穿越历史追寻璀璨的黄金制品(专业英语)

姓名：姜文超

学号：

03108305 班级：零八级宝石（

3）班

宝石专业英语结课论文

Through the bright gold products for history

If there is a metal elements on the temptation of human and torture can continue for several thousand years, war and conquer, encouragement of empire and the currency, flatten mountains and forests, that it must be chemical symbol for Au gold. The name of the Au from Rome myth of the "goddess of the dawn" OuReLa (Aurora). As the praise the name of the mean strong, gold in the civilization history has been touted by the fever of rare metal, has been regarded as the symbol of showily. The story about the gold, you know?

From the biggest compound to the earliest gold, take you know change gold world; From the warring states mysterious gold mask to across the song, yuan, Ming, qing dynasty qian four Buddha figure "; To clear qianlong luxury make gold bells. Take us appreciate the charm of gold.

1 gold temptation

1.1 the yellow gold solution

When ore contains natural gold, gold in granular or microscopic particles in the rock, and hide state usually and quartz or veins of sulfide appears at the same time. This is called the vein type gold deposit or dikes gold. Natural gold are the leaves, granular or gold's form, and they come out in the rock erosion, eventually forming the alluvial deposits, called placers or gravel alluvial gold. Alluvial gold ore vein type of surface than contains richer gold, because in the rock gold and neighboring mineral oxidation, then flows into the river water, role in the formation of gold. Natural gold is typically 8% to 10% of the silver and silver content more than 20% of the called silver gold. Silver content is higher, the color is more white, weight and the lighter. Gold density high, one cubic metre gold weight is 19300 kg, and one cubic metre lead weight is 11340 kg.

Gold is a precious metal, gold has a price and value, content is higher, "resplendent and magnificent", "true gold fears not the fire", "have oneself in the book the words of the gold room" praise all express gold in people idea of the lofty position. Geologists analysis report points out, except in 1802 years to discover TANTALUM (TANTALUM),

gold is the world outside the most rare metal, the more proof of rare golden sex. The eco-system gold to gold is very valuable, and the stability of the gold to gold to preserve them, so gold is not become a human material wealth, and become an important means of human stored wealth, so get the human all the gold to favor.

2 the biggest gold ingot gold COINS to the earliest

2.1 the most big gold bricks

On dec. 2, 2009, a tourist self-complacent with this the world's largest solid gold ingot, a long time to leave. The compound is located in China's Taiwan Taipei county wasn gold museum, weighs 220 kg. It claims to be the world's largest solid gold ingot, with recent gold price calculation, it is worth around $7.8 million.

2.2 and the gold COINS Evans

2009 November 11,, in city Jerusalem Davidson archaeological center held an exhibition in the cultural relics bureau national treasure, Israel project principal Harvey to show people take an DuoNian 1000 before the gold COINS. This ancient gold coin from Egypt, history about dates back to 1095, is estimated by Muslim believers from Egypt to Jerusalem with.

3 China history of bright gold

3.1 in yellow gold of the history of the calendar kingdom open beginning

China mining, the use of gold, and put the xia dynasty history began in the tang dynasty. According to legend, the fu's, and culture have with gold refining elixir raw materials to live forever. In 1976, gansu province to fire site in the ditch yumen unearthed a batch of the early xia MuZangPin, have JinYinTong ring and men and women wear gold earrings, it has 3 500. The unearthed relics is that, in the early xia Chinese can use gold jewelry processing. After gold xia is found in archaeological excavations of it has a history of more than 000 years 3 shang dynasty gold products. The distribution of gold of shang shang culture is mainly for the center in the central plains and business dynasty north, northwest and southwest slant the minority areas. Spring and autumn and the warring states period, the social changes brought life and production in the field of important changes. A lot of the earliest appear, become the

period of the high development of the technology level of a sign. This time, in the central plains burial site, Shanxi Province in baoji benefit door village 2, qin tombs, luoyang, henan province, henan tomb gold village surrounded on the village cemetery huixian solid, hebei PingShanXian ZhongShanWang tomb unearthed the earliest most representative. At this time of the southern region unearthed earliest although number are limited, but very conspicuous. Some of the most important discovery of hubei, when with the discovery of the tomb county unearthed a batch of gold.

3.2 war-yellow gold face a kingdom

Shenzhen superiority will be on May 14, 2010-18 th, henan province pavilion will take a full of mysterious colorific-the warring states gold mask national treasure. So far the warring states period found the biggest gold mask

April 8, 2009, the national treasure the archives of special programs introduced this national treasure the warring states gold mask-both at home and abroad, has caused great vibration. The gold mask now is collected in the Chinese cultural museum in henan province. It casting in the warring states period, according to the real features Die hammer and become, high 31 cm wide 23 cm, oval, binocular yuanzheng, vertical eyebrow, outstanding, open brow high nose bridge is long and narrow, head wear, crown Angle. Looks KuanZhan, the abundant round nose straight, zygomatic the sudden, its eyebrows, eyes, nose and mouth, depicting lifelike, well-balanced ratio reflects the warring states period in the central plains superb metal casting process.

According to the testing of henan province, the modelling look a bit tricky gold mask value is 80%, is China so far found in the warring states period of the largest gold mask.

3.3 the han

The qin gold so far it is extremely rare, and han dynasty because national strength strong, and therefore in han dynasty unearthed in the tomb of gold, whether quantity, varieties, production technology, are much more than the pre-qin era. Overall, the most common of gold is still adorn article, gold, gold container vessels not much

more rare. Han dynasty gold products in addition to continue to use the bag, set, plating, such as wrong method is used to decorate bronze and iron outside, still will gold into gold foil or mud crumbs, used for lacquers and silk thing, in order to enhance richly feeling. The most important is the han dynasty, gold twinkle process itself gradually development mature, finally from the traditional technology of bronze craftsmanship, towards independence road of development, this makes the shape and decorative pattern and gold colors more delicate and exquisite, richly colorful, after the development and prosperity of gold to lay the foundation.

The han dynasty, the gold production is soaring gold fine craft, ripe, further expand distribution range. In the south of jiangsu aimprovement unearthed gold pit zhuang caches of beast, connects tall 10.2 cm, 17.8 cm long and weighs 9000 grams, the leopard, curled up shape, head of leopard fell on front legs above the neck wear three rounds, the top of head a collar ring, connect body to hammer act the role ofing new round markings, the manufacturing method to still for isolated cases. There is no doubt that the gold vessels of gold in ancient China the beast priority. Now is collected in the nanjing museum.

3.4 wei jin south toward the north

The and southern and northern dynasties period, social unrest, dynastic change frequently. On the other hand, all the ethnic groups in long-term coexistence life gradually mutual confluence, foreign exchange, and further expansion and the spread of Buddhism art, make this period of the cultural art unprecedented development. The earliest in the shape of the development pattern, hit the branding of the obvious. Such as liaoning north ticket FengSu put in the grave of "province unearthed seal" turtle new JinYin, then act the role ofing, character wen gold jewelry and unusual pieces of gold jewellery yamagata prefecture, hollow out, the earliest han nationality traditional culture both characteristics, and the northern nomads style features. Be like again jiangsu zhenjiang unearthed a grave eastern Buddha like card, a rectangle, the front line with the whole body figure of Buddha, the top of head, the face brings inspiration babyish, should be unearthed child like sugar apple. This used in buddhist dedication of gold and silver articles in the tang and extremely common after.

Cheng tang yellow gold 3.5

The tang dynasty is the most powerful, the Chinese history of the period, the brilliant gold production represents the highest level of metal process. When people see numerous, category, modelling is chic, rich decorative fine gold, will the tang dynasty to the tang dynasty culture art association and forthright, beauty and natural beautiful clever.

TangChaoJin products processing technology is more exquisite than before, not only produced exquisite, the method is also DuoZhong varied. According to the tang dynasty, six Canon "records, the tang dynasty's processing technology has ten DuoZhong, including gold-plated, wisp of gold, twisting gold, gild, gold, gold, embedded kung pin gold. Gold-plated is in general metal gilt; Wisp of gold and gold is twined into gold silk, and put the silk twist into line; The gold gilding is run into gold foil, use gold foil dragon shape stick in made such as other vessels; Gold is embedded in the vessels of gold foil set up; silk, Is gold in kung vessels with file carved into decorative pattern material in the gold after filling, form gold pattern.

3.6 the song and yuan. Gold development

With the prosperity of the song dynasty feudal cities and the development of commodity economy, gold production industry is very flourishing all over. Have the significant increase of gold of Ming dynasty, also a feature of gold, and the vessels of gold on later made an important influence. The song dynasty in the tang dynasty foundation of innovation, has formed a bright new style with the characteristics of The Times. Compared with the tang dynasty, the song dynasty the modelling of vessels of gold and ingenious and exquisite with delicate, colorful. By contrast, the tang dynasty is the momentum of the gold vessels greatness, and song dynasty is delicate with frivolous and having a unique style.

The yuan dynasty is China and a strong and unified period. The yuan dynasty is a gold handicrafts most special processing time, the period of craftsmen in art and craft processing, unceasingly absorb foreign technology, especially the persians technology. The most famous in yuan dynasty of silk of things with gold technology, lost "is from Persia stone of the introduction of, this technology to allow people to the

silk and twisted together in a line. Beijing life in the twin towers demolished a temple had found four pieces of gold fabric, with "lost" stone, when JinGuangYao "day" unearthed.

4 the Ming and qing dynasties costly gold products

4.1 the dragon phoenix crown generation

1958 Beijing changping during the coffin ZhuYi jun ding tombs excavated gold dragon grain crown (figure 7), connects tall, thin as 24 cm ChanYi, light like a crown, the gauze of extremely fine silk weaving and into. Coping with JinKou, inside and outside of the crown, the position of high above after careful design two jinlong, coiled itself around the transparent gold-rimmed nets surface. Jinlong symmetric rendezvous in the crown, head of the top in upper part, mouth, tongue bending coiling dragons spit, present emfs, ssangyong is among the first round a fire bead, constitute the dragon playing a ball patterns. The double gold, the male flying the majesty, a symbol of the feudal emperors of supreme authority is so far the only one of our country's existing emperors, can be called David gold. Then the only 0.2 mm in diameter, manufactures a fine hair, weaving, pore closely even, almost can't find gold-rimmed joint trace. Dragons, in thick silk for bone, the wire inlay, base line, code of silk method, then the welding, in high relief scales, distinct, the dragon scale of scales of 8400. Leading, claws, the dorsal fin carve engraves method, half a relief form. Fully reflects the wanli period earliest the technical level of the royal process. "Theory

Gold, with its time excessive colour appearance and one thousand eternal noble characteristics, for human civilization process added a brilliant history. Gold is one thousand years people struggled to win the wealth symbol. We briefly understanding of the world history triggered by the gold of the plunder, see the gold to fight the temptation of human is everlasting would have. From the greatest of compound to the earliest gold, let us see change gold.

穿越历史追寻璀璨的黄金制品

如果有一种金属元素对人类的诱惑与折磨能延续几千年,挑起战争与征服,催生帝国与货币,夷平高山与森林,那它一定是化学符号为Au的金。Au的名称来自罗马神话中的“黎明女神”欧若拉(Aurora)。如同这个赞美意味浓厚的名称,黄金在人类文明史上一直是受到狂热吹捧的稀有金属,一直被视为华贵的象征。关于黄金的故事,你知道多少?

从最大金砖到最早金币，带你认识百变黄金世界；从战国神秘的黄金面具到跨越宋、元、明、清四朝的《千佛图》；再到清乾隆奢华打造的金编钟。带我们领略黄金的魅力。

1黄金诱惑

1.1 了解黄金

当矿石含有天然金时,金会以粒状或微观粒子状态藏在岩石中,通常会与石英或硫化物的矿脉同时出现。这称为脉状矿床金或岩脉金。天然金也会以叶片、粒状或金块的形式出现,它们由岩石中侵蚀出来,最后形成冲积矿床的沙砾,称为砂矿或冲积金。冲积金比脉状矿床的表面含有更丰富的金,因为在岩石中的金与邻近矿物氧化后,再流入河流,借助流水作用形成金块。天然金通常含有8%～10%的银,银含量超过20%的称为银金。银含量越高,颜色就越白,重量也越轻。金的密度相当高,1立方米的金重量为19300公斤,而1立方米的铅重量为11340公斤。

黄金是一种贵金属，黄金有价，且价值含量比较高，“金碧辉煌”、“真金不怕火炼”、“书中自有黄金屋”等赞美之词无不表达黄金在人们心目中的崇高位置。地质学家的分析报告指出，除了在 1802年才发现的钽 (TANTALUM)之外，金是世上最罕有的金属，这更证明金的罕有性。黄金的稀有性使黄金十分珍贵，而黄金的稳定性使黄金便于保存，所以黄金不仅成为人类的物质财富，而且成为人类储藏财富的重要手段，故黄金得到了人类的格外青睐。

2最大金砖到最早金币

2.1最大金砖

2009年12月2日，一位游客留恋于这块世界上最大的实心金砖，久久不愿离去。这块金砖位于中国台湾台北县金瓜石黄金博物馆中，重220公斤。它号称是世界上最大的实心金砖，以最近的黄金价格计算，它大约价值780万美元。

2.2埃及古金币

2009年11月11日，在耶路撒冷老城戴维德森考古中心举办的一个展览上，以色列文物考古局国宝项目负责人哈维-卡兹向人们展示了一枚1000多年前的金币。这枚古金币来自埃及，历史大约可追溯至1095年，估计是由穆斯林信徒从埃及带至耶路撒冷。

3中国历史中璀璨的黄金

3.1中国黄金历史的开始

中国采掘、利用黄金的历史始于夏朝，盛于唐代。相传，伏羲氏、黄帝、炎帝都曾用黄金做原料炼金丹以求长生不老。1976年，在甘肃省玉门火烧沟的遗址中出土了一批夏代初期的墓葬品，有金银铜环和男女佩戴的金耳环，距今已有3 500年。这些出土文物证明，

在夏代初期中国人就能用黄金加工首饰了。夏代金器之后是考古发掘中发现的距今已有3 000余年历史的商代黄金制品。商代金器的分布范围主要是以商文化为中心的中原地区以及商王朝北部、西北部和偏西南的少数民族地区。

春秋战国时期，社会变革带来了生产、生活领域中的重大变化。大量金银器的出现，成为这个时期工艺水平高度发展的一个标志。这个时期，在中原地区的墓葬遗址中，以陕西宝鸡益门村2号秦国墓葬、河南洛阳金村古墓、河南辉县固围村魏国墓地、河北平山县中山王墓出土的金银器最有代表性。此时南方地区出土的金银器虽然数量不多，但却十分引人注目。其中最为重要的发现，当属湖北随县曾侯乙墓出土的一批金器。

3.2 战国——黄金面具

深圳文博会将于2010年5月14日―18日举行，河南省展团将带去一件充满神秘色彩的国宝——战国黄金面具。迄今为止发现的战国时期最大的黄金面具

2009年4月8日，央视《国宝档案》节目专题介绍了这件国宝——战国黄金面具，在海内外引起很大震动。这个黄金面具现藏于河南省炎黄文化博物馆。它铸造于战国时期，按真人面貌特征锤揲而成，高31厘米，宽23厘米，呈椭圆形，双目圆睁，竖眉张口，眉骨突出，鼻梁高挺狭长，头顶戴角状头冠。容貌丰圆宽展，鼻梁通直，颧骨微突，它的眉、目、鼻、口比例匀称，刻画逼真，体现出了战国时期中原地区高超的金属铸造工艺。

根据河南省检测鉴定，这个造型看上去有点诡异的黄金面具含金量为80%，是迄今为止中国发现的战国时期体积最大的黄金面具。

3.3 汉朝

秦代金器迄今为止则极为少见，而汉王朝因为国力强盛，因此在汉代墓葬中出土的金器，无论是数量、品种、制作工艺，都远远超过了先秦时代。总体上说，金器中最为常见的仍是饰品，金器皿不多，金质容器就更少见。汉代金制品除继续用包、镶、镀、错等方法用于装饰铜器和铁器外，还将金制成金箔或泥屑，用于漆器和丝织物上，以增强富丽感。最为重要的是，汉代金钿工艺本身逐渐发展成熟，最终脱离青铜工艺的传统技术，走向独立发展的道路，这使得金的形制、纹饰以及色彩更加精巧玲珑、富丽多姿，为以后金器的发展繁荣奠定了基础。

汉代，黄金产量激增，金细工艺趋于成熟，分布范围进一步扩大。在江苏盱眙南窖庄出土的窖藏金兽，通高10.2厘米，长17.8厘米，重9000克，呈豹形，蜷伏状，豹头枕伏于前腿之上颈部戴三轮项圈，头顶有一环纽，通体锤饰圆形斑纹，这种制造办法至仍为孤例。毫无疑问，这个金兽是中国古代金器中的重中之重。现藏于南京博物院。

3.4 魏晋南北朝

到了魏晋南北朝时期，社会动乱，朝代更替频繁。另一方面，各民族在长期共存的生活中逐渐相互融合，对外交流进一步扩大，加之佛教及其艺术的传播，使这个时期的文化艺术空前发展。这些在金银器的形制纹样发展中，都打上了明显的烙印。如辽宁北票冯素弗墓中出土的“范阳公章”龟纽金印、金冠饰、人物纹山形金饰、镂空山形金饰片等，这些金银器既有汉族传统文化的特色，又有北方游牧民族的风格特点。再如江苏镇江东晋墓出土的一件金佛像牌，呈长方形，正面线刻有全身佛像，头顶灵光，面带稚气，应为释迦出土童像。这种用于佛教奉献的金银制品在唐宋以后极为常见。