托福阅读教案

托福阅读教案

一、托福阅读特点

1、由说明文和议论文组成，说明文居多。

2、出题顺序与文章议论顺序基本一致。（但倒序归根结底有一定难度，唯一能产生难

度的倒序是文章中部的一道题考文章首段首句。）（9701P5租金的控制的目的）

3、文章内容长，题目多样

题目类型：（原则：文章读的不全，不太懂也能做对题）

能直接做的：词汇题、指代题、举例说明题、行数题、定义题

读完各段首末句的：主旨题、前后文延续题、结构题、结论题、态度题

需要用题干或选项关键词定位的：细节题（P49 Q10）、类比题（榫舌，榫眼Key hole）、列举题、推理题

二、如何准备托福阅读

提高实力需要从以下几方面提高：

1、单词：词汇是最基本阅读元素，而且托福阅读中词汇题目会有15道左右。托福考试中

ETS会设置词汇障碍：超频词汇（canopy）、熟词僻义（save）、词性活用（arch）。在平时训练中碰到生词，先不要查而去做：跳、换、猜。（ERA）

猜的方法：构词法homogeneous heterogeneous

利用上下文语言环境

联想法：chaos crash flash smash ash abash cash

2、复杂句子：（heart sank）

名词性从句，定语从句，并列结构，分词结构，倒装结构(系表主)，虚拟语气（had it been）

3、逻辑思维

句子之间有逻辑关系，构成文章整体。

尤其是对应重复关系：

A．单词提示also, other, another, and, or

And P40 L23(print); P156 L16

Or P31 L3,L4,; L5;

Also P74 L22

Other P34 L8;; P62 L16; P180 L13-L14

Anther Passage66 第二段

B．句子结构提示

P9 Q9

P40 L2; P74 L3+L9; P92 第二段; P122 L3, L4, L5

提高解题方法需要明确以下思路：先浏览文章，再看题目，有目的去精读or 先把课文读一遍，然后再把不能直接做出的题目按照方法1做出来，但读课文的速度一定要快。解题方法

1、浏览文章，重精读文章各段首句，掌握文章主题、论述方向、整体结构。如果文章

首段二句出现转折，一定要看。

P234 (Passage79 )

2、按顺序做题目，回原文找答案。

三、三种回原文定位方法

确定答案出处———关键词，题干提示，出题顺序，主题句；确定答案———精读定位到的

句子以及前后句，排除法。

关键词：找关键词或关键词的同义词。

关键词特点：醒目，唯一性

首选关键词：数字，大写字母

普通关键词：按顺序排列为：名词、动词、形容词和副词

词汇题

词汇题要求直接能做，但不过不会，可回原文分析上下文。另外，即使直接能做，也最好能回原文验证一下。

猜单词方法：1、根据上下文去判断

2、找对应或重复

词汇题就是填空题

填形容词，和当前句子的名词有联系

名词动词、形容词

动词名词

原则：不管填什么，都必然要使当前句子成立

指代题

方法：

1、分析指代词所在的本句的主谓宾搭配。

例如：They wrote stories。They指的肯定是人。如果四个选项中只有一个是人，那就是答案。

2、向前一句找答案。因为指代词肯定是指代前面出现的东西。所以分析指代词所在的本句

话和之前的一句甚至更多，那么就能找到答案。

3、

上下文延续题

表现形式：本文之前讨论什么；本文之后应该讨论什么。

上文延续题：看文章第一句话来推出答案。

下文延续题：看文章最后一句话来推出答案。

有的时候通过看各段首句也能得到答案。比如有个文章Passage25，开头说临床营养学有四个阶段，三段分别讲三个阶段，那么之后要讲的肯定是第四阶段。

列举题

根据选项的特征可分为：名词列举，句子列举（短语列举可以包含在句子列举中）

比较难的列举一般是分散式列举：四个选项遍布在全文。

大多数列举的选项都是集中在一段，甚至是一句话。

名词列举可以采用三一原则：在四个备选项中

1、有三项提到，一项未提到

2、四项都提到，其中一项后面重新提到

3、有三项集中，另一项孤立

以上情况中特殊的那一项就是答案。

举例说明题

举例说明题一般在原文的对应处也应该有举例说明结构。举例说明结构就是论点+论据的结构。这种题目的特点是提问为什么提到论据，那么答案来自论点。

有的时候原文有举例说明结构，但特征不明显，没有for example的字样，就要自己分析原文什么是论点，什么是论据。

有的时候原文就是例子（论据），没有论点。那就分析论据就行，一般答案也能出来。

主旨题

一、主旨题基本情况

1、说明文特点：

拥有主旨题的文章大多是说明文（GRE说明、议论各一半；GMA T都是议论文；

托福文章说明文比例最高）

①说明文都是金字塔结构

②段落与段落之间的联系手段是重复

2、主旨题的正确答案出处

①文章的第一句话

②很可能是文章的第二句话

③每段段首句的综合

二、主旨题正确选项的特征：

正确选项里有一个关键字，它满足2个条件：

①在段首句中重复出现2次或2次以上

②只在1个选项中存在

主旨题正确选项特征中的重复有4种情况：

2、原样出现P130 Q1、P216 Q1、P294 Q1

3、在文章中重复，在选项中同义。P66 Q1、P183 Q1

4、在文章中重复，在选项中反义。P22 Q1

5、以上手段的综合P110 Q1、P219 Q1、P280 Q1

三、两段式文章解题

正确答案有两个关键字分别来自于两段段首句书P47 Q1

四、需要看文章解题

每段段首句的综合

五、错误选项的特征

too general；too detailed；wrong

too detailed最常见，关键字来自于段落内部

定义题

特征：1、是否符合下定义常见形式

2、是否给出完整的描述

下定义的常见形式：1、同位语2、定语从句3、形容词段语（非谓语动词结构）

4、as, refer to, that is

5、特殊符号：括号，破折号

6、判断结构

7、平行结构and, or

例题：P24 Q9 P99 Q5 P115 Q10 P115 Q10 P158 Q9 P190 Q8 P239 Q11 P251 Q10 P257 Q11

推理题

三种常见的陷阱：

1、照搬原文的答案

2、引诱你使用常识或主观臆断

3、推测过深

推理题分为两种：横向推理和纵向推理。

横向推理：有明显的原文对应处，能推出一个答案。

纵向推理：无明显的原文对应处，能推出好几个答案，正确选项就是其中一个答案之一。

结论题

注意：它不是问段落或全文主旨，可能是任意一句话得到的结论。

段落结论题：先看段尾句，不行再看段首句，不行再看全段。

全文结论题：先看全文末句，不行再看各段首尾句，不行再看全文（看全文之前先看能不能直接做，这种题肯定最后出，所以有可能直接做，因为文章大部分内容都读到了）PASSAGE14 PASSAGE38 PASSAGE76 PASSAGE81 PASSAGE83

态度题

方法：各段首句

结构题

结构题常见答案形式：先总后分、对比对照、因果关系、时间顺序

Generalization followed by examples

Comparison and contrast

Cause and effect

Chronological narrative

方法：看各段首句

行数题

四个选项为四个区间段，非常简单。

类比题

问两个事物之间的关系和另外哪两个事物的关系一样。

细节题

不是以上题型特征的题目就是细节题，比例最大。

解题方法就是：利用各种定位方法，找到原文的答案对应处。

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