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美国文学复习资料1

美国文学复习资料1
美国文学复习资料1

美国文学史习题 (1)

I. Multiple choice. Please choose the best answer among the four items. (10 x 1’= 10’) 1. In American literature, the 18th century was the age of Enlightenment. ____ was the dominant. 2. The short story “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” is taken from Irving’s work named ____. 3. Which of the following is not the characteristic of American Romanticism? 4. The short story “Rip Van Winkle” reveals the __ attitude of its author.

5.Stylistically, Henry James’ fiction is characterized by ___. 6.Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in ___ and Thoreau. 7.Which is regarded as the “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”? 8.____ is considered Mark Twain’s greatest achievement.

美国文学模拟试题四

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华裔美国文学中的翻译问题

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美国文学试题(2)

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华裔美国小说的成长主题分析

民营科技98MYKJ 文化教育 华裔美国小说的成长主题分析 于陆一 (哈尔滨师范大学公共英语教研部,黑龙江哈尔滨150000) 小说文类一直是华裔美国文学艺术表现的中心。一大批耳熟能详的华裔美国作家,如汤亭亭(Maxine Hong Kingston)、赵建秀(Frank Chin)、谭恩美(Amy Tan)、任碧莲(Gish Jin)等,无不以小说盛名。可以说,几乎在任何一本综合性的亚裔美国文学评论集里,华裔美国小说都无法缺席,国内外诸多相关批评性杂志和期刊中,相比之于戏剧、诗歌等其他文类,关于华裔美国小说的评述和研究总是备受关注。从某种意义上说,小说这一文类支撑和见证了整个亚裔/华裔文学史的发展和变迁。1文化身份与认同问题 在多种文化交织造成的文化错位和话语权缺失的状态下生存的华裔美国人,其身份既与种族、阶级、性别、性和民族密切相关,也因社会文化政治环境的变化而不断变异。在创作方面,文化身份和认同成为此类作品不可或缺的重要主题,围绕其创作是亚裔族群探索成长中自身文化身份的有效途径。所以它也成为亚裔学者小说批评中密切关注的焦点。关于文化身份主题的书写和讨论在华裔美国小说中逐渐形成了两种认同视角:本土视角和全球视角/离散视角。 探讨华裔文化身份的最早重要研究成果之一,要数斯坦利·苏和德拉德·苏(Stanley Sue,Derald W.Sue)1971年发表的论文《华裔美国人的性格和精神健康》(Chinese-American Personality and Mental Health,1971)。从心理学的角度出发,作者们认为理想的华裔美国人应建立自己的“自豪感”,理想的认同是“建立在抛弃中华文化的前提下形成的文化和族群认同”。斯坦利·苏和德拉德·苏从心理学和社会学角度研究华裔美国人的身份问题,拉开了身份探讨的序幕,但是他们的观点存在很多问题,如研究对象的局限、研究方法的狭隘,导致把复杂的问题简单化、整一化的趋势。随着文化民族主义关怀的退热和亚洲人与亚裔美国人身份的互渗,亚裔美国文化批评的视角也从本土向离散转移。例如,黄秀玲(Sau-ling Cynthia Wong)在《“去国家化”在思考》(Denationalization Re-considered:Asian American Cultural Criticism at a Theoretical Cross-roads,1995)中将研究重点放在全球化进程中出现的“去国家化”趋势下对亚裔美国文化批评的宏观思考。黄秀玲看到亚裔美国这个概念在离散的视野下越显局限,呼吁拓展亚裔美国文学的领域到囊括书写亚洲和亚裔美国历史经验和文化表达的移民文学,她认为对亚裔美国文学批评的“全球化过程”应进行历史化和语境化分析。 2美国化/同化 同化原为生理学概念,指食物在体内的消化过程。社会学借用此概念,指不同文化单位融合成一个同质文化单位的渐进或缓慢的过程,主要指“语言或文化的同化或融合”即归化。美国化就是与美国主流文化同化的趋势,就是“移民来到美国后成为‘美国人’的过程”,目的是“为进入主流文化而奋斗,以及谋求在美国社会中的立足之地”。对于华裔美国人来说,同化与美国化是同义词,因为同质文化单位即为美国主流文化。长期以来,美国主流总认为华人移民是“不可同化”者,“来自彼岸的陌生人”。他们总被认为是暂居美国,等待赚足美国的钱后衣锦还乡,颐养天年。除此不良经济动机之外,文化传统、信仰与美国主流的隔阂也使华人被排除在可同化者之外。学者们就同化的可能性、同化的代价和意义以及不同性别主体的同化差异提出看法。 同化主义与民族主义之间的对立遭到亚裔美国批评家丽莎·刘(Lisa Lowe)的瓦解,同化的诸多可能性被逐渐认识。她在提倡策略性本质主义的前提下,通过探讨法国后殖民主义批评家法农(Frantz Fanon)的著作《大地上的受苦者》(The Wretched of the Earth1961)中的身份政治,指出法农认为资产阶级同化论和民族主义都服从同一种逻辑,都是对殖民主义的回应,他们都复制了统治阶级的相同结构,所以同化主义与民族主义并非对立,而同是对旧制度的照搬。这就瓦解了以赵建秀为代表的民族主义批评者批判汤亭亭“同化主义作品”的汤赵之争。同时,丽莎·刘又指出同化主义与民族主义又存在于亚裔美国文学之中,深刻地表现在叙事作品的代际冲突之中,凸显出成长中社会化的多重而复杂的影响因素。 3性别/性 性别与族裔问题相互交织,不可分割。在亚裔美国文学中,关于性别问题的讨论,众多著名亚裔学者皆有相似论点:“从一开始,种族与性别就与亚裔美国历史和文学交织在一起。”“任何性别/性主题的出现和变迁及持久性总是与具体的历史条件相连。”“族裔身份从某种意义上来说,本身就是性别化的,性别总是族裔化的。在所有的社会关系中,劳动力本身就是性别化的,性种族化,种族也与阶级紧密相连。”汤亭亭二十世纪六十年代后出版的作品《女勇士》被认为是战后里程碑式的作品而被纳入经典:“该书有意识地将亚裔美国女性主义的异见视角注入了以男性为主导的亚裔美国文学话语”。 结语 华/亚裔美国文学中主人公在建构文化、族裔、性别自我的同时,对于生命和成长有了更深刻的生命意识体悟。除了对社会、文化具有深刻思考之外,还夹杂了对精神价值、情感、人性等思考,以追求本真生存。所以,真正探讨和挖掘华裔美国文学的价值和意义,就必须注重作品的文学性,而关注文学中的成长主题在华裔美国文学中如何作为一个美学呈现,有何特殊的表现方式和审美意义,与族裔经验有何联系,对研究华裔美国文学的文学特点和文化价值具有重要意义和价值。 参考文献 [1]程爱民.美国华裔文学研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003. [2]褚孝泉.拉康选集[M].上海:上海三联书店,2001. [3]单德兴.“开疆”与“辟土”—— —美国华裔文学与文化:作家访谈录与研究论文集[C].天津:南开大学出版社,2006. [4]胡勇.文化的乡愁:论美国华裔文学的文化认同[M].北京:中国戏剧出 版社,2003. [5]黄秀玲.从必须到奢侈:解读亚裔美国文学[M].詹乔等,译.北京:中国 社会科学出版社,2006. 摘要:成长是人类社会和文学发展的永恒话题。从华裔美国文学肇始以来,成长主题就贯穿其发展的始终。在此研究华裔美国小说中的成长主题,参照成长小说理论,将华裔美国小说成长主题研究置于20世纪和21世纪初世界离散文化语境中,探讨华裔美国作家笔下的少数族裔主人公在美国多元文化社会中如何建构独立自我、确立自我身份的成长过程。 关键词:华裔美国小说;成长主题;社会化成长;族裔化成长; 个体化成长

美国文学期末复习资料(作家作品)

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