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政论文英译汉误译分析

政论文英译汉误译分析
政论文英译汉误译分析

政论文英译汉误译分析

沈阳化工学院外语系黄兴永*

摘要:政论文是一种重要的文体,应该开展关于政论文文体翻译的讨论与研究。政论文的翻译应遵循“忠实”的原则,在翻译过程中应以直译为主。

关键词:政论文文体忠实直译

1. 政论文的文体特征

狭义的文体是指文学文体,包括小说、散文、戏剧、诗歌乃至个别作家的风格。广义的文体是一种语言中的各类文体,例如,书面体、口语体(王佐良、丁往道,2001)。书面体又可分为新闻报刊文体、公文文体、科技文体、描述及叙述文体以及论述文体(刘宓庆,2003)。政论文属于论述文体,论述的主题为政治类,包括经济、军事、法律及社会问题等专论。我国翻译界研究讨论的重点一直是文学文体,法律、商务及科技英语也占有一定的篇幅,而政论文的翻译却鲜有论及。这主要是因为政论文的读者数量少,除了干部、研究人员以及相关专业的大学教师和学生,普通人很少问津。加之政论文缺乏故事情节,概括性高,概念术语多,有时还要承担一定的风险,所以很少有人去干这种费力不讨好的事。其实,政论文论述的是关于意识形态、政治改革、民主进程之类的重大问题,在历史和现实中所起的作用是巨大的。毛泽东就曾经说过,没有翻译(他指的主要是马列主义经典著作的翻译),就没有中国共产党。从文体学角度讲,政论文有以下特点。

1.1 用词严谨、规范、庄重,讲究修辞。一般情况下不用那些不登大雅的俚语、俗语。

[例句] The cheap prices of its commodities are the heavy artillery with which it batters down all Chinese walls, with which it forces the barbarians’ intensely obstinate hatred of foreigners to capitulate.

[译文] 它的商品的低廉价格是它用来摧毁一切万里长城,征服野蛮人最顽强的仇外心理的重炮。

这是《共产党宣言》英译本第一章中的一句话。全句只有31个词,却由一个主句、两个从句构成。有两处使用了暗喻(metaphor)——“the heavy artillery”(重炮)和“all Chinese walls”(所有的中国墙,这里译为“一切万里长城”)。关于“batter”《简明牛津辞典》解释为:operate against(walls etc.)with artillery (用炮火攻击)。动词及名词短语“intensely obstinate hatred”的使用准确、生动,传神地刻画出新生资产阶级的雄心勃勃、顽强进取精神,以及一切落后生产力代表者的狭隘和顽固。

1.2 句子长且结构复杂,但层次清楚,逻辑性强。

[例句] Do we intend to violate that most solemn obligation ever entered into by men --- that plighting, before God, o f our sacred honor to Washington, when putting him forth to incur the dangers of war, as well as the political hazards of the times, we promised to adhere to him, in every extremity, with our fortunes and our lives?

[译文]当年在上帝面前,我们将神圣的荣誉授予华盛顿,把他推选出来,去冒种种政治风险,甚至招来战争的危难。我们曾经保证要全力支持他,不论出现什么情况,即使倾家荡产,献出生命也在所不辞。难道我们打算违背这一有史以来最庄严的承诺?

这句话选自美国十九世纪著名政治家丹尼尔?韦伯斯特(Daniel Webster)为悼念约翰?亚当斯(John Adams)和托马斯?杰弗逊(Thomas Jefferson)的逝世而发表的演说。韦伯斯特律师出身,曾两次出任国务卿,擅长演说。亚当斯是美国第二任总统,杰弗逊是第三任总统。1826年7月14日,即《独立宣言》签订五十周年纪念日,两人于同一天逝世。因句子较长,结构较为复杂,乍一看,不易读懂。但仔细分析,

*黄兴永,男,沈阳化工学院外语系副教授,系主任;研究方向:二语习得,翻译理论与实践;通讯地址:沈阳经济技术开发区11号街沈阳化工学院外语系,邮编:110142。

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句子结构和上下文的逻辑关系是很清楚的。When引起的是个时间状语从句,说明做出庄严保证时的情况。

此外,政论文包括政治性演说表达作者的原则、立场、观点和态度,目的在于说服式地影响读者或听众,不需要隐瞒曲折。相反,旗帜鲜明,政治性强是其主要特色。比如:同样是从事武装活动,西方国家把亲西方的人称为“自由战士”(freedom fighter),而把反西方的人叫做“恐怖分子”(terrorists)或“极端分子”(extremists)。再比如:有关东德、西德统一的提法。开始,不仅西方媒体的措辞不一致,西方有些领导人的说法也不尽相同。基辛格(Henry Kissinger)用“unification”。当时的德国总理(Helmut Kohl)曾用过“reunification”,后来一直用“unity”。原因何在呢?美国专栏作家萨菲尔(Willian Safire)文章中的一句话道出了其中的奥妙:“Unification (just East and West Germany) and reunification(throw in Silesia, East Prussia, the Sudetenland and now that we think of it, Sweet Alsace-Lorraine)”。[译文]:统一(只包括东德和西德),而重新统一(就要加上西里西亚、东普鲁士、苏台德区,想起来了,还要加上可爱的阿尔萨期-洛林)。上述地区现分属波兰、捷克、斯洛伐克、乌克兰、法国等国家。提法涉及国家主权,难怪有关国家对措辞如此敏感了。

2. 政论文翻译应严格遵循“忠实”的原则

近年来,翻译界围绕翻译标准又展开了热烈的讨论。翻译家和翻译理论家们总结了我国百年来特别是改革开放以来,在翻译方面所取得的丰硕成果,深入研究了国外新的翻译理论,对翻译标准发表了许多新观点。这些观点丰富和发展了清末学者严复提出的“信、达、雅”的标准;对傅雷先生的“神似”说以及钱钟书先生的“化境”说进行了阐发;有助于人们更加深刻地认识翻译的本质,提高翻译质量,繁荣翻译事业,促进中外文化交流。

一般的翻译标准同样适用于政论文,只是政论文的翻译对于“信”要求得更高些。译者要忠实地表达原文的立场、观点和态度,不应随意发挥、阐译、漏译或增删;更不应出现由于理解错误而造成的误译。翻译方面的形式主义和自由主义都是应该加以反对的。

[例句]They need to hang together, or suffer the grave risk that they might be hanged separately.

[原译文]他们(指欧洲共同体成员国)需要一块儿被吊死,否则就要冒被逐个吊死的严重危险。

“Hang together“在该句中为习语,是“团结一致”之意(stay united)。译者显然没有考虑上下文的关系,犯了望文生义的错误。

[改后译文]他们需要团结一致,否则就要冒被各个击破的严重危险。

[例句]To paraphrase Talleyrand, Watergate was worse than a crime --- it was a blunder.

[原译文]水门事件比犯罪还糟,是桩愚蠢的行为,是塔列朗的故伎重演。

历史上却有一个叫塔列朗的政治人物,是拿破仑手下的外交大臣,以镇静、擅搞阴谋著称于世,但水门事件怕是与他无关,况且“paraphrase”也没有故伎重演的意思。

[改后译文]按塔列朗的解释,水门事件比犯罪还遭,是桩愚蠢的行为。

3. 政论文翻译方法应以直译为主

翻译的基本方法是直译和意译。如今时髦的词叫异化和归化。各称不一,实质相同。两种方法孰优孰劣,专家学者历来争论不休,至今难下届说。其实,很长一段时期,对什么叫直译,什么叫意译,参与争论的各方面都没有取得一致看法。一些教科书对此也语焉不详,概念不统一,自然很难达成共识。

我们认为目前比较完善的定义为:“在合乎译文语言的全民规范的情况下,译文刻意求真,通过保留原作形貌(表达方式)来保持原作的内容与风格,这种翻译方法叫直译。使用译文语言中功用与原文相同或相似的表达方式,以代替原作中因两种语言不同而无法保留的内容与形式之间的相互关系。力求做到难失原作形貌。但从不同范围的上下文看,仍不失原作的内容,而且与原作的风格相适应,这种翻译方法叫意译”(转引自刘艳丽、杨自俭,2002)。直译不能理解成:是指依原文的字面翻译,有一字一句就译一字50

一句,而且字句的次第也不更动(转引自孙致礼,2003)。成了对号入座式的“硬译”,以致在有些译文中甚至出现类似“这个油饼多么油啊”,“山背后太阳落下去了”,这样所谓“宁信不顺”的句子令读者很难接受。同样意译也不应理解成不顾原文的语言特色、两国的语言差异硬让洋人引经据典,满口之乎者也地误导读者。例如这样所谓的意译就不可取。

[例句]His vicious intent is obviously to everybody.

[原译文]其司马昭之心路人皆知。

司马昭是三国时代的政治家,至今在我国享有很高的知名度。但外国人不一定都知道他。译文给人的印象似乎外国人也有个叫司马昭的人。

[改后译文]他的险恶用心尽人皆知。

看来,对采用何种翻译方法要进行辩证思维,防止片面性、走极端。事实上,任何好的译文,大到一部书,小到一篇文章、一段话,用一种方法以一贯之的情况并不多见。有经验的译者会熟练地综合运用两种手段,知道何时以哪种方法为主,哪种为辅。

政论文应以直译为主,这是由其内容决定的。直译可以尽可能完整准确地转达原文的思想感情、价值观念以及语言特色。由于两种文字差别巨大,中外的思维习惯、表达方式、文化传统迥异,有些概念很难在汉语中找到同义词,只好采用直译。甚至直译有时也难免力不从心。比如关于“资产阶级法权”这一概念的翻译,曾在国内外产生过重大的政治影响。最近有人撰文对此译法提出不同看法。一个几乎已成定论的概念翻译,几十年后仍受到人们的质疑,译事之难由此可见。

政论文翻译没有文艺类翻译那么幸运,留给译者的发挥空间有限。译者只好遵循作者的思路,按照原文的风格忠实地译下去。一不留神出现误译,轻则造成理解或概念混乱;重则影响政党、团体和国家形象,甚至伤及国家利益。历史和现实中这方面的教训是屡见不鲜的。

参考文献:

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6. 程镇球. 翻译论文集[M]. 外语教学与研究出版社. 2002.

7. 郭进中. 文化与翻译[M]. 中国对外翻译出版公司. 2003.

8. 刘宓庆. 文体与翻译[M]. 中国对外翻译出版公司. 2003.

9. 刘润清. 英美著名演说选[M]. 外语教学与研究出版社. 1981.

10. 刘艳丽、杨自俭. 也读“归化”与“异化”[J]. 中国翻译. 2002(6).

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Analysis of Incorrect Chinese Translation from English in Political Essays Xingyong Huang Shenyang Institute of Chemical Technology

Abstract: Political essays are important stylistics, about which further discussions and studies should be carried out. The principle of “faithfulness” should be followed in translation of political essays, and literal translation is the main method employed in such kind of translation.

Key words: stylistics; faithfulness; literal translation

(Edited by Nizee, Gloria and Wendy)

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Translation Characteristics and Strategies of Letters of Credit in international Business ABSTRACT Payment in international trade is crucial for both the seller and the buyer. With the development of international trade, Letters of Credit payment gradually came into being as banks and financial institutions were involved in international trade settlement. With the help of this method of payment, the payment responsibility of the importer is transferred to bank to ensure the safety, as a result, the rapid payment is received by the seller, and meanwhile, the regular shipping documents are given to the buyer conveniently. Therefore, with the benefit of Letters of Credit, the distrust contradiction between the seller and the buyer is solved to a certain extent. Nowadays, payment by Letters of Credit has become the widely adopted method. Letters of Credit English for specific purposes has its own unique vocabulary features. This paper summarizes characteristics of its translation from the credit classification, use of the process, and starting letter words in English, and explores the English translation strategy. It is divided into three chapters: The first chapter probes into the definition of the Letter of Credit, its classification and its use process in international trade; the second describes the characteristics and common errors of the credit translation; The last one is the focus of this article, discussing Letters of Credit translation strategy based on these two chapters, from the perspective of the translation Communicative Theory, Skopos Theory, Functional Equivalence etc. Keywords: Letters of Credit Translation; characteristics; strategies; Functional Theory

英译汉段落翻译1

Paradox of Our Times We have bigger houses and smaller families; more conveniences, but less time; we have more degrees, but less common sense; more knowledge, but less judgment; more experts, but more problems; more medicine, but less wellness. We have multiplied our possessions, but reduced our values. We talk too much, love too little and lie too often. We’ve learned how to make a living, but not a life; we’ve added years to life, not life to years. We have taller buildings, but shorter tempers; wider freeways, but narrow viewpoints. We spend more, but have less; we buy more, but enjoy it less. We’ve been all the way to the moon and back, but have trouble crossing the street to meet the new neighbor. We’ve conquered outer space, but not inner space. We’ve split the atom, but not our prejudice; we write more, but learn less; plan more, but accomplish less. We’ve learned to rush, but not to wait; we have higher incomes, but lower morals. We build more computers to hold more information, to produce more copies, but have less communication. We are long on quantity, but short on quality. These are the times of fast foods and slow digestion; tall men and short character; steep profits and shallow relationship. More leisure and less fun; more kinds of food, but less nutrition; two incomes but more divorce; fancier houses, but broken homes.

英汉互译论文2

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参考文献 一、翻译理论与实践相关书目 谢天振主编. 《当代国外翻译理论导读》. 天津:南开大学出版社,2008. Jeremy Munday. 《翻译学导论——理论与实践》Introducing Translation Studies---Theories and Applications. 李德凤等译. 北京:商务印书馆,2007. 包惠南、包昂. 《中国文化与汉英翻译》. 北京:外文出版社, 2004. 包惠南. 《文化语境与语言翻译》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001. 毕继万. 《世界文化史故事大系——英国卷》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2003. 蔡基刚. 《英汉汉英段落翻译与实践》. 上海:复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英汉写作对比研究》. 上海:复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英语写作与抽象名词表达》. 上海:复旦大学出版社, 2003. 曹雪芹、高鄂. 《红楼梦》. 陈定安. 《英汉比较与翻译》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 1991. 陈福康. 《中国译学理论史稿》(修订本). 上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2000. 陈生保. 《英汉翻译津指》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 陈廷祐. 《英文汉译技巧》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 2001. 陈望道. 《修辞学发凡》. 上海:上海教育出版社, 1979. 陈文伯. 《英汉翻译技法与练习》. 北京:世界知识出版社. 1998. 陈中绳、吴娟. 《英汉新词新义佳译》. 上海:上海翻译出版公司. 1990. 陈忠诚. 《词语翻译丛谈》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983. 程希岚. 《修辞学新编》. 吉林:吉林人民出版社, 1984. 程镇球. 《翻译论文集》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 2002. 程镇球. 《翻译问题探索》. 北京:商务印书馆, 1980. 崔刚. 《广告英语》. 北京:北京理工大学出版社, 1993. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译技巧》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 1990. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译讲评》. 北京:对外贸易教育出版社. 1989. 邓炎昌、刘润清. 《语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1989. 丁树德. 《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》. 天津:天津大学出版社, 1996. 杜承南等,《中国当代翻译百论》. 重庆:重庆大学出版社, 1994. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集(1894-1948)》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集(1949-1983)》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. . 范勇主编. 《新编汉英翻译教程》. 天津:南开大学出版社. 2006. 方梦之、马秉义(编选). 《汉译英实践与技巧》. 北京:旅游教育出版社. 1996. 方梦之. 《英语汉译实践与技巧》. 天津:天津科技翻译出版公司. 1994. 方梦之主编. 《译学辞典》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2004. 冯翠华. 《英语修辞大全》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1995. 冯庆华. 《文体与翻译》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2002. 冯庆华主编. 《文体翻译论》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2002. 冯胜利. 《汉语的韵律、词法与句法》. 北京:北京大学出版社, 1997. 冯志杰. 《汉英科技翻译指要》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 耿占春. 《隐喻》. 北京:东方出版社, 1993.

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My First Job When I reached the age of twelve I left the school for ever and got my first fulltime job, as a grocer’s boy. I spent my days carrying heavy loads, but I enjoyed it. It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal, for I could never stomach speaking to my “betters” with the deference my employer thought I should assume. But the limit was reached one Tuesday — my half holiday. On my way home on that day I used to carry a large basket of provisions to the home of my emplo yer’s sister-in-law. As her house was on my way home I never objected to this. On this particular Tuesday, however, just as we were putting the shutters up, a load of smoked hams was delivered at the shop. “Wait a minute,” said the boss, and he opened the load and took out a ham, which he started to bone and string up. I waited in growing impatience to get on my way, not for one minute but for a quite a considerable time. It was nearly half-past two when the boss finished. He then came to me with the ham, put it in the basket beside me, and instructed me to deliver it to a customer who had it on order. This meant going a long way out of my road home, so I looked up and said to the boss: “Do you know I finish at two on Tuesday?” I have never seen a man look m ore astonished than he did then. “What do you mean?” he gasped. I told him I meant that I would deliver the groceries as usual, but not the ham. He looked at me as if I were some unusual kind f insect and burst into a storm of abuse. But I stood firm. He gave me up as hopeless and tried new tactics. “Go out and get another boy,” he yelled at a shop-assistant. “Are you going to deliver them or not?” the boss turned to me and asked in a threatening tone. I repeated what I had said before. “Then, out of here,” he shouted. So I got out. This was the first time I had serious trouble with an employer.

经典英文段落翻译__英译汉15篇

1.意大利著名旅行家马可。波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州:“这是世界上最美妙迷人的城市,它使人觉得自己社在天堂。”在中国,也流传着这样的话:“上有天堂,下有苏杭。”杭州的名气主要在于风景如画的西湖。西湖一年四季都美不胜收,宋代著名诗人苏东坡用“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的诗句来赞誉西湖。在杭州,您可以饱览西湖的秀色,也不妨漫步街头闹市,品尝一下杭州的名菜名点,还可购上几样名特土产。 The famous Italian traveler Marco Pole was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the mist fascinating city in the world where one feels that one is in paradise.” In China, there has been a century-old popular saying praising the city: In Heaven there is Paradise; on Earth there are Suzhou and Hangz hou.” Hangzhou’s fame lies mainly in its picturesque West Lake. As it is beautiful all the year round, the West Lake was compared by Su Dongpo, a celebrated poet of the Song Dynasty, to a beauty “who is always charming in either light or heavy makeup.” In Hangzhou, you will not only find the lake a perfect delight to the eye but also find it a joy to stroll along the busy streets, taste famous Hangzhou dishes and buy some special local products. 2.在设备制造期间,雇主的代表有权对根据合同提供的全部工程设备的材料和工艺进行检查、研究和检验,同时检查其制造进度。这一切应在工作时间内于承包商的工厂里进行。如果工程设备正在其它第三方工厂制造,承包商应为卖方代表获得他能在该工厂进行此类检查、研究和检验的许可。此类检查、研究或检验不应解除承包商在合同中的任何义务。 The Employer’s representative shall be entitled during manufacture to inspect, examine and test the materials and workmanship and check the progress of manufacture of all Plants to be supplied under the Contract. This shall take place on the Contractor’s promises during working hours. If the plant is being manufactured on other premises, the Contractor shall obtain permission for the Employer’s representative to carry out such inspection, examination and testing on those premises. 3. 雇主或项目经理提交给承包商的雇主的图纸,技术规格以及其它资料仍应为雇主的财产。除非是为了合同的需要,未经雇主同意,承包商不得使用、复制这些材料或将之传递给第三方。 承包商应对承包商的图纸中的任何错误或遗漏负责,除非他们可归因与雇主或项目经理提供的不正确的雇主图纸或其它书面资料。项目经理对承包商的图纸的批准不应解除本款规定的承包商的任何责任。 The Employe r’s drawings, specification and other information submitted by the Employer or the Project Manager to the Contractor shall remain the property of the Employer. They shall not, without the consent of the Employer, be used, copied or communicated to a third party by the Contractor unless necessary for the purposes of the Contract. The Contractor shall be responsible for any errors or omissions in the Contractor’s Drawings unless they are due to incorrect Employer’s Drawings or other written information supplied by the Employer or the Project Manager. Approval by the Project Manager of the Contractor’s

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