戴表元《豢夸二氏戒》高考阅读练习及答案【附译文】

阅读下面的文言文，完成14-17题。

豢夸二氏戒

（宋）戴表元

古有豢氏之国,其俗喜搏。有一人最善搏，力既盖一国矣，于其奋逆批控邀遏之术，特殚其巧焉。他善搏，虽趫健如堵墙跃其前，肘交而仆，由是人心服之，尽国中无与搏者。然谋折之挫之百方，乃相率奉之为燕游、醴食、声乐，以惫其体。其人亦以为吾搏已绝，浸淫欲兼他技，纵而及于戏弄博弈之事。众奉之者，外与之游，而实搏之不如也，心索而习之。久之搏成，度其人已不复可畏，一少年众恚曰：“吾属所为奉子者，以子能搏耳，吾今与子搏。”明日，搏于市，其人振腕翔踵而赴之，气喘然索矣。故今言技之不终者，以豢氏为戒。

夸氏之国有好德之士，亦犹是也。夸氏之国之士，叩之其策靡不知，投之其艺靡不习。自炎黄以前茫昧无名之初，沿而及于其身之所历，其间废置盛衰然否之迹，靡不通其故；自儒者之所当务，以至九流百家六合之外，奇诡恍惚之说，靡不能举其概，亦可谓辨博不常之士矣。去之而一邑，一邑敬之；去之而一州，一州异之；去之而天下，天下之士愧之，曰：“吾见此人，殆虚为士也。”则相与北游而事之，愿为弟子。出则安车，居则函丈，群弟子往来听其说，而先生坐授之。其说曰：“凡吾于学，弗能物物而精之也。吾有要，学吾之要而诸所欲能者可举。”群弟子得其说与书，大喜。不期年，学皆成，先生处之洋洋然。其道有授而无受也，其能有出而无入也。心窃自幸：“吾既为天下师，何能劳苦复事学？今然后惟游乐是图，以毕其齿尔。”如是又几年，群弟子时造先生之居而究焉，先生应之不逾其初，稍稍厌而去之。益老益昏，师道益衰，学者益离，无所得食而归其国。其国之人不为礼。今人言为师者，又相戒毋若夸氏子然也。

戴氏曰：二氏子之取侮，其终身者不可追矣，抑或与从游者何太薄也？吾观自古志怪之书不一，其州国名号非人迹所经，诞谩无所考。信其事复非人世当有，故君子多略而不稽。兹二事有涉于教，吾故表而录之，以使偷近娱而安成名者警焉。

选自《中国古典散文精选注译——哲理卷》

14.对下列句子中加点词语的解释，不正确的一项是

A.于其奋逆批控邀遏之术逆：迎击

B.以惫其体惫：使……疲惫

C.一少年众恚曰恚：激怒

D.故君子多略而不稽稽：停留

15.下列各组句子中，加点词的意义和用法相同的一项是

A.虽趫健如堵墙跃其前相如虽驽，独畏廉将军

哉

B.以子能搏耳但以刘日薄西山

C.而实搏之不如也死而湮没不足道者

D.其终身者不可追矣其皆出于此乎

16.下列对原文赏析，不正确的一项是

A.这是一篇哲理性散文，写夸氏的目的在于告诫世间成名成家的人，仍要不断学习，不可苟且于眼前的娱乐而安于已成就的名声，否则为师的资本会越来越少，最后礼待他的人也可能会没有。

B.本文首段用词精当，用“奋逆批控邀遏”来概括搏斗之术，并且用“特殚其巧”来说明豢氏搏斗技术的高超；第二段欲抑先扬，铺叙夸氏之才，而凸显后文才尽之悲。

C.作者认为豢氏国和夸氏国的那两个人自取其辱，因为他们的事迹真实，而且有关于教育，所以把它记录下来作为后人的借鉴。

D.作者对举豢氏和夸氏的例子，颇有生活气息；除了这两人之外，作者还写到了与他们交往的那些人，作者认为那些人是刻薄的。

17.把上面文言文中画横线的句子译成现代汉语。（6分）

（1）明日，搏于市，其人振腕翔踵而赴之，气喘然索矣。（3分）

（2）吾既为天下师，何能劳苦复事学？今然后惟游乐是图，以毕其齿尔。（3分）

18.用“/”给下面文言段落断句。（限断6处）（3分）

孟子曰自暴者不可与有言也自弃者不可与有为也言非礼义谓之自暴也吾身不能

居仁由义谓之自弃

也。

(《孟子·离娄上》)

答案：

14. D【稽：考察。】

15. B【以：连词，因为。A项虽：连词，即使 / 虽：连词，虽然； C项而：连词，表转折。/ 而：连词，表承接；D项其：代词，他们/其：副词，大概】16. C【由第三段“其州国名号非人迹所经，诞谩无所考。信其事复非人世当有，故君子多略而不稽”可知，豢氏和夸氏的事迹不一定是真实的，只因为“有关于教育”，所以作者才把他们的事迹记录下来。】

17.（1）（1）第二天，在集市上搏斗，那个人挥动手腕移步应战，却气喘吁吁没有力量了。（3分，状语后置“搏于市”1分，关键词“明日”、“索”，句意酌情给分）

（2）我已经成为天下人的师长，怎能再辛辛苦苦地搞学问？从今以后，只图游玩快乐，来度过自己的余生罢了。（3分，关注反问句、宾语前置句、“其”“齿”等采分点，句意酌情给分）

附：参考译文

古代有个豢氏国，国内的风俗喜欢搏斗。有一个人最擅长搏斗，力气已经胜过全国的人，对于那迎击、拦截、阻挡的技术，独能穷尽其中的巧妙。其他善于搏斗的人，即使矫健如飞地像堵墙跳到他面前，一交手就会倒在地上。因此，人们从内心佩服他，整个国家中没有能和他搏斗的。然而谋划用各种各样的办法折服他、挫败他，于是人们一起去侍奉他进行游乐、赌博、下棋一类的事。那些侍奉他的人，表面上同他交游，而实际上是由于搏斗不如他，在心里揣摩，并练习他搏斗的技术。时间久了搏斗学成，估计那个人不再可怕，一个少年当众激怒他说：“我们这些人侍奉您的原因，是因为您善于搏斗而已，我现在要和您搏斗。”第二天，在集市上搏斗，那个人挥动手腕、回翔移步应战，却气喘吁吁没有力量了。所以现在说起学技艺有始无终的，都拿豢氏作警戒。

夸氏国有个喜好道德的读书人，也像这个例子。夸氏国的读书人向他请教策略，没有他不知道；向他请教技艺，没有他不熟悉的。上自炎黄以前蒙昧没有记载的初始，顺延下来知道他本身所经历的事情，这中间的废弃和设置、兴盛和衰微、正确和谬误的事迹，没有不通晓其中缘故的；从儒生的当前任务，以至三教九流、诸子百家、天地四方之外，奇特诡怪、模糊玄虚的传说，没有不能列举它们的梗概的，也可以说是明辨事理学问渊博的不寻常的人了。他每到一个城镇，整个城镇的人敬重他；每到一个州郡，整个州郡对他感到惊奇；去到天下各地，天下各地的读书人因他而自感惭愧，说：“我见到这个人，自己恐怕虚有读书人的名称了。”他们于是一起到北方游学，侍奉他，请求做他的弟子。这个人出门就乘坐轻便安车，在家就为人师长；众多的弟子来来往往听他讲授，这个先生安坐家中传授他们。他论说道：“大略我对于学问，并不能做到事事都精通。我有要领，学会我的要领，凡是想要学会的都可以学会。”众弟子得到他的学说和书籍，非常高兴，不到一年，学业都有成就，夸氏先生对此洋洋得意。他的治学方法，只有传授而无所接受，他的才能只有传出而无吸收。他心中暗自庆幸：“我已经成为天下人的师长，怎能再辛辛苦苦地搞学问？从今以后，只图游玩快乐，以此度过自己的余生罢了。”这样又过了几年，众弟子不时地到先生的住所来研究学问，先生应答的不超过当初，于是逐渐厌倦地离开了他。他越老越糊涂，为师的资本越少，求学的人越发离他而去，他没了吃饭的资本，就回到自己的国家，而那个国家的人们也不礼待他。现在人们谈起做老师的，又都互相告诫不要像夸氏先生那样。

戴氏说：“豢氏国和夸氏国的那两个人自取其辱，他们终身也不能追悔了，但是追随他同他交往的人为什么那么刻薄呢？我看自古以来记载怪异的书籍不止一种，那些州郡国家的名号不是人的足迹所能经历的，荒诞不经无所考证。相信那些事情不是人间应当有的，所以历来君子大都略去而不加考查。但这两件事关于教育，我所以写出来并记录在此，以便使苟且于眼前娱乐而安于已成就名声的人有所警戒啊。”

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