科技英语课后习题答案
Main Content: UNIT 1 MATHEMATICS
I.Text Organization
Parts Paragraphs Main Ideas
Part One Paras. 1-3 Game theory can be defined as the science of strategy
which studies both pure conflicts (zero-sum games)
and conflicts in cooperative forms.
Part Two Paras. 4-11 There are two distinct types of strategic
interdependence: sequential-move game and
simultaneous-move game.
Part Three Paras.
12-19 The typical examples of game theory are given as the basic principles such as prisoners’dilemma, mixing moves, strategic moves, bargaining, concealing and revealing information.
Part Four Para. 20 The research of game theory has succeeded in
illustrating strategies in situations of conflict and
cooperation and it will focus on the design of
successful strategy in future.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5017440551.html,nguage Points
The games it studies range from chess to child rearing and from tennis to takeovers.
Paraphrase: The games it (game theory) studies extends from chess to child bringing-up and from tennis to handovers.
range: v. to vary between limits, extend, run in a line
. (1) The price ranges from $ 30 to $ 80. (2) The boundary ranges from north to south.
takeover: n. the act or an instance of assuming control or management of or responsibility for sth. 接收、接管
. The economy of Hongkong goes well after its takeover.
Game theory was pioneered by Princeton mathematician John von Neumann. pioneer: v. to be a pioneer; to originate (course of action etc., followed later by others)
. The new treatment for cancer was pioneered by the experts of state hospital.
pioneer: n. original investigator of subject or explorer or settler; initiator of enterprise
. The young generation was greatly motivated by the pioneers’ exploits. That is, the participants were supposed to choose and implement their actions
jointly.
Paraphrase: That is, the players were expected to select and carry out their actions together.
… he must anticipate and overcome resistance to his plans.
anticipate: v. 1) to expect or realize beforehand; to foresee
. The experts are anticipating the negative effects of air pollution. anticipate: v. 2) to deal with or use before proper time 预支
. Ted was not used to saving monthly and he would always anticipate his income.
The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies. Paraphrase: The key principal of a game is that player strategies are dependent on each other.
essence: the quality which makes a thing what it is; the inner nature or most important quality of a thing
. The two things are the same in outward form but different in essence. essence: n. 2) extract obtained from a substance by taking out as much of the mass as possible
. milk essence; essence of peppermint (椒薄荷、椒薄荷油) interdependence: n. the quality or fact of depending on each other
inter-为前缀，意为between each other, 类似的词还有interchange、
intermarry、international、interview等。
A general principle for a player in a sequential-move game is to look ahead and reason back.
Paraphrase: A commonly-applied rule for a participant in a sequential game is to anticipate and think logically in turn.
reason: v. to form or try to reach conclusions by connected thought; to think out
. (1) Man’s ability to reason makes him different from the animal. (2) I reason in this way about the matter.
In principle, any sequential game that ends after a finite sequence of moves…finite: a. limited; having bounds
. The petroleum supply is finite for humankind.
infinite: a. without limits; having no bounds; (number that cannot be calculated)
. infinite space.
In contrast to the linear chain of reasoning for sequential games, a game with simultaneous moves involves a logical circle.
Paraphrase: A game with simultaneous move requires a logical circular thinking, which is totally different from the linear chain of reasoning for
sequential games.
… in ignorance of the others’ current actions.
ignorance: n. being lacking of knowledge or uninformed
. The manager was offended by the ignorance of his plans.
The logical circle is squared …
square the circle: to attempt sth. impossible 做（似乎是）不可能的事
When we say that an outcome is an equilibrium, there is no presumption that each person’s privately best choice will lead to a collectively optimal result. Paraphrase: When we mention that game result is an equilibrium, there is no assurance that each player’s best choice will lead to the best effect for all the players.
此句是一个复合句，when引导时间状语从句，主句there is no presumption 中又包含一个同位语从句that each person’s privately best choice will lead to a collectively optimal result，修饰presumption。
But in spite of these flaws …
flaw: n. imperfection; crack; invalidating defect in document
. There was a fatal flaw in his argument that he gave an inaccurate definition.
Such cooperative behavior can be achieved in repeated plays of the game because the temporary gain from cheating (confession) can be outweighed by the long-run loss due to the breakdown of cooperation.
Paraphrase: Since the long-term loss brings more harmful effects than the temporary gain from cheating (confession) once cooperation breaks down, cooperative behavior can be achieved in repeated plays of the game. outweigh: v. to exceed in weight, value, importance or influence
. Many athletes believe that disadvantages of taking dopes (兴奋剂、麻醉剂) far outweigh the advantages.
out-为前缀，意为in a way that surpasses, exceeds, or goes beyond。常见词有
outargue/outbalance/outbid/outclass/outdo/outdrive/outeat/outgo/outlearn/outli ve/outplay。
Game theory quantifies this insight and details the right proportions of such mixtures.
insight: n. piece of knowledge obtained, understanding; power of seeing into sth. with the mind
. (1) a man of deep insight (2) Good teachers have insight into the problems of students.
By so doing, he removes his own temptation to renege (食言、否认) on a promise or to forgive others’ transgressions (违犯、犯规).
Paraphrase: By so doing, he can resist the temptation to break his own promise or to excuse for others’ offense.
Recall Winston Churchill’s dictum of hiding the truth in a “bodyguard of lies”. recall: v. 1) to bring back to mind; to remember something
. (1) Twenty years later he could still clearly recall the event. (2) I seem to recall seeing the document.
recall: v. 2) to order the return of a person who belongs to an organization
. The ambassador was recalled when war broke out.
To convey information, use an action that is a credible “signal”…
convey: v. to make (ideas, feelings, etc.) known to another
. (1) Language conveys message. (2) Words cannot convey how delighted I am that I have accepted by Yale University.
III.Background Information
Avinash Dixit and Barry Nalebuff
阿维纳什·迪克斯特是普林斯顿大学经济学教授。巴里·内尔巴夫是耶鲁大学组织和管理学院管理学教授。
Game Theory
博弈论，有时也称为对策论，是应用数学的一个分支，是研究具有斗争或竞争性质现象的数学理论和方法，也是运筹学（operational research）的一个重要学科。目前在生物学、经济学、国际关系、计算机科学、政治学、军事战略和其他很多学科都有广泛的应用。
zero-sum games
零和博弈（非合作博弈），一人或一方得益必然引起另一人或另一方损失的局面。
John von Neumann
约翰·冯·诺依曼（1903-1957），匈牙利裔美国数学家，普林斯顿大学和普林斯顿高等研究所教授，曾任研制原子弹的顾问，并参加研制计算机，被称为计算机之父，1954年成为美国原子能委员会委员。作为20世纪最杰出的数学家之一，他在数理逻辑、测度论、格伦和连续几何学方面都有开创性的成果；在博弈论和控制论、力学、经济学和计算机研制等领域做出了杰出的贡献。他同莫根·施特恩合作，写出《博弈论和经济行为》一书，这是博弈论中的经典着作，使他成为数理经济学的奠基人之一。
tic-tac-toe
井字棋，一种益智游戏。两人轮流在一井字形方格内画“x”和“o”，以先列成一行者得胜。
John Nash
约翰·纳什，1928年6月13日出生在美国西弗吉尼亚州，1950年获得美国普林斯顿高等研究院数学博士学位，1951年至1959年在麻省理工学院（MIT）数学中心任职。现任普林斯顿大学数学系教授，美国科学院院士。国际公认的博弈论创始人之一，是继冯·诺依曼之后最伟大的博弈论大师之一。纳什主要在纯数学领域从事学术研究，其数学成就十分突出。然而，他对经济学研究产生重大影响的还是在博弈论上，可以概括为两点：第一，纳什明确区分了合作对策与非合作对策，并指出，在合作对策中可以达成有约束力的协议，而在非合作对策中，则达不到；第二，对于两人以上的非合作对策，可能出现什么样的结果，纳什提出了分析方法，这一方法可以用“纳什均衡”来称谓。后来对博弈论的许多讨论，都是建立在纳什均衡这一概念之上的，他提出的着名的纳什均衡的概念在非合作博弈理论中起着核心的作用。后续的研究者对博弈论的贡献，都是建立在这一概念之上的。由于纳什均衡的提出和不断完善为博弈论广泛应用于经济学、管理学、社会学、政治学、军事科学等领域奠定了坚实的理论基础，1994年纳什因此获得诺贝尔奖经济学奖。
Nash equilibrium
纳什均衡，又称为非合作博弈均衡，是博弈论的一个重要术语，以约翰·纳什命名。在一个博弈过程中，无论对方的策略选择如何，当事人一方都会选择某个确定的策略，则该策略被称作支配性策略。如果两个博弈的当事人的策略组合分别构成各自的支配性策略，那么这个组合就被定义为纳什均衡。一个策略组合被称为纳什均衡，当每个博弈者的均衡策略都是为了达到自己期望收益的最大值，与此同时，其他所有博弈者也遵循这样的策略。
prisoners' dilemma
囚徒困境，博弈论的经典案例。囚徒困境是博弈论的非零和博弈中具代表性的例子，反映个人最佳选择并非团体最佳选择。虽然困境本身只属模型性质，但现实中的价格竞争、环境保护等方面，也会频繁出现类似情况。单次发生的囚徒困境，和多次重复的囚徒困境结果不会一样。在重复的囚徒困境中，博弈被反复地进行。因而每个参与者都有机会去“惩罚”另一个参与者前一回合的不合作行为。这时，合作可能会作为均衡的结果出现。欺骗的动机这时可能被受到惩罚的威胁所克服，从而可能导向一个较好的、合作的结果。
Cortes
赫尔南多·科尔蒂斯，16世纪殖民时代活跃在中南美洲的西班牙殖民者，以摧毁阿兹特克（Aztec）古文明，并在墨西哥建立西班牙殖民地而闻名。
strategy of brinkmanship
边缘化策略。边缘化策略指在国际政治和外交活动中，故意使局势变得无法控制的策略，正是由于局势的无法收拾可能令其他对手难以接受，从而迫使对手做出妥协。
Thomas Schelling
托马斯·谢林（1921-），2005年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者，1951年获得哈佛大学经济学博士学位，曾在美国哈佛大学肯尼迪学院执教20年，担任政治经济学教授，并获得退休名誉教授的称号，1991年被选为美国经济学协会会长，现在美国马里兰大学公共政策学院和经济系担任教授，并获得退休名誉教授称号。他教授的课程除包括经济学理论外，还涉及外交、国家安全、核战略以及军控等多方面。谢林重要的理论着作包括《冲突战略》、《武器与影响》等，其中前者是相关领域中最具有开创性的理论着作之一。他的理论和思想不仅运用在经济学分析中，在外交、军事领域也影响深远。
Winston Churchill
温斯顿·丘吉尔（1874-1965），二战期间英国首相，英国传记作家、历史学家、政治家，1953年诺贝尔文学奖获得者。
IV.Skills for Reading
V.Skills for Translation 名词化结构
大量使用名词化结构是科技英语最突出的特点之一。使用名词化结构的优点正是叙述客观，强调动作的客体而非动作本身，并能够用来代替同位语从句等较长的句子结构，从而使得文章简洁紧凑。理解名词化结构的重点是确定中心名词。名词化结构主要分为以下三类：
1.单纯名词化结构
指由一个或多个名词修饰一个中心名词构成的名词化结构。. water purification system)
2.复合名词化结构
指由一个中心名词和形容词、名词、副词、分词及介词短语等多个前置或后置修饰语构成。（. acute bacterial peritonitis 急性细菌性腹膜炎）3.由动词派生的名词化结构
指由实义动词派生的名词搭配介词短语构成，在句中充当主语、宾语或介词宾语。（. Archimeds first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. 阿基米德最先发现了固体排水的原理。）
名词化结构
1.将名词化结构译为动词
. 由动词派生的名词化结构)
2.将名词化结构译为动宾关系
（. 复合名词化结构）
3.将名词化结构译为独立的从句
（. 名词化结构较长而且较为复杂的情况）
VI.Translation Practice
名词化结构
1.Exercises for Practicing the Skills
1)无线网状网的首次应用是在社区接入网中，例如在加州的Cerritos
社区，采用Tropos Networks或Garland的设备，由NexGen City建
网，所用的专用芯片来自MeshNetworks。
2)变压器是一种利用互感原理的重要实用装置。
3)在19世纪，潮汐振荡和声重力振荡的理论曾经是饶有兴趣的课题。
4)增加了对成本的极小化的刺激，成本更具透明度。
5)在蜂窝网中布设911系统可以分三个阶段来进行。
6)由于已投入使用的或者处于研发阶段的纳米制品的范围极广，因此
确定先测试哪一种材料以及如何进行测试是至关重要的。
7)但是所有的博弈所具有的共同特征就是相互作用。
8)技术发展造成的成本的降低、性能的提高以及网络的广泛应用使得
建造更大的工程、人工智能（智能代理、知识库系统、数据挖掘及
智能过滤等等）将愈加可行。
2.Word and Phrase Translation
A. 1) 互赢博弈和互败博弈
2) 连续策略博弈
3) 联立策略博弈
4) 直线推理
5) 循环推理
6) 纳什均衡
7) 支配性策略
8) 最优化结果
9) 合作破裂
10) 边缘化策略
B. 1) pure conflict
2) competition and cooperation
3) strategic interdependence
4) prisoners’ dilemma
5) long-run loss
6) tit-for-tat strategy
7) mixing one’s moves
8) hit a passing shot cross-court or down the line
9) monopoly market
10) equilibrium shares
Main Content: UNIT 2 MEDICINE
?Text A “Making a Little Progress”
?科技英语阅读方法“复合词”
?科技英语翻译技巧“科技术语”
Step:
I.Text Organization
Parts Paragraphs Main Ideas
Part One Para. 1 The government decided to take an initiative to fight
against cancer by means of nanotechnology.
Part Two Para. 2 Nanotechnology holds promise for cancer treatment
on account of two main reasons: size and function.
Part Three Paras. 3-8 Two kinds of nanoparticles—nanocrystals of iron
oxide and quantum dots—have been used for cancer
detection in tests on mice.
Part Four Paras. 9-18 Three kinds of nanoparticles—dendrimers, carbon
nanotubes and liposomes—have been used in tests for
cancer killing.
Part Five Paras.
19-21 In spite of great progress in cancer nanotechnology, there are still many problems to solve.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5017440551.html,nguage Points
… to bring new blood to an old and desperate fight.
new blood: n. new member, new comer (=fresh blood)
. The company certainly needs some fresh blood with new ideas.
It’s a well-funded sign that expectations for nanotech solutions to cancer extend to the highest governmental levels, and it comes at a time when the battle against the disease seems to be at a standstill.
Paraphrase: Highest government levels are expecting nanotech solutions to cancer. It comes just in time since the battle against cancer seems to have come to a dead end.
此句是一个长句。第一个it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的句子；第二个it指代上述的事实，即 a well-funded sign that expectations for nanotech solutions to cancer extend to the highest governmental levels; when
引导定语从句。
… which then emit radio signals.
emit: v. to give out; to make a sound
. (1) Madam Curie found that radium (镭) emitted a faint (微弱的、暗淡的) blue light. (2) The face of the girl turned white and she emitted a low moan.
… as they revert to their original spins.
revert to: to return to a previous state.
. (1) If you revert to your eating habit, you’ll put on weight again. (2) The house reverted to its former state of wreck (毁坏、严重破坏).
…, usher the protons to their original spins.
usher: v. to lead sb. politely to some place
. The waitress ushered us to our seats reserved.
… then tacked on an antibody.
tack … on: to add
. (1) She tacked a ribbon on to her hat. (2) It’s a tragic play but with a happy ending tacked on.
Adjusting the particles’ sizes creates probes …
probe: n. a slender, flexible surgical instrument used to explore a wound or body cavity; an investigation into unfamiliar matters or questionable activities . (1) The surgeon examined his stomach with a probe. (2) There is a congressional probe into price fixing (限价、限定价格).
probe: v. to explore with or as if with a probe
. (1) The surgeon probed a wound to find its extent (范围、程度). (2) She tried to probe my mind and discover what I was thinking.
Cadmium is a poisonous metal, however, so until long-term toxicity studies of the nanoparticles are conducted, use of quantum-dot probes will be limited to animals and tissue samples.
Paraphrase: Cadmium is a poisonous metal. Because of that, quantum-dot probes can only be used on animals and tissue samples until its safety has been established.
… mice riddled with human epithelial-cell cancer.
riddle … with …: to be full of; to make a lot of holes with sth.
. (1) The soccer team produced a disappointing performance riddled with errors. (2) A gunman riddled the facade (正面) of the building with bullets.
… home in on the cancer cells.
home in on: to move or lead toward a goal
. (1) A large insect was homing in on his neck. (2) The investigators were homing in on the truth.
They burn their way through cancer.
Paraphrase: Carbon nanotubes can kill cancer cells by burning them.
… the p53 gene will initiate cellular suicide.
initiate: v. (fml) to make sth. start
. (1) The large company initiated a management training programme for its personnel. (2) We shall initiate urgent discussions with our trade partners.
… the cell keeps growing and can become malignant.
malignant: a. virulent 恶性的
. Fortunately, after the test, his tumor was benign, not malignant.
… patients with advanced solid tumors.
advanced: a. 1) far along in course or time 2) progressive 3) of high level . (1) The old man is so optimistic and energetic that we can never imagine him to be a patient with advanced lung cancer. (2) They have developed
an advanced communications system. (3) She had difficulty learning advanced mathematics.
If cancer nanotechnology does live up to its promise …
live up to: to satisfy; to fulfill
. The boy was very happy because his father had lived up to the promise that the family would go to the amusement park if he had a good performance in the final exam.
III.Background Information
Text A
It introduces nanotechnology taking on cancer detection and treatment. It is a brand-new therapy in human’s fight against cancer. Some kinds of nanoparticles have been used in tests. Although it holds promise for cancer treatment in humans, standardized techniques should be taken into consideration.
National Cancer Institute
美国国家癌症研究所。1937年美国总统罗斯福批准国家癌症法案（National Cancer Act），随后NCI正式成立。
英语课后翻译答案新
U n i t1 1. 任何年满18岁的人都有资格投票。(be eligible to, vote) Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote. 2. 每学期开学前，这些奖学金的申请表格就会由学校发给每一个学生。(apply for, scholarship) A form to apply for these scholarships is sent by the university to every student before the start of every semester. 3. 遵照医生的建议，我决定戒烟。(on the advice of) On the advice of my doctor, I decided to give up smoking. 4. 公园位于县城的正中央。(be located in) The park is located right in the center of town. 5. 这所大学提供了我们所需的所有材料和设备。(facilities) The university provides all the materials and facilities we desire. 1. 他们花了多年的时间寻找内心的平静，但是收效甚微。(search for) They spent many years searching for peace of mind, but with little success. 2. 这种新药的成功研制已经使许多疾病的治疗发生了根本性的变革。
《科技英语强化阅读》答案[2]
《科技英语阅读》参考答案 Text 1： I. Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? FTTFT FF Ⅱ. For questions 1-4 below, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, D. CBDC Text 2: I. Complete the following sentences with the information given in the text. 1.calculation / classification / comparison 2.plotting the course of rockets, preparing bank statements, predicting elections, forecasting weather, and so forth 3.if without the help of computers 4.the message of a familiar advertisement is that machines should work, but men should think https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5017440551.html,puters perform very complex operations in a very short time 6. a very large adding machine 7.traffic lights / telephones 8.two / input / processing / output II. Fill in the blanks in the following text. Pay attention to the verb forms. be sharply replaced / recognize / access / convert / book / pay / interacting / be used / dealing / solving III. Translate the following phrases into Chinese. 1.处理数据 2.计算器 3.计算机科学 4.计算机技术 5.电子计时脉冲 IV. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1.数据处理就是以计算、分类、比较的方式来处理那些预先存放到机器中的资料。 2.电脑是由数以百万的电子装置组成的，能够通过具有不同功能的闭合电路，以令人难以置信的高速 存储或转换数据。 3.我们都听说电脑用于火箭路线的设计、银行文件的处理、选举预测、天气预报等。 4.这可能是因为电脑可以在极其短暂的——几秒甚至是不到一秒的时间里完成非常复杂的运行。 5.他的工作就是决定计算机需要什么信息，必须要完成哪些运行才能解决一个问题。 Text 3: I. Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? TFTFF TFT Ⅱ. For questions 1-3 below, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, D. CCA Text 4: I. Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. F 6. T 7.F 8. T II. Complete the following sentences with the information given in the text. 1.it involves a lot of complicated computer processing 2.their positions / the location of the moving camera 3.work at 200 frames a second on a camera tossed from hand to hand 4.generate a 3D map of a player’s room III. Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. 1.provided its brain can think fast enough 2.involves collecting and integrating images taken from different angles 3.the less time there is to do this work 4.an affordable, dust-fighting robot that can see where it is going Text 5: I. Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? 1-5 FTFFF 6-10 TTFFT 11-12 FT
《科技英语》课后习题答案
Main Content :UNIT 1 MA THEMA TICS I.Text Organization Parts Part One Paragraphs Paras. 1-3 Main Ideas Game theory can be defined as the science of strategy which studies both pure conflicts (zero-sum games) and conflicts in cooperative forms. Part Two Paras. 4-11 There are two distinct types interdependence: sequential-move simultaneous-move game.of strategic game and Part Three Paras.The typical examples of game theory are given as the 12-19basic principles such as prisoners’dilemma, mixing moves, strategic moves, bargaining, concealing and revealing information. Part Four Para. 20 The research of game theory has succeeded in illustrating strategies in situations of conflict and cooperation and it will focus on the design of successful strategy in future.
科技英语阅读答案Unit 4
Unit 4 Electronic Information (Robots) Part I EST Reading Reading 1 Section A Pre-reading Task Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1.How does a QB work? QB has a speaker, microphone, camera, and video screen. It connects to the internet over Wi-Fi. You control it from your computer in a web browser, using a headset and screen. If you have a camera you can show live video of yourself, or you can show a still picture on bad hair days. 2.Is driving a QB difficult? Is there a hand-held control device I can use with my computer to control the Anybot? It's pretty easy. You use the 4 arrow keys to make it turn, go forward or back. Its built-in guidance system takes care of the rest by avoiding furniture and people, and gliding straight through doorways. All the time you’re seeing real-time video from the robot’s head, so you know where you are. Most people get used to it in a few minutes. Not necessary, all you need is your keyboard. 3.Is a Wi-Fi network in the home or business needed? Yes. You should have 802.11g access points for best results. You should use encryption –WPA2 is easiest. We find Meraki business-class access points work well and are affordable and easy to set up. They have long-range and outdoor models too. 4.What kind of sensors does the Anybot have, and what is the resolution on the Anybot camera? Two cameras, 3 microphones, lidar, a 3-axis gyroscope and encoders on the wheels. The main camera is 5 megapixels. 5.How do you control or drive the Anybot? You should control or drive it through a web browser. You don't need any special equipment, but you’ll sound better with a headset. Section C Post-reading Task Reading Comprehension 1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.
英语课后翻译答案
Unit1 1、任何年满18岁得人都有资格投票。(be eligible to, vote) Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote、 2、每学期开学前，这些奖学金得申请表格就会由学校发给每一个学生。(apply for, scholarship) A form to apply for these scholarships is sent by the university to every student before the start of every semester、 3、遵照医生得建议，我决定戒烟。(on the advice of) On the advice of my doctor, I decided to give up smoking、 4、公园位于县城得正中央。(be located in) The park is located right in the center of town、 5、这所大学提供了我们所需得所有材料与设备。(facilities) The university provides all the materials and facilities we desire、 1、她们花了多年得时间寻找内心得平静，但就是收效甚微。(search for) They spent many years searching for peace of mind, but with little success、 2、这种新药得成功研制已经使许多疾病得治疗发生了根本性得变革。(revolutionize) The successful development of the new drug has revolutionized the treatment of many diseases、 3、由于这个国家得经济不景气，这家公司濒于破产。(on the edge of) The company is on the edge of bankruptcy due to the economic depression in the country、 4、大学毕业后她成为了一名护士。她认为护士这一职业可能很有发展前途。(rewarding) He became a nurse after college、He thought nursing could be a very rewarding career、 5、她像往常一样在文件上签了名。(just as) He signed his name on the paper just as he has always done it、 Unit2
科技英语翻译课后答案
科技英语翻译课后答案 High quality manuscripts are welcome to download
科技英语翻译翻译的标准 第1节翻译练习1 The power plant is the heart of a ship. The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor. 动力装置是船舶的心脏。 驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。 第1节翻译练习2 Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications. Cramped conditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely. All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space. 半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。 我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。 空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。 第1节翻译练习3 The removal of minerals from water is called softening. A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。 双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。
新视野大学英语课后习题翻译答案
新视野大学英语课后习 题翻译答案 -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1
新视野大学英语（第二版）读写教程2 1至7单元课后翻译答案总结 IA：她连水都不愿意喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。 She wouldn’t take a drink , much less would she stay for dinner. 他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是实话。 He thought I was lying to him , whereas I was telling the truth. 这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎样解释 How do you account for the fact you have been late every day this week 他们利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。 The increase in their profits is due to their new market strategy. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率得提高。 Such measures are likely to result in the improvement of work efficiency.
我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力，所以我们 只能继续。 We have already poured a lot of time and energy into the project , so we have to carry on. IIA: 尽管她是家里的独生女，他父母也从不溺爱她。 Despite the fact that she is the only child in the family , her parents never baby her . 迈克没来参加昨晚的聚会，也没有给我打电话作任何解 释。 Mike didn’t come to the party last night , nor did he call me to give an explanation. 坐在他旁边的那个人确实发表过一些小说，但绝不是什么 大作家。 The man sitting next to him did publish some novels , but he is by no means a great writer. 他对足球不感兴趣，也从不关心谁输谁赢。 He is not interested in football and is indifferent to who wins or loses.
科技英语写作高级教程参考答案
V、练习参考答案 练习1 I、 1、the（各项均为负。) 2、the; a （功率额定值是电阻器不会引起温度太大的上升而能安全地耗散的最大功率。） 3、an（这是均方根值伏特计。） 4、The; a（该设备的成功设计需要详细地了解性能指标。） 5、the; a; a（在氢原子的布尔模型中，一个电子绕一个质子以半径为R的圆周运转。） 6、the（电阻的单位是欧姆。） 7、an （这是一个h参数。） 8、/; /（图5－1画出了Oersted的实验。） 9、A; a; a（机器是能够传递力来完成某一确定目的的一种设备。） 10、/（水压机将在第14章加以考虑。） 11、the; the [/]（我们容易确定参数μ的值。） 12、/; the（根据式（2－1），我们得到以下的关系式。） 13、the; /（作者工作在位于阿林顿的得克萨斯大学。） 14、an（甚至当积分区间并不是无穷时，能够恰当地显示一个时函数的傅氏变换的仪器是多么重要啊！） II、 1.Dr. Emmet graduated from Harvard University in 2001. 2.Professor Li earned his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from the Xi’an University of Technology in 1988. 3.Now we shall turn to the discussion of local area networks. 4.The Bainbridge mass spectrometer is as important an instrument as the optical spectrometer. 5.How long a time [或How much time] is required to this experiment? 6.An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume. 7.Fig. (2-5) shows what is expressed by Eq. (2-2). 8.The unit of inductance is the henry. III、 1.The UASMA protocol employs a unique frame structure. 2.Finally, a broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by this method. 3.Dynamic analysis and evaluation of the security of a proactive secret sharing system 4.The approach can be applied to the one-dimensional potential barrier with an arbitrary profile.
科技英语综合教程课后练习答案及参考译文
科技英语综合教程课后练习答案及参考译文
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Unit 1 搏弈论 阿维纳什?迪克斯特&巴里?内尔巴夫 搏弈是有关策略的科学。它试图以数学和逻辑的方法来帮助搏弈者作出决策，在一系列纷繁复杂的搏弈中应采取何种策略来保证自己获得最大利益。搏弈论研究的搏弈的范围包括了从下棋到抚育儿童，从网球竞技到公司转手。但是所有的博弈都具有一个共同的特征：相互作用。也就是说,每一个博弈者的博弈结果取决于所有博弈参与者的策略选择。在零和搏弈中，搏弈者的利益之间是完全冲突的，因此一方的得利必然导致另一方的损失。更多具有代表性的例子还有会导致共同得利(正和)搏弈和共同损失(负和)搏弈，同样的情况还会发生在另外一些冲突中。 搏弈论研究的先驱者是普林斯顿数学家约翰?冯?诺依曼。在早先的一段时间里，研究的重点被放在了完全冲突(零和)搏弈(非合作搏弈)上，其他的搏弈当时被认为是以合作形式出现。也就是说，搏弈要求参与者共同地选择和实施他们的行为.最近的研究则把重点放在了那些既不属于零和搏弈也不属于绝对合作搏弈的情况上，在这些搏弈中，搏弈者自主地选择搏弈行为，但他们之间的相互关系中充满了合作与竞争。 搏弈行为与我们在中性环境中所作的各种决定有着根本性的不同。要说明这一点，我们可以思考一下伐木工人和军队将军所作决定之间的不同。当伐木工人决定要如何砍树时，他不会考虑树木本身会有什么反抗，他所处的环境为中性。而当将军决定要消灭敌军时，他必须提前预料到并消除敌军的反抗。与这一例子中的将军相类似，一个搏弈者必须认识到他与其他机智且怀有争胜之心的竞争者之间的相互作用，他自己所作的决定也必须能够同时应对可能出现的合作或冲突。 搏弈的实质是搏弈者采取策略之间的相互依赖性。这种策略性的相互依赖表现为两个不同的类别：连续策略之间的相互作用以及联立策略之间的相互作用。就前者而言，搏弈者依次采取行动，每个人都会注意其他搏弈者先前的行为。就后者而言，搏弈者同时采取行动，每个人都会忽略其他搏弈者当前的行为。 对连续策略博弈中的某一博弈这来说，一个普遍的原则就是放眼前方，及时反思和总结。每个博弈者应该弄清楚其他博弈者会对他当前的策略行为做出怎样的回应，他自己将如何应对等情况。博弈者要预料到他的最初决定会最终导致何种结果，并且运用对形势的判断来计划好当前的最佳策略。在考虑其他博弈者会如何应对时，博弈者必须能设身处地地换位思考，而不能把自己的主观判断强加与人。 从理论上说，采取固定次序行动的任何连续博弈都可以圆满地完成。我们可以通过预测每个可能的结果来决定各个博弈者的最佳策略。例如象井字棋(tic-tac-toe)这样的简单游戏由于可以以这样的方式完成，因而并不具有挑战性。但诸如象象棋等的其他博弈，即使是借助电脑的帮助，由于其本身的计算过程过于复杂而难以在实践中去实施。因此，博弈者往往会会依据经验提前对形势作出判断并尽可能的评估最终的局面。 与连续策略博弈的线形思维不同的是，采取共发性策略的博弈要求逻辑思维。在忽略其他参与者当前策略的情况下，尽管博弈者们同时采取行动，每一个参与者必须清楚的意识同时还会有其他的参与者在依次关注整个博弈过程。这时的思维模式可描述为：我想他认为我会这样考虑…。因此，博弈者必须从全体博弈者的立场出发并努力判断出最终的博弈结果。每个参与者的个人最佳行为都是全局谋划中不可或缺的一部分。 运用普林斯顿数学家约翰?纳什提出的均衡概念，可以推导出这种逻辑思维的结论。我们寻求一系列的策略组合，每个博弈者都会有自己的选择，当所有的对手们在实施他们决定的最佳策略时，我们所做的选择应该对自己是最有利的。换句话说，每个博弈者都会对其他人的策略作出最优化的应对。 有时, 无论其他博弈者如何行动，博弈的一方的最佳策略组合始终如一，这被称作这一博弈者的优策略。在其他情况下，如果博弈者的策略始终于己不利，则被称作劣策略，其含义是指无论其他博弈者如何行动，对手的策略总是优于自己。因此，谋求策略均衡应该从寻找优策略和消除劣策略开始。 当我们把博弈的结果表述为一种均衡的时候，并不是基于以下的假设：即博弈的每个参与者的个人最佳策略将会带来共同的最优化结果。确实也存在着一些糟糕的例子，比如囚徒困境(见下文)，由于囚徒们都追求个人私利的最大化而导致了全体参与者的困境。纳什的关于均衡的定义还不能完全解决联立策略博弈中逻辑推理思考的问题，有些博弈包含多种此类的均衡，而有些博弈却并不包含这样的均衡。纳什均衡也还没有清楚地说明关于导致均衡的动态过程。尽管有这样的一些缺陷，纳什均衡的定义已被证明在分析策略性互动时具有重要作用。 以下策略性互动的实例可以说明博弈论的一些基本理论框架: 囚徒困境。两个嫌疑犯分别被审问，每个人都可以招供或保持沉默。如果嫌犯A保持沉默，嫌犯B可以通过招供而获得较轻的发落。如果嫌犯A招供，嫌犯B最好选择招供以免被从重处理。这时招供就是嫌犯B的优策略。同样的情况也适用与B。因此，在均衡的
大学英语 课后翻译答案
Unit 1 1.3000多辆汽车因刹车问题昨日被召回（because of；recall） 1. More than 3000 cars were recalled yesterday because of a brake problem. 2.他尽管病得很重，但还是来参加会议了。（despite） 2. He came to the meeting despite his serious illness. 3.要确保同样得错误今后不再发生了。（see it that） 3. See to it that the same mistake won't happen again. 4.现在他们之间的了解多了一些，他们相处得就好些了。（now that） 4. Now that they've got to know more about each other，they get along better. 5.此时我发现自己被五六个男孩子围住了。（find oneself） 5. Then Ifound myself surrounded by five or six boys. 6.在这幸福的时刻，我向你致以最美好的祝愿。（on occasion） 6. I send you my best wishes on this happy occasion. Unit3 1)很多事情导致了我与那家公司断绝关系。(contribute to) A lot of things contributed to the end of my relationship with that company. 2.面对严峻的疾病，她表现出了巨大的勇气。（in the face of） She showed great courage in the face of serious illness. 3.我们得出结论，她讲的是真话。（come to） We came to the conclusion that she was telling the truth. 4他的秘书没有告诉他那次会议的情况。（fail to）
科技英语阅读练习1答案
《科技英语阅读》练习（1） ⅠTranslate the following terms into English (1)罗素悖论：Russell’s paradox (2)集合：set (3)混沌理论：Chaos theory (4)复合函数：Function of function (5)代数式：Algebraic ecpression (6)代数方程：algebraic equation (7)一千万：Ten million (8) 数学：mathemetics (9)动力系统：dynamical system (10)等于：Equal to ⅡTranslate the following terms into Chinese (1) formal expression：形式表达式 (2) set-builder notation：集的结构式 (3) a quarterly journal：季刊 (4) priority battle：优先权之争 (5) even number：偶数 (6) continuous function：连续函数 (7) subset：子集 (8) fractal properties：分形特征 (9) irrational number：无理数 (10) positive number：正数 Ⅲ Translate the following sentences into Chinese （1）The problem in the paradox, he reasoned, is that we are confusing a description of sets of numbers with a description of sets of sets of numbers. 这个问题的矛盾在于我们对数字集合的集合的困惑，他解释道。 （2）Krantz introduced a new element into the debate, however, by stating that the Mandelbrot set “was not invented by Mandelbrot but occurs explicitly in th e
科技英语阅读考试答案
1.How common are other civilizations in the universe? This question has fascinated humanity for centuries, and although we still have no definitive answer, a number of recent developments have brought it once again to the fore. Chief among these is the confirmation, after a long time wait and several false starts, that planet exist outside our solar system. 外星文明在宇宙中是普遍存在的吗？这个问题已经困扰了人类几个世纪。虽然我们到现在也不能给出一个确定的回答，但是最近的一些科技进展再一次把这个问题推到了风口浪尖。其中最重要的，就是经过了漫长的等待和无数错误的尝试，我们终于确认了地外行星的存在。 2.By the time the debris settled and the collective misery was tallied, the devastation had in some respects exceeded even that of El Nino of 1982-1983, which killed 2,000 worldwide and caused about 13 billion dollars in damage. 一切尘埃落定之后，人们开始统计此次厄尔尼诺现象造成的损失。这次毁灭性的灾难造成的损失在某些方面更甚于1982到1983年间的厄尔尼诺现象，那次在世界范围内有2000余人遇难，导致的经济损失高达130亿美元。 3.The sun had set 12 minutes earlier, and twilight was waning on the northern coast of Papua New Guinea. It was July 17, 1998, and another tranquil Friday evening was drawing to a close for the men, women and children of Sissano, Arop, Warapu and other small villages on the peaceful sand spit between Sissano Lagoon and the Bismarck Sea. 太阳在12分钟前就已经落山了，铺洒在巴布亚新几内亚北岸的暮色渐渐的减弱。那是1998年7月17日，对生活在Sissano、Arop、Warapu和其他位于俾斯麦海和Sissano泻湖之间安静的沙滩上的村庄的村民来说，只不过是又一个宁静周五傍晚即将来临。 4.To the extent that planets are necessary for origin and evolution of life, these excitingdiscoveries certainly argue well for the widely held view that life pervades the universe. 如果说行星是生命诞生和进化的必要条件，那么这些令人振奋的发现为生命在宇宙中是普遍存在的论调提供了有力的佐证。 5.There is no specific technology, no silver bullet to extend the oil supplies. But there are sure an awful lot of copper bullets lying around. 没有什么特别的科技，也没有什么灵丹妙药可以增加石油供给。但是，肯定有许多其他的办法等待着我们利用。 6.Many people have argued that once primitive life has evolved, natural selection will inevitably cause it to advance toward intelligence and technology. But is this necessarily so? That might be something wrong with this argument was famously articulated by nuclear physicist Enrico Fermi in 1950. If extraterrestrials are commonplace, he asked, where are they? Should their presence not be obvious? This question has become known as Fermi Paradox. 许多人认为一旦原始生命产生了，自然选择必定使他进化为智慧生命和科技文明。但是事实真的如此吗？这个问题已经被核物理学家恩里克·费米在1950年十分清晰的阐述了。他问道，如果地外文明是十分普遍的，那么，他们在哪儿呢？难道他们的存在没有办法观测吗？这就是著名的费米佯谬。 7.Even though the link between birds and dinosaurs is family established, the definition of birds has become a difficult problem. The fact is that it is hard to draw a line between birds and dinosaurs that is anything other than arbitrary. 尽管鸟类与恐龙的联系已经牢牢地建立起来了，但鸟类的定义仍然是一个难题。事实上，
科技英语翻译___课后答案
科技英语翻译 6.1 介词的一般译法 第1节翻译练习1 In general, man serves as the source of infection while animals act as such only occasionally. An industrial robot shares many attributes in common with a numerical control machine tool. 一般来说，人可作为感染源，而动物只是偶然如此。 工业用机器人与数控机床有许多共同的特性。 第1节翻译练习2 With non-changeover control both the boiler plant and the chiller plant operate to provide simultaneous heating and cooling throughout the year. The online service delivers substantially more value to our global audience of e-business professionals in the chemical, plastics and allied industries. This device can mimic photosynthesis to produce usable energy from sunlight. 采用非转换控制，锅炉设备和制冷装置都在运行，全年可同时供暖和制冷。 该网络服务主要向全球从事化学、塑料及相关工业的专业电子商务用户提供更有价值的服务。 这种装置能够模拟光合作用，利用阳光产生可用的能源。 第1节翻译练习3 The longitudinal axis of the turbine generator is perpendicular to the axis of the steam generator. In the right conditions, membranes are self-assembling. Winding of the spring induces residual stresses through bending. 汽轮发电机的纵轴与锅炉轴线垂直。 当条件适宜时，细胞膜会自行聚集。 卷绕弹簧时因为弯曲引起了残余应力。 第1节翻译练习4 If leakage occurs around output shaft, replace seal and packing. So they give off a stronger signal to sensitive radiation detectors mounted over the subject’s head.如输出轴周围漏油，应更换密封件及填料。 因而它向安装在受试者头部上方的灵敏的辐射探测器发出的信号比较强。 第1节翻译练习5 It is customary to use electromagnets rather than permanent magnets for the field. This flat screen technology eliminates curvature on the screen surface. All the charge on a conductor lies on its surface. 通常磁场用的都是电磁铁而不是永久磁铁。 这种纯平面技术可以消除屏幕表面的弯曲。 导体的全部电荷都在其表面。 6.2 介词短语的译法 第2节翻译练习1 For ease of assembly and removal of the wheels, the outer races are press-fitted in the wheel hubs. With the length much greater than its width, the coil is called solenoid. With only about half as many moving parts as a conventional engine, a Wankel is only half the size and weight, and almost completely vibrationless. 为了便于车轮安装和拆卸，把外套圈压入配合到轮毂里。 如果长度远远超过了宽度，这种线圈就称为螺线管。