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英文专业词汇学考试复习资料

Chapter 1 The Basic Con cepts of Words and Vocabulary

1、The Definition of a Word

Lexicology focuses on the study of meanings and origins of words.

According to semanticists （语义学家），a word is a unit of meaning.

A word is a min imal （最小的）free form of a Ian guage that has a give n sound, meaning

and syntactic function （句法功能）.

2、Vocabulary

All the words in a Ian guage make up what is gen erally known as its vocabulary.

3、Sound and Meaning

The relati on ship betwee n sound and meaning is no logic

4、Sound and Form

There was more agreement between sound and form in Old English than in Modern English. With the developme nt of the Ian guage, more and more differe nces arose betwee n sound and form. 5、Classificati on of Words

6简答

（1 ）、What is the relationship between sound and meaning? Give examples to illustrate it. The relati on ship betwee n sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional. In differe nt

Ian guages, the same con cept can be show n by differe nt soun ds. Woma n ”，for

example, becomes Frau" i n Germa n, Femme" in French and fu nv "in Chin ese. On the other hand, the same sound [mi:t] is used to mean meet, meat, mete", denoting different thi ngs.

(2) 、What are the four major reasons for the differences between sound and form?

The first reas on (he internal reas on) is that there are more pho nemes (音素)tha n letters in

English. Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spell ing over the years. The third reas ons that some of the differe nces more created by the early scribes.

The fourth reas on is the borrow ing.

(3) 、How are words classified in the course book?

Words can be classified by differe nt criteria and for differe nt purposes. Words may fall in to:

the basic word stock and non basic vocabulary by use freque ncy; content words and

functional words by notion; native words and borrowed words by origin; simple words, compo

unds and derived words by morphology.

(4) 、What is the differenee between denizensand aliens?

Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated (完全同化) in to

the En glish Ian guage. But alie ns are borrowed words which have reta ined their original

pronunciation and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origi n.

Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary

1、The Indo-European Language Family

The prehistoric In do-Europea n pare nt Ian guage, thought to be a highly inflected （内部曲折

语）Ianguage.

、

The first peoples who in habited the land were Celts.

The sec ond Ian guage known in En glish was Latin of the Roma n Legi ons.

（1 ）、Old English （450-1150）

In the 9th century England was invaded by Norwegian and Danish Vikings.

（2 ）、Middle English （1150-1500）

The French in flue nee on En glish vocabulary was one of the sig ni fica nt points of the Middle En

glish period.

The most important fact of the Middle English period was the steady erosion of the in flecti onal

systems of Old En glish.

（3）、Modern English （1500-present）

In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and

Roman classics

It is estimated that about one fourth of moder n En glish vocabulary has come from French.

3、Foreig n Eleme nts in the En glish Vocabulary

In earlier stages of En glish, Lat in. Greek. French and Scandin avian were the four major con tributors.

The simulta neous existe nee of Fren ch, Lati n and En glish lasted for a century.

4、Modes of Vocabulary Developme nt

Moder n En glish vocabulary develops through three cha nn els: creation, semantic change （旧词新义）and borrow ing.

Creation is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.

5、简答

What are the characteristics of Old En glish?

Old English also known as the Anglo-Saxon, has a vocabulary of about 50000 to

60000 words, which are almost monogen eous and en tirely Germa nic with only a few borrow ings from Lati n and Scandin avia n. Old En glish was a highly in flected

Ianguage. It was a synthetic language （综合性语言）.（Modern English is an analytic

Chapter 3 Morphological Structure of En glish Words

1、Morphemes

The mini mal meaningful un its in En glish are known as morphemes （词素）

、

3、Morphs （形素）

Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs.

4、Allomorphs （词素变体）

An allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs, which represe nt one morpheme.

A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of

ide ntity.

7、简答

（1 ）、What is the differenee between free morphemes and bound morphemes?

Free morphemes which have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences are independent of other morphemes, but bound

morphemes which cannot occur as separate. Words are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.

（2）、What is the differenee between derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes? Derivati onal morphemes are used to derive new words, but in flecti onal morphemes are employed used to in

dicate the syn tactic （句法）relati on ship betwee n words and function as grammatical markers. Chapter 4 Word Formatio

The most productive ways of creat ing new words are affixation, compo unding, and con vers ion.

1、Affixation

Accord ing to the positi on:

The words created by addi ng word forming or derivati onal affixes to bases are called derivatives.

2、Compounding （复合法）

Example: workfare（work+welfare）

In adjective-plus-noun compo un ds, the adjective eleme nt cannot take in flecti onal suffixes. Verb compo unds are created either though con versi on or through back-formation.

3、Con version （转类法）

The con vers ion that takes place between nouns and verbs is the most productive.

The con vers ion of two syllable nouns into verbs in volves a cha nge of stress. Nouns fully con verted from adjectives have all the characteristics of nouns.

4、Blending （拼缀法）

The overwhel ming majority of ble nds are nouns

5、Back-formation （逆身法）

Back-formati on is con sidered to be the opposite process of suffixation.

6简答

（1 ）、What is the main differenee between prefixes and suffixes?

Un like prefixes which primarily effect a sema ntic modificati on of the base, suffixes have only a

small semantic role, their primary function being to changes th _ grammatical function of a base, i.e.

the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning.

（2 ）、What are the three main features of compounds?

The three main features of compo unds are phono logical features, sema ntic features and

grammatical features. The word stress of a compo und usually occurs on the first eleme nt. Each

compound should express a single idea just as one word. A compound tends to play a single

grammatical role in a sentence

（3 ）、What is back-formation? What are the characteristics of back-formation?

Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. Words created through back-formation are verbs. Stylistically, back-formed words are largely in formal and some of them have not successfully gained curre ncy.

(4)、What is aeronymy? What is the differenee between initialisms and aernyms?

Acronymy is the process of formi ng new words by joining the in itial letters of composite names of social and political organizations or phrases used as technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms. Initialisms are pronounced letter by letter, but acronyms are

pronounced as no rmal words

7、论述题

1、Medicare ”and sitcom” are blends. Medicare ”is formed by combining the head of _ medical'

and the word care”,and sitcom ” is formed by combining the head of situation ” and that of comdey'.

2、"Memo”and flu”are clipped words. Memo”is formed by clipping the lack of

memora ndum" a nd flu ” is formed clippi ng the front and lack of ihflue nza ”.

3、"TB ”and NATO ” are new words created through acronymy. TB ”from tuberculosis ” is an initialism,

while NATO ” from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization_” is an acronym.

Chapter 5 Word Meaning and Comp onen tial An alysis（成份分析法）

1、Referenee

Words are but symbols, many of which have meaning on ly whe n they have acquired reference.

2、Coneept （概念）

Meaning and con cept are closely conn ected but not identical.

Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the huma n mind.

3、Sense

Un like refere nee, sense deno tes the relati on ships in side the Ian guage.

4、Motivation （理据）

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