美国历史--中英文

1) The "discovery" of the New World 发现新大陆

①The "first Americans" were the Indians 最早的美国人是印第安人

②In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, supported by the Spanish queen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now west Indies. He thought he had reached Asia and didn't know he had discovered a New Continent.

15世纪后期，意大利航海家克里斯多弗.哥伦布，在西班牙女王的支持下,于1492年率领船队穿越浩瀚的大西洋，抵达了现在西印度群岛的一些小岛。他误以为到达了亚洲，并不知道自己已经发现了一个新大陆。

③Ameriga Vespucci proved that the land was a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after him.

阿美利歌?韦斯普奇证明了这是新大陆，因此，以他的名字命名。

2)Causes of the colonization of the New World 殖民时期

Opportunity was a magic word.

机遇是一个神气的词

①The new Would drew English nobles (who dreamed of getting more land and establishing great new estates.).

②Drew other people who could not find jobs in England.

③Most of all , it drew the poor and the homeless from the farmlands and villages of Europe.

④Many settlers came to the English colonies in search of religious freedom because they had been persecuted in England.

1）他吸引了英国的贵族（那些梦想在荒原上创建庞大的新地产的）

2）吸引那些在英国无法找到工作的人。

3）尤其是吸引了欧洲农场和乡村的穷人和无家可归的人。

4）许多人为寻求宗教自由而在这英国殖民地定居下来，因为他们在英国受到早叫迫害。

3)The first English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Between1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America. They were Virginia, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Rhode Island, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Georlina.

美洲的第一块英国殖民地于1607年在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯建立。从1607年到1733年间，英国在北美的东海岸建立了13个殖民地。它们是弗吉尼亚、缅因、新罕布什尔、马塞、康涅狄格、纽约、罗得岛、马里兰、北卡罗来纳，南卡罗来纳、新泽西、宾夕法尼亚和佐治亚。

In 1620,201 of Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony. The Puritans（清教徒）,unlike the Pilgrims(清教徒前辈)who were artisans and peasants, were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. The Puritans did not allow religious dissent. The colonists were building a new way of life in the New World. There were a number of features which would play a role in forming the American character. They were representative from of government, rule of law, respect of individual rights, religious tolerance and a strong of individual enterprise.1620年，清教徒前辈中的201人乘坐“5月花号”船来到新大陆，在普利茅斯建立了殖民地。清教徒和身为手艺人或农夫的清教徒前辈不同，他们富有，是受过良好教育的绅士。清教徒不允许异教存在。殖民者在新大陆建立了一种新的生活方式。以下几点为美国特色的形成起到一定作用：政府的代表形式，法制，对人权的尊重，宗教的宽容和强大个人进取精神。

4）The American War of Independence and its consequences.美国独立战争极其影响

①the causes: With the development of economy, the people in the colonies

wanted more power to determine their own business. But the policy of the British government was to bring the development under control and collect more taxes from the colonies.原因：随着经济的发展，殖民地人民要求更多的自决权。而英国政府的政策是要把经济发展控于股掌，并向殖民地征收更多的税。

②the Boston Tea Party(波士顿茶叶事件): In 1773, several dozen Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships of the British East India Company and threw the tea into the harbor. 1773年，几十名波士顿居民化装成印第安人，登上英国东印度公司的船，将茶叶倾入海中。

③the First continental Congress: In September 1774, the First Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia which encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods. 第一届大陆会议：1774年9月，在费城召开，鼓励美国人抵制英货。

④Lexington and Concord(列克星顿和康克特)：The War of Independence began at there in 1775.

⑤The Second Continental Congress(three weeks after the battle at Lexington in 1775 ):founded a Continental Army and Navy under the command of Washington; appointed a committee to draft a formal declaration(Thomas Jefferson was the man who draft it), the Declaration of Independence, And adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.第二次大陆会议（1775年的列克星顿战役三周之后）：建立了大陆军和海军，任命华盛顿为总司令；指定了一个委员会负责起草一份正式宣言（托马斯。杰斐逊起草），1776.6.4，通过了独立宣言。

⑥The Declaration is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and this theory came from the British philosopher John Locke.宣言清晰地解释了指导这场革命的政治理论，这一理论源于英国哲学家约翰。洛克。

⑦The consequences: IN September ,1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed.

Britain recognized the independence of the United States; the war was from 1775 to 1781, it shows that, in a just war, a weak nation can defeat a strong one. American people gained independence and capitalism developed in America. It also had great international influence.意

义：1783年9月，《巴黎条约》签署，英国承认美国独立；战争从1775-1781，表明，在一场正义的战争中，弱者可以战胜强者。美国人民获得了独立，资本主义得到发展。同时具有深远的国际影响。

5)Establishment of a federal form of government: 联邦政府的建立

①The Articles of Confederation was unusual in many ways.1)it provided for no king;2)while the Articles created a central government in the form of a Congress, the emphasis was still on state powers.3)the Articles of Confederation was a written constitution for the U.S.. But there were serious weaknesses, it was difficult to carry on the business of the government without someone to do the executive’s job. Congress was too large a body to function as government. And Congress had no power to raise taxes. A conference was held in Philadelphia in May 1787 to consider what should be done to make the Articles of Confederation adequate. 十三洲联邦宪法的不同之处在于：1）没有采用君主立宪制；2）确立了国会形式的中央政府，但仍以洲治为主；3）是美国的明文宪法。但也存在严重缺陷：无人主持行政工作，政府事务很难执行。国会体制庞大，无法起到政府职能，国会无权提高税收。1787年5月于费城召开了一次大会，讨论如何改进十三洲联邦宪法。

②The Great Compromise(on July 16,1787): gave each state an equal vote in the Senate but making representation in the House reflect the size of each state’s population.1787.7.16出台的大折中：赋予各州在参议院中同样的选举权,而众议院中的代表人数则根据各州的人口决定。

③The Bill of Rights (1791)，became the first ten amendments to the constitution of the American constitutional—the Bill of Rights. By then, it is agreed, the foundation of the American constitutional system was completed.1791年通过的，成为对《宪法》最早的十项修正案—人权法案。一般认为至此美国宪法体制的建立全部完成。

④the first Congress: met in New York In 1789.

the first President: Washington

6)Consequences of territorial expansion and the westward Movement 领土扩张和西进运动

①forced England to give up the Old Northwest;迫使英格兰放弃旧西北地区

②Purchased the Louisiana from Nepoleon.(1790’s) 向拿破伦购买路易斯安那州

③forced Spain to cede Florida and the Gulf coast.迫使西班牙放弃弗罗里达和墨西哥海岸。

④Texas added to the Union(1845).1845,德克萨斯加入联邦

⑤Obtained California and New Mexico From Mexico by the war with Mexico (1846-1848)从墨西哥战争1846-4848，得到加利福尼亚和新墨西哥。

⑥The Gadsden Purchase(1853)

another 30,000 square miles of Mexican land were added to the territory of the U.S., in return,the U.S. paid 10 million dollars.1853年的‘加滋登购地’中，又有3万平方英里的墨西哥变成了美国领土，美国付了1千万美圆的补偿。

7)The American Civil War and its impaction on the development of the U.S 美国内战

①The conflict between the North and the South: In the early 1800’s, black slavery disappeared in the north because of industry development. But it

continued to exist in the South. In the South, farming remained the most important way of making a living and the planter farmed a large area of land. Slave labors seemed best suited for producing these crops.19世纪早期，由于工业的发展，黑奴在北方消失。但在南方仍然存在。在南方，农耕是最主要的谋生手段，农场主耕种了大片土地。奴隶劳动力似乎最适于这些农作物的生产。

②The Compromise of 1850: the North and the South allowed California to be accepted as a free state while ordering the returning of runaway slaves to the masters.1850年通过了一个折中的方案：同意加利福尼亚为自治州，将逃跑的努力归还主人。

③Abraham Lincoln (亚伯拉罕. 林肯)：Soon after Lincoln Became the U.S. President, the War broke out on April 12, 1861.He realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery. So he issued the famous Emancipation Proclamation in 1863.Thus England and France stood by the Union’s side. Many black slaves joined the Union Army. 亚伯拉罕. 林肯:当林肯成为美国总统后，1861.4.12爆发战争，他意识到可以把战争变为反奴隶的正义战争，从而获得国内外对联邦的支持。所以他颁布了著名的《解放宣言》。这样英法各国站到了联邦一边，许多黑奴加入了联邦军。

Lincoln’s speech: “That government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”民有，民治，民享的政府是不会从地球上消亡的。The Thirteenth Amendment, which banned slavery, was added to the Constitution in December,1865.废除奴隶制的第十三修正案于1865年12月写入宪法。

④Rapid Growth of Capitalism after the Civil War 内战后资本主义的迅速发展

After the war, the U.S. saw great developments in Industry, agriculture, science and technology, and population.

⑤reasons: a stable political environment after the war was over; enough

labour supply after black slaves were free; new immigrants; Science and invention played a very important role in accelerating America’s industrial development; the federal government put high taxes on foreign imports; the Rich natural resources.原因：战后稳定的政治环境；黑奴自由，新移民都提供了足够的劳动力；科学和发明在美国的工业发展中起到重要作用；联邦政府对进口商品课以高税，丰富的自然资源。

⑥consequences: Both production and capital became increasingly concentrated.生产和资本越来越集中。

1)Economic growth in the early 20th century

①tremendous growth of the American economy(between the end of the civil war and 1900): Steam and electricity replaced human muscle,steel took the place of iron.Machines and oil were used.People and goods could move by railroads.in 1900 it became the largest producer of coal and steel in the world.内战结束到1900年间，美国经济取得了巨大发展；蒸汽和电力取代了人力，钢取代了铁。机器和石油得到了应用，客运和货运可以通过铁路进行。煤和铁以巨大产量位居世界之首。

②features in the growth of the economy:

1) there emerged a growth of industrial and financial mergers. By 1910, incorporation had become the dominant type;

2)With the development of industry and the extension of railroad network,there was a mushroom growth of cities and urbanization;

3)there was a rapid development of new technology. The automobile and radio also developed. America was on the way of becoming a nation on wheels.

经济发展的特点：

1）出现了工业和金融合并发展的势头。到1910年，联合企业已成为主导形式；

2）随着工业和铁路网络的扩张，城市如雨后春笋般发展起来（都市化）；

3）新工业技术的发展迅猛。汽车和无线电也发展起来，美国正在成为一个车轮上的国家。

2)progressivism and some of the reform efforts.

Progressivism, also known as the Progressive Movement, appeared in America at the turn of the 20th century. It demanded government regulation(规范) of the economy and social conditions –social area:to improve living conditions of the poor, to ban child labour, work hour limit for women workers,and industrial accident insurance. Political area:to reform state and city governments and economic area:to regulate big businesses.

进步运动出现在20世纪初，是一场要求政府调控经济和社会生活条件的运动—社会领域：改善城市贫民的居住条件，禁止使用童工，政治领域：改革市政府和州政府，经济领域：调控大型企业。

①the Muckrakers and Progressive Movement: The Muckrakers, a group of reform-minded journalists,made investigations and exposed various dark sides of society.Progressive Movement was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals.Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political,social, and economic reforms.

搜集并揭发丑闻的人，是一群锐意改革的新闻记者，调查和揭露了社会的阴暗面。进步运动不是一场具有明确目标的有组织的运动，而是政治，社会以及经济改革方面一系列不同形式的努力。

3) role of the U.S. in WWI

at the beginning of the war, Wilson said American policy was neutrality, But in fact it pursued a policy of pro-Ally(支持同盟国) partiality. American declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917.The Peace Conference,the Paris Conference,began on January 18,1919.The conference was actually a

conference of division of colonies of Germany,Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and the grabbing of as much as possible from the defeated nations.The result of the Paris Conference was the emergence of the Versailles Treaty System in Europe.

战争初期，威尔逊声明美国中立，但事实上采用了亲同盟国的偏狭政策。美国于1917年4.6对德宣战。1919.1.18,巴黎和会召开，这个会议实质上是瓜分德国，奥匈帝国，奥斯曼帝国殖民地，尽可能掠夺战败国的会议。巴黎和会的结果是欧洲凡尔赛条约体系的出现。

4)characteristics of the 1920s

The 1920s in the U.S. has been described by many historians as a period of material success and spiritual frustration or confusion and purposelessness.the war changed the U.S. from a debtor nation into a creditor. There was further urbanization, new development of technology and mass production. The 1920s in the U.S. has been described as a period of material success and spiritual frustration. More people had cars. The government gave help to industry and business. There existed a highly aggressive and intolerant nationalism. There was the Red Scare in 1919 and 1920. There was the revival of the Ku Klux Klan(三K党反动组织复活)which claimed a membership of 5 million.

20世纪20年代的美国被很多历史学家描绘成一个物质丰厚而精神崩溃和迷惘的年代。战争将美国从债务国变成债权国。进一步的都市化，技术和大规模生产有了新的发展。更多的人有了车。政府给予工业和商业帮助。产生了一种激进、偏狭的民族主义。一是1919-1920的‘红色恐怖’；三K党的复兴，宣布已有5百万党员。

5)the Great Depression(1929-1937) and the New Deal 大萧条和新政

①no regulation or control over various kinds of investment companies.The banking system lacked stability. stock market speculation（股票市场投机）and over expansion of credit.(借贷过度膨胀)stock market crash (1929): America’s

stock market crash came on October 24,1929, called the black Thursday 没有对各种投资公司调节与控制。银行系统缺乏稳定性。股票市场的投机与信贷过度膨胀。股票崩盘：1929.10.24，被称为黑色星期四。

②the gross national product(GNP) shrank(收缩) from $87 billion in 1929 to $41 billion in 1933. the unemployed went up; Misery and personal sufferings were widespread.国民生产总值从1929年的870亿降到1933年的410亿美元。失业率增加，不幸和痛苦到处可见。

6)Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal

①Roosevelt became the U.S. president in 1932. He had a sure sense of what seemed practical or possible. He was a great communicator, able to talk to people in all walks of life. His “fireside chats”over the radio were listened to by millions of people.罗斯福于1932年成为美国总统，他能准确辨别什么是现实的或可行的。他是一个伟大的交际者，能够和各界人事谈的来。他通过无线电播出的“炉边谈话”拥有数百万的听众。

②the New Deal: Measure of the New Deal include establishment and strengthening of government regulation and control of banking; Federal government management of relief and security system（社会救济保障体系）; recovery of industry and agriculture; passage of federal labour laws; improvement of the situation of minorities and members of certain religious groups.These measures,was to “save American democracy”.and help overcome the most serious economic crisis of the capitalist system up to that time.新经济政策：建立和加强政府对银行的管理和控制；联邦政府对救济进行管理，建立社会救济保障体系；刺激工，农业的复苏；通过劳工法；改善少数民族和某些宗教团体成员的状况。这些措施的目的是“拯救美国的民主”，帮助美国克服了当时资本主义所经历的最严重的经济危机。

7）America in W W II

①The Second World War was the result of struggle between the great powers for control of the world and military expansion of the countries of Nazi Germany,Fascist Italy and militarist Japan.Isolationism before WW II and neutrality at first二战是由大国为争夺世界霸权，以及纳粹德国，法西斯主义的意大利和军国主义的日本进行军事扩张而导致的。美国第二次世界大战前的孤立主义和初期的中立政策。

②the Pearl Harbour Incident in December,1941 1941.12月的珍珠港事件

③American wartime objectives and guiding principles for wartime diplomacy美国的战时目标和战时外交的指导原则。The objectives were the total destruction of the Axis powers and the establishment of a would order after unconditional victory in accord with American ideals and interest; Two guiding principles: the first was to win the war, the second was to establish a postwar political structure in accord with American interest and to prevent the Soviet Union from over-expansion.战

时目标是彻底摧毁轴心国势力，并在取得无条件胜利后建立与美国理想与利益符合的世界秩序。两个指导原则：1是取得战争胜利，2是建立一个符合美国利益的战后政治结构，并防止苏联过度扩张。

④Anglo-American Strategy and differences in Europe. 英美在欧洲的战略和分歧

A Stratergy of Europe : to defeat Germany first; The second issue was poliy towards the Soviet Union.欧洲战略：先击败德国，2是对苏联的政策。

The differences: The United States was eager to take away from France and Britain their former colonies and let them become independent states. Britain did not like the America’s policy美国渴望英、法的殖民地摆脱英、法而成为独立国家。

英不同意。

⑤American policy towards the Soviet Union美国对的对苏政策：1）to keep the Soviet Union in the war;2）to get the Soviet Union into the war against Japan; 3）to influence Soviet policy and to be very watchful about Soviet expansive intention.1）让苏联继续参战，2）使苏联卷入对日抗战；3）给苏联外交政策一定的影响，同时十分警惕苏联的扩张意图。

⑥Potsdam Conference(1945)波茨坦会议：showed that there were great differences among America, Britain and the Soviet Union.

America in Postwar Era (1945-1980s) 二次大战后的美国

1）Origins of the Cold War冷战的起源

①time: began with the ending of the WW II; Causes: caused by conflicts between the U.S. and the S.U. arose basically from their separate concepts of postwar world order; the different policy: During the Cold War, the U.S. government would support any country which said it was fighting against communism. And the Soviet Union believed it should rapidly build up its strength for the final struggle against capitalism.

时间：二战结束后；原因：美苏之间的冲突基本源于他们对战后世界秩序的不同想法；不同政策：在冷战期间，美国政府支持任何一个表示反对共产主义的国家。苏联相信必须迅速增强自己的实力，同资本主义做最后的抗争。

②George Kennan (proposed the containment policy on February 22,1946)and the containment policy: the containment policy became the official policy towards the Soviet Union until 1989.

1946年2月22日，美国驻苏联大使乔治。凯南在他的电报中主张对苏联采取遏制政策。此后遏制政策作为美国对苏联的官方政策。

2)The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan杜鲁门主义和马歇尔计划。

①the Truman Doctrine: the U.S government should support any country which said it was fighting against communism. It was put forward by the U.S. President Truman in 1947

杜鲁门主义：美国政府将会支持任何一个表示反对共产主义的国家。这是美国总统杜鲁门1947年提出的

②The Marshall Plan: In order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the U.S. decided to offer Western European countries economic aid. It was announced by Secretary of State George Marshall on June 5, 1947.

马歇尔计划：为了保护西欧不受苏联扩张影响，美国决定给予西欧国家经济支援，这是由国务

卿马歇尔于1947.

3）Effects of McCarthyism (麦卡锡主义1950-1954) of on American society

McCarthy used “big lie”tactic to persecute progressive people. He said he had the names of over 200 Communists in the State Department. His lies caused full-scale, anti-Communist hysteria in America and frightened a large number of ordinary Americans.

麦卡锡用弥天大谎这一伎俩迫害进步改革人士。他声称掌握了200共产党人的名单。他的谎言过于极端，反对共产党人的歇斯底里导致美国民众的极度恐慌。

4)the postwar boom in the U.S.

Since 1945 the U.S. had entered a twenty-five years economic boom. The cornerstones(支柱产业) were the automobile, housing and defense industries. During this period, the economy grew at an average rate of 3.5 percent per year. The nation’s GNP rose from just over $200 billion in 1946 to close to $1

trillion in 1970. Crucial to the postwar economic boom was the baby boom—the upsurge in births and military spending. More than 63 million babies were born between 1946 and 1961 in the U.S. and this increased consumption.

自1945年以来，美国经济进入了长达25年的繁荣期，经济繁荣的基本为汽车，住房和国防工业。这期间，经济以平均每年3.5%增长。国民生产总值从1946的稍高于2千亿美圆增长到1970的近1万亿美元。对战后经济增长至关重要的是生育高峰—出生高峰和军队开支。6350万以上的婴儿在1946-1961年出生。

5)U.S China relations (1949-1972)

①The Taiwan issue and U.S. support of Chiang Kai-shek: the T aiwan problem was been a key problem in U.S –China relations. The U.S. provided Chiang with military aid.

②change in U.S policy towards China from Nixon’visit in 1972

③normalization and remaining problems（关系正常化和现存问题）：Soon after the establishment of diplomatic relations with China in 1979, the U.S. Congress adopted the Taiwan Relations Act(台湾关系法) which violator the spirit of the agreement for the establishment of diplomatic relations.

6)The New Right and their program新右派及其纲领

the New Right consists of two groups of people: the firm believers protestant religious teachings(新教教义) who were concerned with social and moral issues; and the intellectuals who were concerned with political and foreign policy issues. The New Right demanded equal time in school for the teaching of man created by God as opposed to the teaching of evolution(对相反的上帝造人说和进化论实行等学时教育). They opposed abortion(人工流产) and “affirmative action”(在就业及入学方面优侍黑人及其他少数民族的行动。)

美国历史

2010 9 28更新』两小时读完美国历史，四小时sat2 从200分到400分.美国历史简单outline, 中英文混版，持续更新来源：张冠晨的日志 第一章 美洲殖民地人们的早期生活。 A.The Age of Exploration The English Colonies 两个主要的1. Jamestown in Virginia in the South 2. Massachusetts Bay Colony in Massachusetts in the North B.Virginia at Jamestown 的主要事件 1.建立于1607 年4月26日 （这篇outline中的时间顺序最好记一下，因为sat 2似乎很喜欢考顺序题，而且有个最基本的时间概念对学历史的感觉很重要） 一个名字嚣张的叫London Company 的股份制公司(Joint-Stock)投资了它 2. Captain John Smith, led the colony. 但是他太笨了，被印第安人给抓了。但是又被印第安的一位女生, Pocahontas给救了 3. Jamestown的地理位置选得不好，而且第一批去的人（settlers）缺乏种田经验，玩过帝

国的人都知道，种田对国家的补给是很重要的。所以结果饿死了好多人，在此存亡时刻，他出现了.... 4. 1619，John Rolfe introduced West Indian tobacco plants. tobacco(烟草) 给jamestown 注入了新的活力。出口烟草成了他们的主要经济来源。 5. London Company的日子其实一直不好过，即使jamestown可以卖烟草，但是London Company 赚的钱还是很少，为了解决招商引资的问题，他们决定做出了决定。你去美国那边可以自己建政府！叫区域自制。类似于自治区。 于是，1619年，House of Burgesses, 建立了（这种英文不知道怎么翻译，也没必要翻译）。它是first representative government in the New World. 6. 1675, 一个叫Nathaniel Beacon 发起了个rebellion against Governor Berkeley. 史称Beacon Rebellion. 主要原因是官员Berkeley“清剿”“印匪”工作不利，导致Beacon自己领导了一个500人的军队去“清剿”印第安人（美国教材也习惯性叫他们Native America）。Berkeley 非常尽责，他表示beacon的行为违法了。Beacon怒了，一把火烧了jamestown。但是Berkeley还是率领军队打败了Beacon。 7. 1640年，slaves(非洲奴隶)被引进jamestown. C.Massachusetts Bay Colony 1. 跟jamestown是因为经济原因建立（profit), Massachusetts Bay 更像是一个宗教避难所。当时欧洲出现于不同传统天主教的“新教”，他们和天主教一样都信耶稣，但是宗教习惯不一样，而且被天主教迫害。所以他们需要一个地方可以有自己的信仰，于是来了new world. 2. 1630年，John Winthrop 率领若干Puritans 建立Massachusetts Bay Colony. 他们实行一种宗教干政的民主形式。只有男性宗教成员才有资格给一个叫the General Court的legislature投票。大部分居民都对这种政体表示满意，可是很快出现了不和谐的声音....(见下一个section) 3. 1636年，一个叫Roger William的人坚持Massachusetts Bay Colony的土地使用权是从英国政府手上买的，不是从印第安人手上买的;所以不合法。而且他要求政教分开和信仰自由。很不幸，他被驱逐出殖民地。但是他去了Rhode Island. 而且建立了一个政教分开，民主，宗教自由的殖民地。

美国历史--中英文

美国历史--中英文

1) The "discovery" of the New World 发现新大陆 ①The "first Americans" were the Indians 最早的美国人是印第安人 ②In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, supported by the Spanish queen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now west Indies. He thought he had reached Asia and didn't know he had discovered a New Continent. 15世纪后期，意大利航海家克里斯多弗.哥伦布，在西班牙女王的支持下,于1492年率领船队穿越浩瀚的大西洋，抵达了现在西印度群岛的一些小岛。他误以为到达了亚洲，并不知道自己已经发现了一个新大陆。 ③Ameriga Vespucci proved that the land was a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after him.

阿美利歌?韦斯普奇证明了这是新大陆，因此，以他的名字命名。 2)Causes of the colonization of the New World 殖民时期 Opportunity was a magic word. 机遇是一个神气的词 ①The new Would drew English nobles (who dreamed of getting more land and establishing great new estates.). ②Drew other people who could not find jobs in England. ③Most of all , it drew the poor and the homeless from the farmlands and villages of Europe. ④Many settlers came to the English colonies in search of religious freedom because they had been persecuted in England. 1）他吸引了英国的贵族（那些梦想在荒原上创建庞大的新地产的） 2）吸引那些在英国无法找到工作的人。

usahistory英文版美国历史简介

The United States of America History Indians: The “first Americans” The Discovery of the New World Christopher Columbus (31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) a navigator, colonizer, and explorer He initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the "New World". Pilgrim Fathers Relations of American Indians with European settlers The American War of Independence What were the causes of the War of Independence Britain’s colonial policy The economy in the 13 colonies developed very fast The British government was to bring the development under control and to collect more taxes from the colonies. “No taxation without representation” ( 无代表，不纳税） How was the War of Independence started The “Boston Tea Party” ?In 1773, when ships of tea reached Boston to be distributed, several dozen Boston residents boarded the ship at night and threw $75,000 worth of tea into the harbor. This came to be known as the “Boston Tea Party”. The start of the war ?In 1775, about 1,000 British soldiers were sent from Boston to seize the military supplies of the American militia. When

美国历史英文版a brief history of USA

American Brief History Before Colonial period Forty thousand years ago, a group of Rangers from Asia through North America to Central and South America, these people are the ancestors of the Indians. Indians living in the Americas when Columbus reached the New World ,There are about 30 million, of which about 20 million people live in Canada and the United States, north-central, the rest of the vast majority live in Mexico and the United States south. About 10,000 years ago, there are another group of Asians migrated to northern North America, which is later Eskimos. The earliest American Caucasian may be Vikings, they are a group of adventurous fishing, some people think that 1,000 years ago, they have been to the east coast of North America. Colonial period In 1607, one of about 100 people of colonial groups in Chesapeake Beach Jamestown, which is the first permanent colony built by the British in North America, after 150 years, one after another coming Many colonists settled in the coastal areas, many of them from the United Kingdom, and also in part from France, Germany, the Netherlands, Ireland and other countries. The mid-18th century, the 13 British colonies gradually formed, they have their own government and Parliament in the highest British sovereignty. The 13 colonial area due to the differences of climate and geographical environment, resulting in economic patterns around, the difference between the political system and the concept. Independence Movement The mid-18th century, the British colonies in the Americas and the United Kingdom, the existing cracks. With the continuous expansion of the colony, and gradually make them aware of the seriousness of the developments, which sprouted the idea of an independent. In 1773, the Boston Tea Party, anti-British colonists dumping. In 1774, representatives from 13 states gathered in Philadelphia, convened the First Continental Congress, hoping to solve the problem peacefully and the United Kingdom. King, however, adhere to the colony must unconditionally surrender to the British king, and accept the punishment. 1775, in Massachusetts, to Lexington flames of war, the outbreak of the War of Independence in North America. Held in Philadelphia in May 1776, the Second Continental Congress, staunch war with the independent determination, and published his famous "Declaration of Independence", put forward a good reason to fight the battle. Issued the "Declaration of Independence" is considered to be the beginning of the establishment by the United States, this day (July 4) was also the United States as a National Day. In October 1777, Saratoga victory, reversing the negative trend of the war of independence early. The campaign to make the American people's confidence, and international support. France and the United States signed a military alliance treaty in February 1778, France officially recognized the United States. France, Spain, the Netherlands have war. In 1781, the Battle of Yorktown Victory, the U.S. military has won a decisive victory. Yorktown after the battle, in addition to the sea there are several warring and sporadic fighting on land, the war of the North American continent has basically stopped. The success of the revolution, the American people have the opportunity to express their political ideas in legislative form. Federal Assembly 1787, held in Philadelphia, in Washington pushed for President, they take a matter of principle, that the central authority is a general, but there must be

美国历史--中英文

1) The "discovery" of the New World 发现新大陆 ①The "first Americans" were the Indians 最早的美国人是印第安人 ②In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, supported by the Spanish queen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now west Indies. He thought he had reached Asia and didn't know he had discovered a New Continent. 15世纪后期，意大利航海家克里斯多弗.哥伦布，在西班牙女王的支持下,于1492年率领船队穿越浩瀚的大西洋，抵达了现在西印度群岛的一些小岛。他误以为到达了亚洲，并不知道自己已经发现了一个新大陆。 ③Ameriga Vespucci proved that the land was a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after him. 阿美利歌?韦斯普奇证明了这是新大陆，因此，以他的名字命名。 2)Causes of the colonization of the New World 殖民时期 Opportunity was a magic word. 机遇是一个神气的词 ①The new Would drew English nobles (who dreamed of getting more land and establishing great new estates.). ②Drew other people who could not find jobs in England. ③Most of all , it drew the poor and the homeless from the farmlands and villages of Europe. ④Many settlers came to the English colonies in search of religious freedom because they had been persecuted in England. 1）他吸引了英国的贵族（那些梦想在荒原上创建庞大的新地产的） 2）吸引那些在英国无法找到工作的人。 3）尤其是吸引了欧洲农场和乡村的穷人和无家可归的人。

英语的发展史(中英文版)

一种民族语言（包括词汇）的发展与民族的历史密切可关。要了解英语语汇的发展史，不 可避免地跟整个英语的发展史，乃至英国的历史密不可分。 不列颠群岛的最早居民是凯尔特人，又称不列颠人。公元前55年，罗马人在凯萨大帝的 率领下侵入不列颠群岛，凯尔特人被罗马人赶入威尔士和苏格兰的深山之中。直到公元 410年，罗马占领时期才告结束。随后，来自德国北部平原的三个日耳曼部落盎格鲁人， 撒克森人和朱特人开始来到不列颠定居。英语就是盎格鲁—撒克森人的语言。 语言史学家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期：1、古英语时期，2、中古英语时期，3、现 代英语时期。 1、古英语时期（又称盎格鲁-萨克森时期公元450—1100年） 日尔曼部落在不列颠定居后，名自占领一些地区。盎格鲁人占领了泰晤士河以北的英格兰 的大部分地区和苏格兰的低地，朱特人占领了肯特郡一带地区，撒克森人占领了泰晤士河 以南的大部分地区。各个部落建立了一些小王国，出现了英国历史上的七国时代。直到公 元830年，阿尔弗雷德大王才统一了整个英格兰地区。由于全国长期没有统一，所以古英语时期存在着多种方言，主要方言有四种：西萨克森语，肯特语，莫西亚语和北恩布里亚语。这四种方言都曾一度占主导地位。西撒克森语保存下来的手搞最多。其它方言在形成 英语的过程中也起过很重要的作用。 古英语的词汇有着浓厚的日尔曼语族的特点。这主要表现为复合法是重要的构词方法。复 合词在古英语词汇中占有显著的地位。据统计，在史诗《贝奥武夫》3183行诗句中，竟有1069个复合词。有些复合词中不重读部分，渐渐失去了独立地位，而演变成了词缀，如 for-, in-, -ful 等派生法在古英语中也广泛使用。共有二十四个名词后缀、十五个形容词后缀，-dom, -hood, -ship, -ness, -the, -ful,- ish 等词缀都可溯源到古英语时期。古英语时期的诗歌有一种特殊的修辞手法，即头韵(alliteration)，由此产生的许多短语一直保留到现在，如night and main, friend or foe, a labour of love。 古英语时期有两个重要的历史事件，给英语词汇带来较大的影响。第一件事是基督教传入 英国。公元597年，一个名叫奥古斯丁的牧师从罗马来到英国传教。罗马文化随着基督教传入了英国。与此同时，一批拉丁词进入了英语。 第二件事是北欧人入侵英国。从公元790年开始，大批斯堪的那维亚人在英国定居。丹麦国王卡纽特还一度成为英国的君主。斯堪的那维亚人和英国人频繁交往，所以有许多斯堪 的那维亚各国的词语进入了英语。 2、中古英语时期（公元1100—1500年） 公元1066年，诺曼人在征服王威廉率领下，横渡英吉利海峡，在哈斯丁战役中击溃了盎 格鲁-萨克森军队，英王哈路德战死，英国被征服。这在历史上被称为诺曼征服。从此，英国结束了分裂状态，置于中央集权的封建统治之下。谨曼征服是英国历史上的重要转折点，对英语的发展有巨大的影响。 诺曼征服之后，谨曼人占据了教会和政府的一切重要职务。以后的二、三百年里，谨曼法 语成为英国的官方语言。普通人仍然讲英语，但英语的文字记载却几乎中断。中古英语一 般右以分为两个时期，1204年后，英语逐渐恢复主导地位。1362年英王爱德华三世首次 用英语向议会致词。十五世纪，伦敦标准方言兴起。1476年，卡克斯顿把印刷术传入英国，

USAHistory英文版美国历史简介

?The United States of America History ?Indians: The “first Americans” ?The Discovery of the New World ?Christopher Columbus (31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) a navigator, colonizer, and explorer He initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the "New World". ?Pilgrim Fathers ?Relations of American Indians with European settlers ?The American War of Independence What were the causes of the War of Independence? Britain’s colonial policy ?The economy in the 13 colonies developed very fast ?The British government was to bring the development under control and to collect more taxes from the colonies. ?“No taxation without representation” ?( 无代表，不纳税） ?How was the War of Independence started? ?The “Boston Tea Party” ?In 1773, when ships of tea reached Boston to be distributed, several dozen Boston residents boarded the ship at night and threw $75,000 worth of tea into the harbor. This came to be known as the “Boston Tea Party”. ?The start of the war ?In 1775, about 1,000 British soldiers were sent from Boston to seize the military supplies of the American militia. When they arrived at Lexington they were met by the armed militiamen. Suddenly a shot was fired and the War of Independence began. ?Boston Tea Party ?The First Continental Congress—September, 1774 ?The Second Continental Congress Held in Philadelphia in May 1775 Assume the functions of a national government ?Declaration of Independence On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed. On July 4, 1776, the Congress formally declared the independence ?The Declaration states: “We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to

美国历史--中英文.doc

美国历史 -- 中英文

1) The"discovery"of the New World发现新大陆 ①The "first Americans"were the Indians 最早的美国人是印第安人 ②In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator , supported by the Spanish queen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now west Indies. He thought he had reached Asia and didn't know he had discovered a New Continent. 15 世纪后期，意大利航海家克里斯多弗 .哥伦布，在西班牙女王的支持下 , 于1492 年率领船队穿越浩瀚的大西洋，抵达了现在西印度群岛的一些小岛。他误以为到达了亚洲，并不知道自己已经发现了一个新大陆。 ③A meriga Vespucci proved that the land was a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after him.

阿美利歌 ?韦斯普奇证明了这是新大陆，因此，以他的名字命名。 2)Causes of the colonization of the New World 殖民时期 Opportunity was a magic word. 机遇是一个神气的词 ①The new Would drew English nobles(who dreamed of getting more land and establishing great new estates.). ②D rew other people who could not find jobs in England. ③M ost of all , it drew the poor and the homeless from the farmlands and villages of Europe. ④M any settlers came to the English colonies in search of religious freedom because they had been persecuted in England. 1）他吸引了英国的贵族（那些梦想在荒原上 创建庞大的新地产的）