving objects, resistance of harsh environment, secrecy, it can also identify a number of identified targets, therefore widely used in the manufacturing and other unfit barcode labels environment. In the supply chain process control, it was widely used transport vichoel identification (A VI), tracking and monitoring goods, shop alarm systems, expressway toll and intelligent transportation system (ITS), production line automation and process control as well. 4.1.3 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

EDI technology is method that transmit and exchange data between different enterprises in order to improve the efficiency of business activities on the basis of standardized data through computer networks. EDI is a essential technology of Replenishment methods of rapid response (QR), Efficient Consumer Response (ECR). At present, almost all of the supply chain management methods of operation without the support of EDI technology. the main functions of EDI performance electronic data transmission and exchange, evidence for transmission data, instruments standard format for data conversion, security, and providing information inquiries, providing technical advisory services, providing the value-added information services. Global 500 biggest enterprises which are selected by the American Fortune magazine have applied their EDI systems with major customers and suppliers to exchange business information.

4.1.4 Internet Technology

The development of Internet technology supplies a the basis tool of relatively, quick and cheap for members of the supply chain to share and exchange information. With

development and mature of wireless Internet technology, the members of supply chain can not be restricted to commercial space activities.

4.2 The Second Level

The second level is component with various information systems and application software whichare developed to support production and various aspects of the management on the basis of information technology infrastructure. When integrated and applicate systems, they not only will be considered to be a technical solution, but also a deep refraction of management thinking should be understand.

4.2.1 Point of Sale System(POS)

POS is system through automated retrieval equipment (cash register) in the direct sale of merchandise sales information retrieval, and then through communication networks and computer systems transmitted to the relevant authorities for analysis to enhance the operating efficiency of the processing.

4.2.2 Electronic Automatic Ordering System (EOS)

EOS refers to use the communication network (V AN or Internet) and the terminal equipment by the means of on-line (ON-LINE) to carry out orders and the exchange of orders information. Compared with traditional methods of ordering, the EOS system can shorten the time from receiving orders to send orders, shorten the delivery time for goods of orders, reduce to the loss rate of merchandise orders; helps to reduce the inventory level of enterprise, improves the efficiency of inventory management; For manufacturers and wholesalers, retailers, through the analysis of orders information of retailers, it can be accurately judged selling merchandise and unsalable merchandise, and helps adjust plans of commodity production and marketing.

4.2.3 Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Process Planning (CAPP). Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

CAD/CAPP/CAE/CAM technology used mainly to support new products design and manufacturing. With the development of PDM (product data management), to effectively establish the integration of information between CAD, CAPP, CAE, CAM, and realize correct and rapid exchange of data among firms of supply chain, to further

speed up product development cycle and lower costs.

4.2.4 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), manufacturing resource planning II (MRPII), Just in Time (JIT)

ERP/ MRPII/ JIT is mainly used in production control and inventory control. Of course, the scope of ERP is more broader, it reflects the ideas of supply chain management that expand its application toother types industries from traditional manufacturing industries. Application of ERP/ MRPII/ JIT techniques can eliminate a variety complex issues in manufacturing, promoting changes of business processes, information processes and the organizational structure, improve the flexibility of enterprise production and the entire supply chain. guarantee the normal operation of the production and supply chain.

4.2.5 Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) refers to constantly accumulated customer inf ormation in the process of a enterprise’s operation, and meet individual customer needs by the use of customer information to make marketing strategies. the most important function modules of CRM are customer services, marketing, sales. Through apply CRM to the sharing of information between enterprises, it can enhance services between the enterprises in the supply chain, improve customer satisfaction, maintain high customer retention, develop a positive impact to customer benefits and potential benefits.

4.2.6 E-commerce

E-commerce refers to complete business transaction between the various participants in electronic form, but not by physical exchange or direct physical contact, It includes electronic data interchange (EDI), electronic means of payment, electronic ordering systems, e-mail, fax, Internet, electronic bulletin systems, bar-coding, image processing, intelligent cards and so on. In supply chain management, E-commerce generally have two types: business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C). E-commerce system improve the operational efficiency of the supply chain management of enterprises in supply management, inventory management, transportation management and information circulation.

供应链管理的信息技术支持系统

姜华，杨静，河北工程大学，经济与管理学院，中国邯郸

摘要：-有效的供应链管理是在信息传递和分享高品质的基础之上，这将依赖于信息技术提供可靠的大力支持。本文针对供应链信息流的特点，讨论了信息技术对供应链管理和支持系统的影响。

关键词：-供应链管理；信息技术支持系统；信息流；供应链；信息

一、引言

供应链管理（SCM）的兴起是缘于企业试图消除因信息传递太慢或错误而误导的生产及存货计划。90年代，一些计算机的制造商如HP，或生产家庭用品的宝洁（P ＆ G）开始将信息系统作上下游整合，希望通过正确和快速的信息传递、分析和整合，达到对市场的需求作快速反映并降低库存等目的。因此，有效的供应链管理是建立在高质量的信息传递和共享的基础上，而这又离不开信息技术提供的可靠支持。

二、供应链信息流的特点

在当今时代，信息成为了决定企业生存与发展的关键因素，任何一个企业都要面对如何集成信息的问题。信息既有来自上下游企业的纵向信息，也有来自企业内部的横向信息，还有来自宏观层面上的信息。如何传递和共享这些信息，将上下游企业的经济行为以及企业内

部各部门、各岗位的职能行为协调起来，就是供应链管理所要处理的核心问题。与单个企业情况相比，供应链作为一种扩展企业，其信息流动和获取方式表现出自己的特色。

1.覆盖范围广

供应链中的信息流覆盖了从供应商、制造商到分销商再到零售商等供应链中的所有环节。其信息流分为需求信息流和供应信息流，这是两个不同流向的信息流。当需求信息（如客户定单、生产计划、采购合同等）从需方向供方流动时，便引发物流。同时供应信息（如入库单、完工报告单、库存记录、可供销售量、提货发运单等）又同物料一起沿着供应链从供方向需方流动。单个企业下的信息流则主要限定在企业内部的进销存记录（见图）。

图供应链的信息流与单个企业的信息流

2.获取途径多

由于供应链中的企业是一种协作关系和利益共同体，因而供应链中的信息获取渠道众多，对于需求信息来说既有来自顾客也有来自分销商和零售商的；供应信息则来自于各供应商，这些信息通过供应链信息系统而在所有的企业里流动与分享。对于单个企业情况来说，由于没有与上下游企业形成利益共同体，因此单个企业的信息获取则完全依赖于自己的收集。

3.信息质量高

由于存在专业分工，供应链中的信息质量要强于单个企业下的信息质量，例如,分销商和零售商可以专门负责收集需求信息，供应商则收集供应信息，生产厂商收集产品信息等。

三、信息技术和供应链管理

信息技术的发展为供应链管理提供了有效的支持。关于如何看待信息技术对供应链管理的影响，如何在供应链管理中利用信息技术等问题，通过研究，基本上可以归纳为三个方面：

1.加强供应链中的信息共享可以有效地改进供应链的管理

当供应链各成员只根据来自其相邻下级的信息进行决策时，系统将产生需求放大现象，引起这种现象的原因并不是各成员的非理性，而是在实际信息不清楚情况下的理性决策，包括在非平稳需求情况下的需求预测、在预期缺货情况下增

加定货量、在存在固定定货费用和批量效应时增大定货批量等。这种现象的发生将对供应链所有成员都产生负面影响。为了消除或抑制这种现象，可以在供应链范围内采取相应对策，如加强信息共享、缩短延迟时间、协调定货和简化促销行为等。

2.信息技术的发展加强了供应链内部的协作

信息技术的发展使得企业能够更方便地使用信息技术与供应链其他成员进行交流和协作，使用费用也因此相对降低，使企业能够在同样的信息使用费用水平上选择更多的供应商以获得更便宜的供应和服务。也就是说，企业与其供应商之间的关系将有可能变得不可靠、不稳定，但实际上成功的企业选择的供应商数目并没有增加，而是减少了。其实，“企业与其供应商和用户之间必须建立一种协作关系”这一点在JIT 中已经有明确的要求，只是没有受到足够的重视。3.信息技术的发展可以帮助建立更完善的用户需求模型

最终用户是供应链的一个重要组成部分，对用户需求的响应状况则是供应链管理的一个很重要的评价指标，因此能够较好地掌握用户需求是供应链管理的基础。目前很多文章都对需求及其分布采用了不同的近似假设，但实际上需求是随机的，其发布也不是如我们一般所

假设的那样理想。因此，有必要在考虑供应链的库存控制问题中考虑对需求的预测，根据不同的情况选择不同的预测模型，建立恰当的需求模型。

四、供应链管理的信息技术支撑体系

供应链信息系统的建立是需要大量信息技术来支撑的，我们从供应链管理涉及的主要领域来谈信息技术在供应链管理中形成的支撑体系。供应链管理涉及的主要领域有：产品(服务)设计、生产、市场营销、客户服务、物流供应等。它是以同步化、集成化生产计划为指导，通过采用各种不同信息技术来提高这些领域的运作绩效。信息技术对供应链的支撑可分为两个层面。

4.1.第一个层面是由标识代码技术、自动识别与数据采集技术、电子数据交换技术、互联网技术等基础信息技术构成

4.1.1标识代码技术

统一的信息编码是实现供应链中贸易伙伴间的数据交换与共享的基础。没有它，自动识别技术与电子数据交换（EDI）就不可能实现。

4.1.2自动识别与数据采集技术

自动识别和数据采集（AIDC）已成为供应链管理过程中处理物流信息的理想技术。借助自动识别技术，通过自动数据识别和数据采集，可保证供应链各环节高速准确的数据获取及实时控制。目前，供应链管理中，最常用的AIDC 技术是条码技术和射频识别技术。射频识别（RFID）技术是一种较新的自动识别技术。由于射频识别技术的特点是可以非接触识读、可识别高速运动物体、抗恶劣环境、保密性强、可同时识别多个识别对象等，因而广泛应用于制造业及其他不适宜条码标签存在的环境中。在供应链过程控制中，它被广泛应用于运输工具的自动识别（AVI）、物品的跟踪与监视、店铺防盗系统、高速公路收费及智能交通系统（ITS）、生产线的自动化及过程控制等方面。

4.1.3电子数据交换（EDI）

EDI技术是指不同的企业之间为了提高经营活动的效率在标准化的基础上通过计算机网络进行数据传输和交换的方法。EDI 是实施快速响应（QR）、高效消费者响应（ECR）、高效补货等方法必不可少的技术。目前，几乎所有的供应链管理的运作方法都离不开EDI 技术的支持。

4.1.4互联网技术

互联网技术的蓬勃发展为供应链成员信息共享和交流提供了相对方便、快捷和廉价的基础工具。随着无线上网技术的发展和成熟，供应链成员可以不受空间限制地从事商业活动。

4.2第二层面是在一些基础信息技术的基础上所开发的支持企业生产、经营管理各个方面的信息系统和应用软件

在具体集成和应用这些系统时，不应仅仅将它们视为是一种技术解决方案，而应深刻理解它们所折射的管理思想。

4.2.1销售时点信息系统（POS）

POS 是指通过自动读取设备（收银机）在销售商品时直接读取商品销售信息，并通过通讯网络和计算机系统传送至有关部门进行分析加工以提高经营效率的系统。

4.2.2电子自动订货系统（EOS）

EOS是指企业间利用通讯网络（VAN或Internet）和终端设备以在\线联结

（ON-LINE）方式进行订货作业和订货信息交换的系统。相对于传统的订货方式，EOS系统可以缩短从接到订单到发出订货的时间，缩短订货商品的交货期，减少商品订单的出错率；有利于减少企业的库存水平，提高企业的库存管理效率；对于生产厂家和批发商来说，通过分析零售商的商品订货信息，能准确判断畅销商品和滞销商品，有利于调整商品生产和销售计划。

4.2.3计算机辅助设计(CAD)、计算机辅助工艺规划(CAPP)、计算机辅助工程(CAE)和计算机辅助制造(CAM)

CAD/CAPP/CAE/CAM 等计算机辅助技术主要用于支持新产品设计与制造。随着PDM（产品数据管理）发展，有效地建立了CAD、CAPP、CAE、CAM 之间的信息集成，实现供应链上各企业之间正确而快速的数据交换，从而进一步加快产品开发时间，降低了费用。

4.2.4企业资源计划（ERP）、制造资源计划（MRPII）、准时生产制（JIT）

ERP/ MRPII/ JIT等主要是用于企业生产控制和库存控制。当然ERP 的范围更广，已体现出了供应链管理的思想，其应用领域从传统制造业拓展到其他类型的行业。ERP/ MRPII/ JIT等技术的应用就可以解决企业生产中出现的多种复杂问题，促进了企业业务流程、信息流程和组织结构的变革，提高企业生产和整个供应链的柔性，保证生产及供应链的正常运行。

4.2.5客户关系管理（CRM）

客户关系管理（CRM）是指在企业的运营过程中不断累积客户信息，并使用获得的客户信息来制定市场战略以满足客户个性化需求。CRM 最主要的功能模块是客户服务、市场营销、销售。通过将CRM 应用于企业之间的信息共享，可以提升供应链上各企业之间的服务水平，提高客户满意度、维持较高的客户保留，对客户收益和潜在收益产生积极的影响等。

4.2.6电子商务

电子商务是各参与方之间以电子方式而不是通过物理交换或直接物理接触

完成的任何形式的业务交易，它包括电子数据交换（EDI）、电子支付手段、电子订货系统、电子邮件、传真、网络、电子公告系统、条码、图像处理、智能卡等。

毕业论文外文文献翻译-数据库管理系统的介绍

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