专升本英语语法与词汇讲义

一、非谓语动词

非谓语动词是动词的几种特殊形式，它不能单独做谓语。非谓语动词的形式有：动词不定式（to do）、动名词（doing）、现代分词（doing）、过去分词（done）。（一）动词不定式

1、结构：肯定形式to do 否定形式not to do 例如：to read the text slowly

2、主要语法功能：

（1）做主语

To know what to do is wisdom. To know how to do is skill

It is difficult to know oneself

(2)做表语

The first and best victory is to conquer self.

(3)做宾语

We hope to talk with the native speakers.

有些及物动词常用不定式做宾语：afford /agree /arrange/begin/care/choose/claim/continue/decide/desire/determine/fail/forget/ha te/hesitate/hope/intend/learn/like/long/manage/mean/offer/plan/prepare/pretend /promise/refuse/resolve/start/threaten/try/want

(4)做定语：she was the only one to look after the children

(5)做状语：we shall be very happy to cooperate with you in the project.

(6)做宾语补足语：Please remind me to take my medicine tomorrow.

有些及物动词的复合宾语中的宾语补足语中不定式不带to : 使役动词have let make please ; 感官动词feel hear listen to look at notice observe see watch

（7）做主语补足语：someone was heard to come up the stairs.

3、不定式的时态

（1）一般式：表示与谓语动词的动作是同时发生或是在其后发生。

I have some news to tell you

(2)进行式：与谓语动词的动作是同时发生，而且正在进行着。

He want to be dressing

(3)完成时：表示动作发生在谓语之前

I am sorry to have kept you waiting

（二）动名词

1、结构：doing reading the book quickly

2、语法功能：

（1）做主语：Saying is easier than doing

It is no use asking her advice.

(2)做表语：the best policy is being honest

(3)做定语：reading material

(4)做动词宾语：I enjoy seeing you and talking about old times.

用作动名词做宾语的及物动词：admit suggest dislike appreciate complete consider delay deny enjoy escape finish forgive imagine keep mind miss permit postpone practice prevent propose require risk suggest

can’t help give up keep on put off.

(5)做介词宾语：Keep on learning as long as you live.

3、动名词时态

（1）一般式与谓语动词的动作同时或在其后发生

I am thinking of getting a new dictionary.

(2)完成式在谓语动词之前发生

I regret having told her the news.

（三）现在分词

1、结构：doing.

2、语法功能：

（1）做定语life is an exciting business.

(2) 做状语hearing the news, they immediately set off for Beijing.

(3)做表语the film is very moving and instructive.

(4)做宾语补足语I saw him entering the room(比较：I saw him enter the room)

(四)过去分词

1、结构：规则动词的过去式、过去分词“动词原形ed”；不规则动词没有统一的规则。

2、语法功能：

（1）做定语：A watched pot never boiled.

(2) 做状语：Wounded, the brave soldier continued to fight.

(3)做表语：I am convinced of his honesty.

(4)做宾语补足语

（五）分词的独立结构

1、结构：逻辑主语+分词，逻辑主语可以是分词的执行者，也可以是承受者。Weather permitting, we shall go there on foot.

This done, we went home.

（六）现在分词和过去分词的区别

语态上，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动；时间上，现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示已经完成；特征和状态上，现在分词表示特征，过去分词表示状态。

历年真题常考点：

1、If____ to speak, he has no problem expressing himself.

A、asked

B、asking C ask D to be asked

2、He went on to say that it was as important to respect others as_____ by others.

A to be respected

B to respect

C being respected

D respected

3、Any student______ in swimming can apply for membership.

A having a keen interest

B with a keen interesting

C who is keenly interesting

D has a keen interest

4、When______ the education systems of China and Britain, the professor gave his own comment.

A asking to be compared

B asked him to compare

C asking him to compare

D asked to compare

5、No one can avoid_____ by advertisements.

A influenced

B influencing

C to influence

D being influenced

6、Henry’s remarks left me_____ about his real purpose.

A wonder

B wondered

C to wonder

D wondering

7、The garden requires______

A watering

B being watered

C to water

D having watering

8、They found the lecture hard______

A to understand

B to be understand

C being understood

D understood

9、It’s no use______ me not to worry about his injury.

A for you to tell

B your telling

C you tell

D having told

10、______ finished his work, he had to stay at home at the weekend.

A Having not been

B Being not

C Not having

D Having not

11、_______ from space, our earth, with water covering 70% of its surface, appears as a ”blue planet”.

A Seen

B Seeing

C To be seen

D Having seen

12、When the little girl awoke, she found herself ______ by a group of soldiers.

A surround

B be surrounded

C being surrounded

D being surrounding

13、He enjoys______pop music while I prefer classical music.

A to listen to

B to listen

C listening

D listening to

14、My mobile phone isn’t working. It______.

A needs being repaired

B needs repairing

C needs to repair

D needs repaired

二、虚拟语气

语气表示说话人对谓语动词所表示的动作或所处状态持有的态度或看法。

陈述语气；祈使语气；虚拟语气

Keep off the grass

The yellow leaves are falling in the autumn wind.

虚拟语气表示说话者所说的并不是事实，而是一种假设、推测、建议或祝愿等。（一）虚拟语气的结构：

1、在非真实条件从句的复合机中的用法

1）与现在事实相反：if 引导的条件句：动词过去式或were

主句：would+动词原形

2）与过去事实相反：if引导的条件句：had+过去分词

主句：would+have+过去分词

3）与将来事实相反：if引导的条件句：should+动词原形；were to +动词原形

主句：would+动词原形

例句：if I had time, I would certainly go to the movies with you If the manager were here, he might make a decision

I could have done it better if I had been more careful

If he should fail, we would encourage him to try again.

If he were to marry Jack, she would be happy.

2、介词短语表示违背事实的假设条件，这时句中的谓语动词使用虚拟语气Without air, there would be no wind or clouds.

With better equipment, we could have done it better.

3、在if引导的条件句中有were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 提前上述四词。

Could you meet Mary, you should not be able to recognize her.

(二)、在名词性从句中的用法

1、主语从句

（necessary important essential ordered commended proposed suggested）

It is desired that we should get everything ready before Friday.

2、宾语从句

（suggest insist recommend order propose require advise request desire command demand）

She insisted that the seats should be booked in advance.

(三)其它情况

1、if only

2、as if as though引导的从句用“were””had+过去分词”

She looked as if she were ill.

3、it’s(high/about)time(that)”过去式或should+动词原形”

4、would rather/’d rather句型中用过去式或者过去完成时分别表示与现在和过去事实相反的愿望。

历年真题常考点：

1、One of the requirements for a fire is that the material______ to its burning temperature.

A is heated

B will be heated

C be heated

D would be heated

2. If he had been in better health, he_____ more books.

A can write

B could have written

C could write

D have written

3. It’s high time______ about the traffic problems.

A something was done

B something is done

C anything will be done

D nothing to be done

4. I’m not surprised you failed the exam. You______ have worked harder.

A should

B must

C would

D ought

5. The teacher insisted that we_____ our homework before 9:00.

A finished

B had finished

C finish

D was finishing

6. I passed the test. I_____ it without your help.

A would not pass

B would n’t have passed

C didn’t pass

D had not passed

7. It is necessary that he_____ the task by the end of next week

A fulfill

B will fulfill

C will have fulfilled

D fulfills

三、强调句和倒装句

强调是为了加强句子的语气，突出说话重点；英语书面语中表示强调的手段主要有词汇、语法和修辞三种。

（一）词汇手段

例如：He entirely forgot the matter.

However hard he tried, he couldn’t lift the box.

(二) 语法手段

1、It is/was+被强调的部分+that/who从句

例如：It is Professor Li that sent me the letter

It is only when one is ill that one knows the value of health.

2、主语+do/does/did+动词原形+其它部分

In the past, some people did think that the earth was square.

3、What impressed me most was her image.

英语中的自然语序是“主语在前，谓语在后”，倒装语序是把谓语的一部分或者全部放在主语之前。

1、语法倒装句型

（1）表示否定或基本否定的词与词组放在句首引起倒装

（never/seldom/scarcely/hardly/rarely/little/not/nowhere/hardly when/no sooner than/in no case/in no way/ on no account/at no time/not only but also）

例如：No sooner had they got to the plant than they started to work.

（2）”only+状语”放在句首引起的倒装

例如：Only by working hard can one succeed.

Only once have I seen him.

Only after the accident did he become careful.

(3) 反复倒装

(so nor neither no more)

They can leave now, so can we.

He didn’t see the film last night, neither did he.

(4)as 引导的让步状语从句中的倒装

例如Strong as the enemy is, we are not afraid.

(5)if 引导的非真实条件句中省略if引起的倒装

历年真题考点：

1、Seldom_____ in such a rude way.

A we have been treated

B have we been treat

C we have treated

D have we treated

2、It was not until she had arrived home_____ she remenbered her appointment with the doctor.

A when

B that

C and

D where

3、It was at the music hall______ we met each other for the first time.

A when

B where

C which

D that

4、__________, everything would have been all right.

A He had been here

B Been here he had

C Here he had been

D Had he been here

5、__________, water resources have been severely wasted or polluted.

A They are scarce

B Scarce they are

C Scarce as they are

D As Scarce they are

6、_________ tomorrow, he would be able to see the opening ceremony.

A Would he come

B If he comes

C Was he coming

D Were he to come

7、________ that the trade between the two countries reached its highest point.

A During the 1960”

B It was in the 1960’s

C That it was in the 1960’s

D It was the 1960’s

8、________, he couldn’t earn enough to support the family.

A Hard as he worked

B As he worked hard

C As hard he worked

D Hard as did he work

四、状语从句

在复合句中，起状语作用的从句叫做状语从句，修饰主句中的动词、形容词、副词。类型包括：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句。

历年考点总结：

1、比较级考查（比较状语从句）

例如：

1、The higher you stand, ___________.

A the farther you can see

B you can see farther

C the more farther you can see

D the farther can you see

2、The new campus is _______ as the old one.

A twice as big

B as twice big

C twice big

D big as twice

3、Private cars have made the traffic problem_________.

A the worse than before

B worse than ever before

C more bad as before

D more bad than it was

4、Between you and me , that boy of Mary’s was__________.

A as fat as strong

B fatter than stronger

C more fat than strong

D not so fat as strong

2、词汇积累

1、_________ born in Chicago, the writer is most famous for his stories about New York City.

A Although

B Since

C When

D As

2、He had no sooner finished his speech ______ he withdrew.

A than

B that

C when

D as

3、对however/whenever/whoever/whatever/wherever的考查

1、______ you say, I am sure that the young man is innocent.

A Whatever

B Whoever

C However

D Wherever

2、We must begin testing this instrument, no matter____ difficult it is.

A however

B how

C whatever

D what

4、对as引导的让步状语从句的考查

1、Great_______ the difficultiwa are, we must do our best to succeed.

A while

B as

C although

D however

五、主谓一致

主谓一致是指两个语法成分，主语和谓语之间的协调关系。通常遵循三个原则，即就近原则、概念意义原则和语法原则。

（一）就近原则

例如：He or his brothers are to blame

Either the shirts or the sweater is a good buy.

Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.

Neither you nor your brother is in fault.

(Both and )

(二) 概念/意义原则

1、有些单数名词表示集体概念，即群体名词，谓语动词用复数动词

（police/ cattle /people/youth/army/class/committee/company/crowd/couple/等）。

2、many a +单数名词要求用单数动词。

Many a boy learns to swim before he can read.

3、more than one +单数名词，用单数动词。

More than one person is involved in this case.

4、a+单数名词+or two 做主语，谓语动词用单数

A day or two has passed; One or two days have passed.

5、一些复数名词被看做一个整体，谓语动词用单数（news; ten years; Physics; Measles; A pair of gloves; the old;）

(三)语法原则

1、并列主语，谓语动词用复数。

（as well as/as much as/along with/together with/with/ including/followed by/rather than/）与主语保持一致

He as much as us is responsible for it.

2、There be 句型的谓语动词与其后面的主语保持一致

3、分数、百分数做主语时，谓语动词与of 后的词保持一致

50% of the people present the meeting are against the plan

4、a number of 后面的谓语动词用复数，the number of 后面的谓语动词用单数

1、The first three of the five chapters in the book_____ very easy, but the rese___difficult.

A is are

B are is

C was were

D were were

2、His wife as well as he _______invited to the business party

A has been

B have been

C has

D are

3、Every means_____ but without much result.

A have been tried

B has been tried

C have tried

D has tried

4、Neither Mary nor her sister_____ to the party.

A go

B are going

C have gone

D is going

5、There______ some mistakes in your compasition.

A have

B has

C seems to be

D seem to be

六、定语从句

定语从句是在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句，被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词后面。

（一）关系代词引导的定语从句

1、关系代词有who(whom whose)、which、that，起到的作用：一把主句和从句连接起来；二起代词作用，代替前面的先行词；三起到一定语法作用，在从句中做主语、宾语或者定语。

例如：He is a man who means what he says.

The few points which the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.

Is there anyone in your department whose father is a painter.

2、That’s all I could do at that time

(all/anything/everything/something/nothing/much/little/none)

3、This is the best Tv set that is made in China.

(如果先行词被形容词最高级或first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very 等词修饰时，关系代词用that)。

（二）介词+which(whom)引导的定语从句

如果which或whom在定语从句中原为介词的宾语，那么：

This is the question about which they have had so much discussion in the past few weeks.

The people with whom he worked thought he was a bit strange.

（三）关系副词when, where, why引导的定语从句

它们分别修饰表示时间、地点、原因的先行词。

At that time when I saw him, he was well.

This is the place where the accident took place last night.

(四)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

Those who want to go please sign their names here

He has two sisters, who are working in the city.

1、I’m going to spend the winter vacation in Shanghai,______I have relatives.

A which

B nevertheless

C where

D when

2、The man ______was stolen called the police.

A his wallet

B the wallet of his

C whose wallet

D the wallet of whom

3、All_____ is a continuous supply of fuel.

A what is needed

B the thing needed

C that is needed

D for their needs

4、Is this the house____ Shakespeas was born?

A which

B in that

C in which

D at which

5、She has fallen in love with Jack,_______I find hard to imagine.

A who

B that

C whom

D which

6、He has made another wonderful discovery,_____ of great importance to science and man.

A which I think is

B which I think is

C of which I think it is

D I think which is

七、时态和语态

历年真题考点：

1、John and I ______ friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we_____ each other a couple of times before that.

A、had been; have been

B、have been; have seen

C had been;had seen

D have been; had seen

2、By the time you get to the Greenwith you_____ the most historic part of London.

A will be seeing

B will see

C are going to see

D will have seen

3、When it______ school work, the professor will treat his students equally.

A comes to evaluate

B comes to evaluating

C will come to evaluate

D will come to evaluating

八、名词性从句

在主从复合句中担当主语、宾语、表语或同位语的从句分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或同位语从句。这些从句在句中的作用相当于名词在句中的作用，因此统称为名词性从句。

1、主语从句：

That the moon moves round the earth is well known to all of us

2、宾语从句：

I’ll try to make up for what I have missed.

I believe that they will be able to pass the examination without any difficulties.

3、表语从句

It seems that it is going to snow.

The reason is what has already been stated in Chapter2.

4、同位语从句

The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.

历年真题考点：

1、______leaves the room at last ought to turn off the lights.

A Anyone

B The person

C Whoever

D Who

2、______his dream of going to college will come true is uncertain.

A That

B Whether

C If

D Even if

3、What did the teacher say to you just now?

She asked me______.

A whether I had finished my work or not

B whether or not had I finished my work

C if my work had finished or not

D if or not I have finished my work

4、The news_____ our football team had won the match excited all of us.

A what

B which

C that

D as

专升本英语语法重点汇总

专升本英语语法重点汇总 一、动词时态及语态题（大家应该记住我所讲过的九种时态，特别是其中的过去完成，过去进行时，客观真理要用一般现在时等） 1、The manager told us that this factory was built in 1958. 2、By the time we got there，the play had already begun. 3、When I was a child，I knew that the earth turns about its axis. 4、When Mr.Delay got home after a day's exhausting work，his wife and children were sleeping. 二、非谓语动词题（特别是现在分词与过时分词的区别，大家一定要弄明白主动与被动这对最最重要的区别，要求大家多看我的上课笔记） 1、The film showed last night was very moving. （不用moved，大家别忘了-ed形容词和-ing形容词的区别） 2、Having finishing his lecture，the teacher asked if anyone wished to asked a question. 3、The problem being discussed is very important. 4、Given more time，we are sure to finish it. 5、Will you please make yourself known to everyone here 三、It作形式主语及形式宾语题（这也是一个常考点，it本身是没有意思的，注意it 还可以指时间，天气等。） 1、It is difficult to study English wel l. 2、We think it is important to pass the exam. 四、强调句型（大家要记住的是it is （was）……that…，如果前面是it iswas 后面往往选用that，当然强调人的时候也可用who） 1、It was at an evening party that I first saw her. 2、It is what you will do that is important. 3、When was it that he bought a new car 五、倒装句型

英语词汇与语法

since 英音：[sins]美音：[s?ns] 副词ad. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时) 1. 此后;从那时到现在 She left school three years ago and has worked as a nurse ever since. 她三年前毕业,从那时起便一直当护士。 2. 之前,以前 介词prep. 1. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时)自...以来,从...至今 I haven't heard from him since last year. 我自去年以来未曾收到过他的信。 连接词conj. 1. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时)自...以来,从...至今 It's been ten years since they married. 他们结婚到现在已经十年了。 She has been living a hard life since her husband died. 她自从丈夫死后,一直过着艰苦的生活。 2. 既然;因为,由于 He must have taken the book since it isn't here. 他一定是把书拿走了,因为书已不在这里了。 Since it is so hot, let's go swimming. 既然天气这么热,我们去游泳吧。 when 副词ad. 1. (用作疑问副词)什么时候,何时 I'd like to know when they'll let him out. 我想知道他们什么时候放他。 When did you last see Margaret? 你上一次见到玛格丽特是什么时候?

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