Japan credit rating agency

Last Updated: July 1, 2013

Rating Methodology by Sector

Consumer Finance

The following applies to consumer finance companies that extend unsecured loans to private individuals in Japan and does not apply to credit card companies, credit sales companies, mortgage companies, and business money lending companies. JCR applies this rating methodology with the necessary changes in the indicators for analysis to overseas consumer finance companies, based on laws, accounting system, financial administration in which these entities are located.

1.Business base

(1)Characteristics of the industry

(i)Market scale

The consumer finance market has been noticeably contracting since the Money Lending Business Act was revised in fiscal 2006. In terms of the market scale, “Money Lending Business-Related Statistics” of the Financial Services Agency (FSA), monthly statistics compiled by the Japan Financial Services Association, and statistics released by the Japan Consumer Credit Association provide useful data, including loan balance. According to FSA’s statistics, the outstanding balance of unsecured consumer loans as of March 31, 2012 was 2.7 trillion yen, sharply dropping from 10.6 trillion yen as of March 31, 2006.

(ii)Competitive situation

In the unsecured loan business, the main competitors to consumer finance companies are banks, credit card companies, and sales credit companies. However, the customer base does not overlap with those of banks and credit card companies of banking groups in terms of salaries and other customer attributes. Before the Money Lending Business Act was revised in December 2006, competition in the consumer finance industry was very severe; the industry consisted of five major companies and other small and midsize money lenders. In light of the high profitability, a feature of the consumer finance business, there were even players who entered the business from the IT, railway, and other non-finance industries. However, since the revision of the Money Lending Business Act at the end of 2006, given the application of stricter regulations, the decline in risk taking ability, and the increase in the number of excess interest payment claims, the number of money lenders and the outstanding balance of loans had been declining steadily and the decline has been slowing down recently. Aiful Corporation and Takefuji Corporation, the two major money lenders, went bankrupt, filing for Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in September 2009 and for bankruptcy in September 2010, respectively. Certain foreign companies also withdrew from the market. As a result, at present, only a

limited number of major companies are still extending new loans.

(iii)Customer bases and sales methods

The number of the populations aged between 20 years old and 64 years old in Japan is approximately 75 million, and that of salaried workers is approximately 46 million. The majority of users of the consumer finance companies are believed to be those with an annual salary of 5 million yen or less, or with an average annual income of around between 2 million yen and 3 million yen. The number of people who are categorized as people with an annual salary of 5 million yen or less by salary level is approximately 32 million (accounting for 70% of the total working population). Although they have halved since several years ago, the number of new customers appears to remain between 400,000 and 500,000. Considering these factors, although the market is still contracting, there is apparently a certain level of need. In addition to credit control of money lenders, the reluctance on the part of borrowers to take out loans to protect their living conditions is another reason for the contraction of the market.

Until around 2006, consumer finance companies built customer recognition using advertising, mainly through television, newspapers, and the internet. They encouraged customers to use unmanned loan machines, and extended loans to customers instantly when they needed them. This was then the main methods of extending loans. Since the revision of the Money Lending Business Act, excessive advertising and TV commercials have been regulated, and the content of advertising has become less direct. Given the rise in the public attention on the issue of heavily indebted people and the revision of the Money Lending Business Act, consumer finance companies have started to open consulting-type stores in recent years. Their traditional sales method was to increase the unit amount of loans by attracting customers through heavy advertising. With the circumstances described above, however, consumer finance companies are now in the phase of changing their sales method to a style in which, with the introduction of regulations that limit the total amount of loans to individual customers, they aim to acquire customers who need limited loans, but who will remain as customers for a long time, by applying more careful credit examinations. From an even longer-term perspective, it is necessary to respond to the effects of the decrease in numbers of young customers by the declining birthrate and the aging of Japanese society.

(iv)Regulations

The consumer finance companies are required to register under the Money Lending Business Act. They are not in the position in which they can expect public support in the same manner as banks do.

A.Change of the upper limit for loan interest rates

Following the revision of the upper limit of interest rates stipulated in the Investment Act in June 2000, the upper limit of loan interest rates was lowered to 29.2%, from the 40.004% that was previously used. In the case of money lenders, until recently, when certain requirements were met,

they could use interest rates in the range between the upper limit of interest rates stipulated in the Investment Act and that of the Interest Rate Restriction Act (the so-called grey zone interest rates).

As a result, many money lenders were managing operations based on the interest rate range mentioned above. However, following the revision of the Money Lending Business Act at the end of 2006, the enforcement of Article 4 meant that, from June 18, 2010, the upper limit of interest rates in the Investment Act was lowered to 20%, abolishing the grey zone interest rates. As a result, the upper limit of interest rates has become the level stipulated in the Interest Rate Restriction Act (between 15% and 20% depending on the loan amount). Loans with interest rates that exceed the upper limit as stipulated in the Interest Rate Restriction Act are invalid under civil law, and can be subject to administrative penalties. Loans that are extended with interest rates that exceed the upper limit as stipulated in the Investment Act are subject to criminal punishment.

B.Revision of the Money Lending Business Act

The Money Lending Business Act was revised (and adopted) in December 2006, reflecting the importance of solving the issue of heavily indebted people and the importance of the role that the money lending business plays in the economy. Accordingly, the legal restrictions were strengthened in stages over approximately three and half years, from the enforcement of Article 1 in January 2007 to that of Article 4 in June 2010. The main features of the revision were the strengthening of the requirements for the registration of money lenders, the establishment of a system for a designated credit information organization, the strengthening of rules on excessive loans, and the lowering of the upper limit of interest rates (as described in (i) above). The resultant effects that money lenders particularly felt were a decline in risk taking ability, as a result of the lower upper limit of interest rates, and the establishment of an upper limit of loan amounts, as a result of the introduction of the restriction on the total loan amount. As a result, the operations of money lenders are now restricted in terms of both the amount (the outstanding balance) and rate (interest rates). This has significantly impacted the operating results and management strategies of money lenders. Coupled with the burden of meeting excess interest repayment claims (described below), the number of withdrawals from the business and the number of the bankruptcies of small and medium companies has increased.

(v)Excess interest repayment claims

In January 2006, the Supreme Court decided to radically change its judgment standard related to the application of the rules of deemed reimbursement, as stipulated in the former Money-Lending Business Control and Regulation Law. Following this, the deemed reimbursement rules of the former law were to all intents and purposes dead. The subsequent surge in demands for the repayment of excess interest has significantly impacted the management of not only consumer finance companies, but also other money lenders, including sales credit companies and credit card companies. The change of the standard by the Supreme Court suddenly inspired deliberations on revising the Money Lending

Business Act (formally the Money-Lending Business Control and Regulation Law) as described above, and became one of the factors attributable to the revision of the law (as described in 4) (ii) above).

(2)Market position and competitiveness

Consumer finance companies extend small loans to a large number of customers through advanced computerized operations that are based on a manual. As a result, economies of scale are a feature of the consumer finance business. It is consequently always important for the business to acquire and maintain

a certain level when it comes to the outstanding balance of loans and number of customers.

Before the revision of the Money Lending Business Act in 2006, consumer finance companies sought to bolster their product and corporate image, particularly through commercial messages on TV that used celebrities and pets. These activities then played a significant role in attracting customers. In addition, because the loyalty of customers was not intrinsically high, the key point for customers when selecting a consumer finance company was the ability of the company in question to promptly lend them money. Since the revision of the Money Lending Business Act, however, the situation has changed completely, and sales performance is now determined by the ability to raise funds and by financial strength.

With the earnings and financial situation made difficult by the outflows of cash due to excess interest repayment claims, consumer finance companies are finding it harder to carry out aggressive sales initiatives than before. Advertising activities through commercial messages on television and in other media have slowed, and credit examination standards are more severe. As a result, the number of new customers acquired by consumer finance companies has halved. It is necessary for consumer finance companies to create their own new image, which will boost recognition from general society and give customers the assurance to encourage long-term relationships, and raise their brand power. It will apparently take a few more years before the consumer finance companies can move away from the effects of the excess interest repayment claims. Over the medium to long term, however, it is necessary for the consumer finance companies to restart active sales to halt the fall in the number of customers and the outstanding balance of loans. Funding capabilities, management policies, sales initiatives, and the availability of support from shareholders are factors that differentiate the companies in terms of their competitiveness. As an example of support from shareholders, some consumer finance companies affiliated with banking groups have bolstered the outstanding balance of guarantees through the use of the sales foundations of banks and with the banks’ cooperation, and certain positive results are seen in terms earnings.

Sales foundations are evaluated based on main channels, the strength to control those main channels, the number and the degree of dispersion of customers, the balance of channels and product services, and an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses. A good balance of risk and return, which is also related to the strength of sales foundations, is an important factor in examining the continuation of

the business.

The operations of consumer finance companies are supported by alliances with major financial institutions in various aspects, including funding, the expansion of the guarantee business, the development of overseas businesses, and the acquisition of customers. Since the revision of the Money Lending Business Act, the effects on sales activities from support of their parent companies have become more apparent.

(3)Management

JCR focuses on certain aspects, including (i) the constitution of managers and the stability and the independence of management, (ii) the strengths and the weaknesses of each company in light of opportunities and threats in the business environment (the SWOT analysis), (iii) governance, and (iv) the degree of risks against harmful rumors.

As a result of two events—the sharp rise in the number of excess interest repayment claims and the revision of the Money Lending Business Act—the management environment for money lenders has changed dramatically. Consequently, the money lenders have been forced to respond to changes and adopt reforms. Excess interest repayment claims have resulted in heavy unexpected expenses, and the revision of the Money Lending Business Act has lowered the profitability of loan operations. In response, consumer finance companies have made extensive efforts to streamline their management over the last few years. With the deterioration in their operating environment, instances of consumer finance companies choosing to become members of groups centered on major banks have been rising.

With respect to the companies already affiliated with banking groups, JCR interviews them about the outlook of their roles and position within the relevant group and examines the results to be included in rating considerations, along with the financial standing of each company. As for the companies that do not belong to any business groups, to determine whether or not they can continue to operate independently, JCR examines such factors as the overall balance of the business base, profitability, financial strength, and funding capabilities.

2.Financial base

(1)Capital adequacy

JCR examines if consumer finance companies have adequate shareholders’ equity in terms of both quality and quantity against the risks they are taking. With respect to the quantity of shareholders’ equity, JCR examines the absolute size of shareholders’ equity and its size in relation to the level of risks. With respect to quality, JCR examines the level of capital that relies on tax effects and securities that have a fixed term or that can be redeemed. It also analyzes the level of the equity ratio (by making adjustments to off-balance sheet transactions, deferred tax assets, goodwill, and other items, when necessary). To determine the scale and details of risks, JCR comprehensively examines the main businesses (the core businesses of the consumer finance industry are unsecured loans, the guarantee business, and the

servicer), the details of assets, and the sales foundations. As a result of excess interest repayment claims, the financial strength of the consumer finance companies has deteriorated significantly. Consequently, JCR also examines whether or not the consumer finance companies have the level of capital and allowances that is adequate for dealing with risks that may take place in the next three years or so.

Key financial indicators:

■Equity ratio

■Equity ratio after adjustments for off-balance sheet transactions

■Ratio of cash-out amount due to excess interest repayment to the sum of shareholders’ equity and allowances

(2)Quality of assets

JCR examines the ratio of operating assets in light of asset turnover (the average maturity period) and liabilities (the coverage ratio of liabilities by assets). It also examines the degree of dispersion of borrowers and claims, the ratio of non-performing loans, the rate of write-offs, the collection rate, unrealized losses, and the adequacy of the allowance for non-performing loans. JCR also looks into channels for acquiring assets, operating positions, credit policies, and the structures of management and collection from a qualitative perspective. Because there is a chance of a mismatch between the periods of management and funding (the so-called duration gap), it is important to pay close attention to the extension of the collection period of assets that are under management.

The consumer finance, credit card, and sales credit industries face a unique issue in the form of interest repayment loss. The provision for a loss on interest repayments is a provision that was established in response to the sharp increase in excess interest repayment claims in 2006. Analyzing this allowance requires special attention, because each company has different reporting methods. First, the difference between the provision for the loss on interest repayment and the allowance for doubtful accounts needs to be clarified. When excess interest is repaid, repayments can be made by offsetting against the principal (principal offsetting), or, if the principal is not large enough to offset repayments, the companies make repayments using their own funds (cash-out). Accordingly, there are two methods for reporting the provision for the loss on interest repayments. One method is to include both principal offsetting and cash-out in the scope of the provision for the loss on interest repayments. Another method is to only include cash-out in the scope of the provision for the loss on interest repayments, and include principal offsetting in the allowance for doubtful accounts. Consumer finance companies are free to adopt either of these two methods. For this reason, to compare provisions among the companies, it is often easier to analyze provisions based on the total allowance for doubtful accounts and the provision for the loss on interest repayments. Second, there are two methods of recording provisions. One method is to provide an allowance for all expected future excess repayments at once. The allowance is only reversed (objective use) when necessary. Based on this method, expenses related to the provision for the loss on interest repayments are not incurred in ordinary terms, but only in the term when the provision is

made. Another method is to recalculate the amount necessary for the provision for the loss on interest repayments at the end of each term, and if the outstanding balance of the provision (after the reversal is made for each purpose) is short of the amount calculated above, an additional provision for the loss on interest repayments will be made. Under this method, the provision for the loss on interest repayments is recorded in the income statement each term. Consumer finance companies are, once again, able to adopt either of these two methods. Close attention needs to be paid to consumer finance companies that adopt the first method, because if problems of excessive interest repayments persist longer than initially anticipated, the companies will take additional measures, and a noticeable impact from these measures tend to appear suddenly. With the number of excess interest repayment claims being declining year-on-year for each business category, changes are becoming apparent now in the trend. However, it is necessary to watch closely when the problem of excess interest repayment can end and how much allowance for loss on excess interest repayment can remain at that time.

Key financial indicators:

■Delinquency rate

■Write-off ratio

■Allowance coverage ratio

■The number of disclosure requests (when available), the number of repayment requests, the amount of repayments, and the damage to the principal, and other matters related to interest repayments ■Credit costs against operating assets

■Credit costs against accounts of profit and loss in the term

■The outstanding balance of loans per customer on average

(3)Earnings Strength

JCR analyzes profit stability, the asset income ratio, and the cost structure. Consumer finance companies make most of their income in the form of interest from loans, guarantee commissions, and other income. However, interest from loans has been falling consistently, in step with the decline in the outstanding balance of loans and the drop in interest rates. Therefore, the stability of income is clearly affected by the scale of the outstanding balance of loans, the level of guarantee commissions and other supplementary income. When analyzing return on assets (ROA), JCR refers to the figure that is calculated by dividing the sum of total assets and operating assets by the sum of income before credit costs, ordinary income, and net income. As for indicators for the efficiency, JCR focuses on indicators per employee (the outstanding balance of operating assets and loans, and earnings) and the overhead ratio (OHR: Selling, general, and administrative expenses excluding expenses for doubtful accounts/gross profit). If the amount of loans and the outstanding balance of loans continue to decline because of the contraction of the scale of the business, the companies’ operations are nearing breakeven point. In this case, it is also very important to focus on the progress and the possibility of business restructuring.

Key financial indicators:

■Indicators per employee (the outstanding balance of operating assets, and earnings)

■OHR

■ROA

■Investment yields

(4)Liquidity

It is important to note that funding is purchasing for the consumer finance companies, and it is the key factor that directly impacts on not only earnings, but also management stability and credibility.

Consumer finance companies have a slight duration gap between fund management and financing, and the burden of meeting excess interest repayment claims. As a result, even in normal times, they finance their debt repayments through refinancing, securitization, and other funding measures, in addition to free cash flows. Consequently, when evaluating consumer finance companies, significant consideration is given to maintaining stable trading relationships with financial institutions to ensure that refinancing and the roll-over of CP is carried out smoothly, and to spare funding capacities or short-term liquidity in dealing with temporary turmoil in the market for direct financing. In particular, from around the time the Money Lending Business Act was revised in 2006, financial institutions have adopted a much more severe stance in extending loans to the consumer finance industry, and this is unlikely to change in the near future. It is therefore critical for consumer finance companies to have core financial institutions and to maintain sound relationships with them. When a consumer finance company has a bank as its parent company or as its main shareholder, that company is often judged to have secure funding foundations.

On the other hand, if a consumer finance company has poor funding capabilities, it often fails to bolster operating claims or even reduce such claims, due to the financial restraints. It will face a contraction in its operating foundations and may eventually fail in the worst-case scenario. For this reason, close attention needs to be paid to such a company.

With respect to financing, JCR examines the balance between long-term financing and short-term financing, the balance between fixed interest rates and variable interest rates, the balance between direct financing and indirect financing, the constitution of financial institutions from which loans are extended, the constitution of methods of direct financing (including SB, CP, and credit securitization), the level of interest rates for loans payable, the provision of collateral, and the policy and practice of covenants.

Based on this examination, JCR judges whether or not appropriate financing is carried out from the perspective of funding stability and costs.

With respect to long-term financing, JCR focuses on repayment and redemption schedules, and confirms whether or not there is a time in the future when a large amount of funds will need to be repaid.

If there is such a time, it also confirms the policies of the company on financing (and collateral, if necessary) for such payments.

If covenants are attached to syndicated loans, credit securitization, and other instruments, JCR

examines the possibility of applying those covenants and, if they have been applied, looks at the kinds of agreements that have been made. If the possibility of applying these covenants is judged to be high, JCR examines the policies for preparing for such an event and measures taken, as well as the reality of the policies.

Key financial indicators:

■The level of short-term liquidity

■The direct financing ratio and the short-term financing ratio

■The provision of collateral and surplus collateral provision capacity (surplus of collateral assets )

(Note) Individual companies are analyzed based on multiple perspectives, including capital adequacy, asset quality, management, earnings, liquidity, sensitivity to market risk (CAMELS), operating base (franchise value), and parent-subsidiary relationships (support) in addition to such external factors as the business environment. The order, importance, and levels of assessment weight are not related, and

a comprehensive judgment is made based on multifaceted examination and these aspects. Similar to

the way the balance between risk and return is emphasized, these factors are also connected to one another for additional analysis.

Because of the possibility of human or mechanical error as well as other factors in the information herein, JCR makes no representation or warranty, express or implied, as to accuracy, results, adequacy, timeliness, completeness or merchantability, or fitness for any particular purpose, with respect to any such information, and is not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for results obtained from the use of such information. Under no circumstances will JCR be liable for any special, indirect, incidental or consequential damages of any kind caused by the use of any such information, including but not limited to, lost opportunity or lost money, whether in contract, tort, strict liability or otherwise, and whether such damages are foreseeable or unforeseeable. Information herein is statements of opinion, and not statements of fact as to credit risk decisions or recommendations regarding decisions to purchase, sell or hold any securities such as individual bonds or commercial paper. JCR retains all rights pertaining to this document. Any reproduction, adaptation, alteration, etc. of this document, is prohibited, whether or not wholly or partly, without prior consent of JCR.

Japan Credit Rating Agency, Ltd.

Jiji Press Building, 5-15-8 Ginza,

Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0061, Japan

Tel. +81 3 3544 7013, Fax. +81 3 3544 7026

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特殊钢一般是指具有特殊性能或特殊用途的钢种

特殊钢一般是指具有特殊性能或特殊用途的钢种。其与普通钢相比具有更高 的强度和韧性、物理性能、化学性能、生物相容性和工艺性能。因其性能特殊， 决定了它在国民经济及军事工业中占有极其重要的地位。因此，在生产制造特 殊钢时，就需要采用特殊的工艺装备技术来实现特殊的化学成分、特殊的组织 和性能。 特殊钢的定义在国际上没有明确规定，各国特殊钢的统计分类不完全相同。 我国特殊钢定义与日本、欧洲相近，包括优质碳素钢、合金钢、高合金钢三大类， 通常展开为优质碳素结构钢、合金结构钢、碳素工具钢、合金工具钢、高速工具 钢、轴承钢、弹簧钢（碳素弹簧钢和合金弹簧钢）、耐热钢和不锈钢。由于高温合 金与精密合金在特殊钢厂生产，也将这两种合金纳入特殊钢的行列之中统计[1]。在 特殊钢领域，除优质碳素结构钢、碳素工具钢和碳素弹簧钢外，其余均为合金钢， 合金钢约占特殊钢的70％。目前，世界上特殊钢有近2 000个牌号、约50 000个品种 规格、数百个检验标准。

随着科学技术的发展，对特殊钢产量及品种的需要日益扩大，对质量的要求也越 来越严格、苛刻。近年来，围绕提高特殊钢性能、质量、品种、效率，降低特殊钢成 本、节能降耗、环境友好等方面采用了一系列新技术、新工艺、新装备，使得特殊钢 的洁净度、均匀度、组织细化度和尺寸精度等有了很大提高。 特殊钢生产工艺流程主要有3种[2]：1）电炉流程（即短流程）： 电炉—二次精炼 —xx—轧制。2）转炉流程（长流程）： 高炉—铁水预处理—转炉—二次精炼—xx —轧制。3）特种冶金： 特种冶炼（如真空感应熔炼、冷坩埚熔炼、电渣重熔、真空电 弧重熔、电子束熔炼、等离子熔炼等）—锻造或轧制。 这里要指出的是有些钢种的生产至今还必须走模铸—开坯—轧制或锻造的工艺流程。 因早期特殊钢主要采用电弧炉工艺冶炼，习惯上形成了特殊钢一定要用电炉冶炼，特殊钢厂就是电炉钢厂。而客观事实上也的确存在电炉只有生产特殊钢才可以有好的经济效益，特殊钢只能由电炉冶炼。这主要是由于早期电炉炼钢的特点和特殊钢本身的性质所决定的：1）电炉用废钢中有可利用的合金元素；2）电炉炼钢是靠电弧进行加热的，其温度远远超过2 000℃，且钢水温度可长时间地精确控制，这样电炉炼钢在难熔合金冶炼、合金化成分及工艺柔性等方面较转炉炼钢有无比的优越性；3）不足是炼钢周期长，生产效率低，成本高（废钢、电价昂贵），炉容小，易增碳、吸氮等。

关于国外建筑节能技术的研究

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效保温隔热材料附着或填入墙体内, 以提高墙体的热阻, 改善整个墙体的热工性能. 根据复合材料与主体结构位置的不同, 分为外墙内保温技术、外墙外保温技术及夹芯保温技术. 英国在墙体节能上采用两种做法: 在传统的砌块墙体上钻眼, 向空气间层内喷入轻质散状保温材料, 如聚苯颗粒或岩棉等, 直至将空气间层全部填充满, 墙体保温效能可大大提高; 在外墙上进行外保温, 如英国的贝丁顿零能耗发展项目位于伦敦附近的萨顿市, 由英国著名的生态建筑师Bill Dunster设计. 在此小区设计中,为了减少建筑能耗, 设计者探索了一种零采暖住宅模式, 维护结构采用夹层墙体, 中间为300 mm的保温层填充空腔, 外层采用防水砖块或防水木结构, 两边用不锈钢固定。 保温层的U值为0.1( W/ ( m2·℃) ) , 能够有效地隔热和吸收太阳能. 利用市政污水处理厂下面的污泥加上其他垃圾和粘土, 可生产出一种新型的适应建筑的陶瓷砖. 与传统的陶瓷砖相比, 采用这种新型的生态砖, 耗能可降低49% , 太阳能的利用增加14%。

建筑围护结构节能技术

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服装品牌介绍.

1.圣迪奥时装有限公司创立于一九九四年,经过多年的稳健经营,已经发展成为集设计、生产和销售为一体的国际化服装企业。位于南京市雨花台区的公司总部 产品风格 圣迪奥不仅是产品的供应商,更是文化的传播者。圣迪奥拥有一支把握设计潮流、市场经验丰富的国际化设计团队,其中不乏来自巴黎、米兰、伦敦以及中国最优秀的设计师,他们的设计饱含着丰富而又特别的文化元素,凸显了圣迪奥追求人文文化的渴望与激情。圣迪奥产品定位于时尚化休闲装,目标顾客群是城市的年轻一族,他们追求时尚且不流于大众,彰显个性却不特立独行,风格简约但不失大气,富有文化品味却不显清高。 公司理念 圣迪奥尊崇“服务、尊敬、信任”的理念,始终信奉人的价值高于物的价值,坚信公司的基业长青依托于核心客户的信赖与支持!“让顾客100%的满意”是公司一贯的服务宗旨。圣迪奥信奉以最低成本为顾客提供最大价值,在此原则指引下,圣迪奥产品的价格始终定位在“让白领工薪阶层买得起”的价位上。加之特色的卖场文化、温馨的销售服务,能够让客户获得超值的购物体验。 所获荣誉 “圣迪奥(S·DEER”服装简约、富有文化内涵的设计,“低价位、高品质附加优质服务”的特色,深受年轻人的喜爱,得到了国内外市场的肯定,获得了诸多荣誉: 2002~2004年连续三年被评为“全国市场畅销服装品牌”; 2005年被评选为“江苏省青年最喜爱的江苏服装品牌十大上榜品牌”等。 除了在广大客户中享有较高知名度和美誉度外,十余年的努力使“圣迪奥(S·DEER”也得到了行业的认可及合作伙伴的信赖: 2002~2006年连续五年被市工商局评为“重合同守信用企业”;

2005~2007年“南京市著名商标”; 2005~2008年度“江苏省著名商标”; 2005年,中国纺织工业协会授予圣迪奥品牌“中国纺织品牌文化优秀奖”荣誉; 2005~2008年度江苏省工商业联合会服装业商会“副会长单位”; 2006年公司通过了“质量管理体系认证”等; 2005~2006年度雨花台区“十佳光彩事业之星”; 2006年度“建设铁心先进集体”; 2007年3月被评为“南京市名牌”; 2007年12月被评为“江苏省名牌”。 除此之外,公司执行董事孙兵同志被南京市政府授予2005年度“优秀民营企业家”称号、2006年度“优秀民营企业家”称号、2007年度“南京市新长征突击手”称号、第二届“南京市光彩事业之星”称号等,公司也多次被评为南京市优秀民营企业。 2.韩国SZ女装品牌简介 韩国SZ女装韩国SZ品牌的韩版女装,(全称style by shez,简称“sz”或“shez”是韩国时下最受欢迎的服装品牌,被喻为“服装中的收藏品”。SZ集设计、生产、销售为一体,其服饰设计以简洁大方自由组合多元系列化为主,在尽情演绎韩国混搭风潮的同时又紧追国际潮流,做工精细面料上乘,细微之处衬托出女性高贵、优雅、时尚、个性的一面!将最新的潮流服装信息带给您!!shez是韩国时下最受欢迎、人气最旺的时尚女装大品牌,广受韩国白领、明星及名媛青睐的高档品牌,也是多为韩国一线明星的长年服饰赞助商。

日本常见服装品牌介绍

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 三宅一生 三宅一生（ 1938年4月22日－），日本著名服装设计师，他以极富工艺创新的服饰设计与展览而闻名于世。其后创建了自己的品牌，它根植于日本的民族观念、习俗和价值观，成为名震裹宇的世界优秀时装品牌。 三宅一生品牌（sseyiyke）虽不是第一个为国际公认的日本时装品牌，但它却是根植于日本的民族观念、习俗和价值观，且是名震寰宇的最优秀世界女装品牌。他的产品是一些流行于全世界的，但却张扬着鲜明的日本民族风格的东西，它不仅仅确立了他自身的国际地位，同时也确立了东京为国际时装之都的地位。 他的时装一直以无结构模式进行设计，摆脱了西方传统的造型模式，而以深向的反思维进行创意。掰开、揉碎，再组合，形成惊人奇突的构造，同时又具有宽泛、雍容的内涵。这是一种基于东方制衣枝术的创新模式，反映了日本式的关于自然和人生温和流的哲学。 三宅一生品牌的作品看似无形，却疏而不散。正是这种玄奥的东方化的抒发，赋予了作品以神奇魁力。-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?0?2 Y-3 Y-3，这个由世界顶级设计师山本耀司（YojiYmmoo）担任创意总监与dids 合作的全新品牌正式于2006春夏进入中国。品牌的Y代表YojiYmmoo，而3则代表dids三条线的logo。创意总监山本耀司将其个人品牌的简洁、极具设计感的风格融入Y-3，完美地给我们展现一个高档时尚的运动品牌形象。朴实与冷静是Y-3的基本形象概念。Y-3的时尚本质是运动的，从品牌上市后引起的全球抢购，亚洲更是面临严重缺货的盛况，可以说Y-3已经开启新的时尚主义。

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建筑节能设计中，外墙占据重要部分，外墙涉及到屋内屋外的能量转换，外墙保温技术是建筑技能的关键内容。外墙保温技术有以下作用：外墙保温技术可以保护主体构架，保证使用年限；避免建筑物出现“热桥”现象；避免墙体潮湿；保证室内温度的适宜；拓宽房屋使用面积。可以看出外墙保温技术，减少室内外能量的转换，实现了节能减排的目的。 2.2围护结构技术 屋顶、外墙、门窗、遮阳等是建筑的围护结构，对于建筑节能有着直接的影响，虽然围护结构占据建筑总投资费用不足5个百分点，但是通过节能技术可以实现40个百分点的节能。围护结构的节能技术，可以减少室内外的热量损耗。屋面节能方法：首先，屋面选择密度小且热导性差的材料；其次，保温层不能选择吸水性强的材料，否则会降低保温能力；最后，安装必要的排气孔，用于排除保温层的水分。窗户的节能设计：窗户是能量损耗的薄弱环境，通常情况下，单层玻璃有着较大的能量损失，可以达到50个百分点，窗户的隔热性是节能的关键。 2.3新能源的使用 建筑节能技术中，新能源的使用尤为关键。建筑设计中，融入新能源技术，可以有效地做到建筑节能减排的目的。新能源主要是指当前应用尚未广泛的一些可再生能源，例如，太阳能、风能、地热能、生物能等，虽然在部分区域这些新能源已经有着很好的应用，但尚未完全普及开来。以太阳能为例，太阳能的使用，对阳光的依赖性比较

建筑墙体的节能保温施工技术

建筑墙体的节能保温施工技术 温效果好的绝热材料和建筑的墙体融合固定为一体，使建筑墙体的热阻值变得更大更均衡，从而保持室内温度和热量的稳定，墙体保温技术的发展可以增强能源的利用率，降低能源的消耗量，采用科学合理灵活的设计方式，是一个集节能环保，保温隔热，安静隔音，美化装饰等各种功能于一体的墙体项目.。本文将从我国目前建筑的墙体保温技术现状研究开始，探讨我国墙体保温技术的发展状况，大力促进墙体保温技术的推广，同时为新技术，新材料的利用开发提出简单建议，从而使这项技术更好的服务于人民的生产生活。 关键词】建筑；墙体保温；节能环保；施工研究 中图分类号：TU111.4+1 文献标识码：A 文章编号： 引言 随着社会经济的快速发展，人民的生活水平显著提高，对建筑的要求也日益提高，建筑功能已经不仅仅限于以往的遮风挡雨，更倾向于多元化的，特殊化的需求，而保持室内气温的稳定，保持室内的热量稳定，则是其中一种多元化需求之一。面对居民这样的需求，建筑墙体的保温技术应运而生，它不仅是近些年国家大力支持鼓励的新型建筑节能技术在在我国的北方得到了广泛的推广和运用，更是当今社会新型建筑的一种新的建设突破，既美化了建筑外观，又可以降低能源消耗，较少能源的流失，同时也保障了居民室内生活环境的舒适，因此，墙体保温技术虽然在我国的发展起步较晚，但受到推广的力度很大，发展速度很快。

随着新的墙体保温技术的研发，新的墙体外保温适用材料较不断出现。目前常用的新型适合用于墙体保温技术的材料主要有聚苯乙烯泡沫板、岩棉板、酚醛泡沫板、各种复合保温浆料等表面涂抹纤维增强聚合物砂浆罩面材料。 二．新型保温材料选用和分析 1.建筑墙体保温节能材料的概述 建筑的墙体保温技术实施离不开各种保温材料的出现，根据不同的情况选择不同的保温材料，是进行墙体保温施工的基础。目前，出现的的保温材料种类繁多，包括泡沫塑料、矿物棉制品、泡沫玻璃、膨胀珍珠岩绝热制品、胶粉EPS颗粒保温浆料、矿物喷涂棉、发泡水泥等。 2.保温材料选用的原则 在我国，墙体保温施工选用的保温材料，也就是绝热材料种类和使用范围，需要符合GB/T17369-1998《建筑绝热材料的应用类型和基本要求》的规定。在选择运用施工时，首先是考虑保温材料的导热系数，一般使用的的保温材料的导热系数都不能超过0.2，其次，要综合考虑材料的燃烧性能，强度，和吸水率。据不同的材料特点，匹配将要施工的建筑。 在建筑建筑中选择合适的保温材料进行墙体保温技术施工，不仅可以舒适居民室内的生活工作环境，而且可以减少热量的流失，降低能源的消耗，提高能源的利用率，很大程度上降低污染，节约社会能源，缓解了能源压力。而对工业设备和特殊管道的保温，采用了合适的保温隔热措施，可以降低能耗，降低生产成本，同时可以帮助净化环境，

谈谈日本建筑文化

浅谈日本建筑文化 [摘要] 一直以来，日本文化善于吸收和包容外来文化，不仅继承了日本传统文化的内涵，而且在不断发展中与时俱进，从而形成了自己独特的文化，这种思想在建筑方面得到很好的体现，使日本建筑在世界建筑界享有声誉。看日本建筑，感受日本建筑文化。 [关键词]日本建筑；设计理念；建筑文化；传统；融合；内核；外缘 日本这个与中国有着一衣带水的特殊的地缘关系的民族有着尊重自然、单纯、质朴的文化精神，也正是因为这样，使得这个向来奉行拿来主义的民族对神社、寺院、住宅府邸、茶室甚至古堡等传统的建筑风格的创造有着根深蒂固的坚持。式和自然理念的一种坚持精神。我们知道文化创造的本质是发现、选择、吸收和创造，而且中日两国历史文化是源远流长的，不管是在幽静的小城还是在繁华的都市，不管是服饰、茶道、插花艺术还是建筑遗迹，我们都能从这些精致的细节当中感受似曾相似的文化底蕴。正因为日本与中国文化交流上的频繁，使日本在许多领域上的文化深受着中国的影响。建筑领域无不例外。然而，在对日本传统建筑的探析中所捕捉到的东西也让我们看到了日本民族吸收，包容外来文化的精华，是其恰到好处地融合于自身的地域文化，继而逐步创造出更富有时代意义及生命力的建筑的强大功力。透过日本建筑，看日本建筑文化，值得我们品味。 日本的设计理念：北欧人认为设计是他们生活的组成部分，美国人以之为赚钱的工具，日本人则认为设计是民族生存的手段。由于日本是一个岛国，自然资源相对贫乏，出口电器便成了它的重要经济来源。此时，设计的优劣直接关系到国家的经济命脉，以致日本设计受到政府的关注。日本的传统中有两个因素使它的设计没走弯路：一个是少而精的简约风格，另一个是在生活中他们形成了以榻榻米为标准的模数体系。在设计中，从国家、地区的实际情况出发，把民族审美理念同现代设计的某些因素结合起来，形成独特的设计体系，是设计的一个发展趋向。现代设计越来越认同本土化，本土化是对本土文化的认同，而不是对符号或图形的认同。探索本土文化的内涵，找出传统文化与自己个性的碰撞点，形成自己的设计风格，这才是设计本土化的精髓所在。日本的设计运用传统的理念，现代的元素和构成手法，走在了设计的前沿。 日本建筑中最有特色的是神社，遍布全国，约有十余万所，建造年代从古迄今从未中断。早期神社，模仿当时比较讲究的居住建筑，因为在观念上，神社是神灵的住宅，而人们只能按照自己的生活去揣摩神灵的生活，而且，建筑学当时也远远没有达到专为神灵别创一种神社型制的水平。因此，这些早期神社贴近朴实的人民生活，它们的建筑风格，可以代表日本建筑的基本气质。 当代建筑已进入了一个缤纷灿烂的多元化时代，现代技术文明赋予了建筑创作以广阔的天地。然而与此同时，建筑界开始重新审视决定建筑的主要因素——文化的内涵和影响其发展更新的因素。 建筑文化是指一个民族的历史、文化背景以及所属地区的地域特征等在群体或个体建成环境的反映。而此“文化”是由“内核”文化与“外缘”文化构成的。“内核”文化是指一种文化长期以来形成的本质的东西，它是古老的、纯种的、发育完善而自生根的文化；而外缘文化是新形成的文化，或对外来文化的吸收、

十大经典动漫

top1：龙珠(七龙珠) 日本的超人气动画，是日本著名漫画家鸟山明的得意作品。作为漫画，其世界销量3亿5000万册，位居第三。日本国内销量1亿5000万册，位居第二。该漫画后来被改编成动漫，无论是TV版还是剧场版，都吸引了无数的龙珠迷，掀起了一股股“龙珠”的热潮。而最后结局的那首《渐渐被你吸引》，更是让“珠迷”们感动不已，称其为永恒的经典一点也不为过! top2：灌篮高手 日本著名漫画家井上雄彦以高中篮球为题材的漫画及动画作品，其人物原型多为90年代风靡全球的NBA超级巨星。《灌篮高手》与《七龙珠》同为促成《周刊少年Jump》发行量跃居同类期刊之首的原动力，其经典之处甚至不下于龙珠! top3：圣斗士星矢 这部漫画不但风靡了全日本，还横扫中国大陆、台湾、香港等地区，占领了几乎所有的书店、报摊。1986年TV动画后在日本正式全国播出，中国中央电视台于1992年播放，造成中国大陆观众风靡一时的效果。其实，创作这部作品的灵感来自一份名为“狮子星座流星群”的资料，作者车田正美看到从天而降的流星，从而引发出圣斗士的概念。 top4：多啦A梦 作为一个常青的形象，伴随了几代少年儿童的成长。1969年，哆啦A梦首次被小学馆作为长篇连载漫画出版，自此，这个

可爱的机器猫就越来越受到广大观众的喜爱。当首部多啦A梦动画片于1979年在日本播出时，全日本随即掀起了哆啦A梦的热潮，尽管在早期的时候曾经有过几年萧条期，但是几十年来在日本取得了空前的成功。 top5：名侦探柯南 一部长盛不衰的作品，在本土和海外都有着极高的人气。作为国民动画的标志，柯南每年4月份黄金周上映的剧场版都能在当年票房榜上名列前茅，受到广大粉丝极大的期待。作者很善于埋线索，故事里的一些重大变化都有铺垫，令观众在推理讨论中得到很大乐趣。 top6：机动战士高达 自1979年登场以来，已成为日本机器人题材卡通作品中最著名、最经久不衰、最庞大的系列，与“宇宙战舰大和号”“新世纪福音战士EVA”并称为日本动画史上的三次高潮。《机动战士高达》系列之所以如此受人欢迎，最主要的因素在于从第一部作品中便体现出的复杂而有深度的悲剧性故事情节，这样不仅靠紧张刺激的机器人星际战争来吸引观众，而且对于追求内涵的迷家们，也有着充分的回味余地。 top7：变形金刚 1983年,擎天柱、大黄蜂等变形金刚玩具出现在各国的各大百货商店、超市、玩具店。而那时的少年们，每天都会盼着赶快放学回家,赶紧到晚上18：00点,因为那就能看《变形金刚》了。”

建筑节能保温墙体施工技术的运用 董猛刚

建筑节能保温墙体施工技术的运用董猛刚 发表时间：2019-08-28T17:02:57.827Z 来源：《建筑细部》2018年第29期作者：董猛刚[导读] 随着科学技术的进步，建筑行业开始采用先进的节能减排技术、环保的墙体保温材料，在整个建筑体系中，充分利用墙板本身的保温性能，形成围护结构的保温体系，而且由于这种新型节能保温材料的优点，使其在建筑施工中得到了普遍的应用。董猛刚 内蒙古自治区乌兰浩特市机关行政事务管理局内蒙古乌兰浩特 13740O 摘要：随着科学技术的进步，建筑行业开始采用先进的节能减排技术、环保的墙体保温材料，在整个建筑体系中，充分利用墙板本身的保温性能，形成围护结构的保温体系，而且由于这种新型节能保温材料的优点，使其在建筑施工中得到了普遍的应用。因此，探讨建筑节能保温墙体施工技术的运用具有重要的意义。本文首先对建筑保温节能的重要性进行了概述，详细探讨了建筑节能保温墙体施工技术的 运用，旨在推动建筑结构的节能化发展。 关键词：建筑节能；保温墙体；施工技术；运用 随着社会的发展，人们的生活水平得到极大改善。因此，对建筑的要求也更加严格，除了要满足建筑物的基本要求外，还需满足节能环保、美观的要求。此时，墙体保温施工技术也随之产生，逐渐成为现代建筑业的发展主流。 1 建筑保温节能的重要性 建筑节能是社会经济发展的需要，能源是发展国民经济、改善人民生活的重要物质基础。目前我国能源形势相当严峻，随着我国人口的不断增加及城市建设步伐的加快，能源和资源需求将迅速扩大，资源对经济发展的制约作用将日益突出，如果不采取有效的节能措施，势必影响国家的经济发展，势必影响我国国民经济发展战略目标的实现，并危及子孙后代的生存。 建筑节能的经济效益和社会效益是十分显著的。节能是国家环境保护和节约能源政策的主要内容，通过建筑节能，墙体的保温降低使用能耗。建筑节能墙体的保温技术将会更加多样，采用不同保温材料、不同构造、不同工艺的做法使保温隔热材料性能更加优越，保温隔热要求也会越来越高。建筑节能墙体保温技术的优越性日益受到人们重视。 2 建筑节能保温墙体施工技术运用 2.1外墙内保温 外墙内保温系统是用聚合物性质的保温砂浆以及石膏的保温砂浆。这个技术在我国的建筑行业内已经是一种非常成熟的技术。这种保温技术的优势就是施工简单并且非常易于操作，受气候的影响较小，特别是因为由于外墙面的自由度较大所以很受业主欢迎，是目前在我国建筑行业内经常被用到的一种保温技术。尽管这种保温技术已经发展的非常迅速并且也得到了广泛应用，但是因为外墙内保温的保温层其构造的位置，让建筑物的外墙以及内墙处于不同的两个温度之下，在夏季，内墙以及楼板的温度处于跟房屋内相同的温度下，夏季为26度，冬季为16—18度，在一年中温差的变化在10度左右。但是外墙的温度环境是室外的，其每年的温差都在50度左右。一般说来如果温度变化达到10以上就可能会引起墙体的万分之一的混凝土材料出现胀缩，并且因为保温层的厚度是比较大的，就很容易使得这种建筑物产生裂缝。所以说单纯的选择外墙内保温技术对于建筑物本身是会容易造成损伤的。 2.2外墙自保温 外墙自保温技术是墙体的自身材料就具有节能组热的作用，目前我国建筑中在外墙自保温方面主要用到的就是加气混凝土的砌块，特别是砂加气的混凝土砌块。在这些混凝土的砌块中存在很多封闭的小孔，好处就是其保温效果非常好，在这其中最为典型的就是伊通自保温技术。这种技术指的就是利用伊通块或者板来直接作为建筑物的外墙以及屋面等从而有效的达到保温的效果。这种优点就是把建筑物的围护以及保温两者合一，不再需要额外的附加一些材料来进行保温以及隔热。外墙自保温的最好优点就是在满足了建筑物保温的同时还达到了节能的目的。尽管外墙自保温具有上述优点，但是其缺点也是非常明显的。首先就是因为保温材料的强度不够。所以其抗裂性也不够强，这样时间一长就会出现墙面开裂的现象。即便是在那些结构为一般框架的建筑物上，因为框架的变形性能较大并且填充墙的变形性能很差，所以就很难在这两者的控制中达成一种一致性。 2.3外墙夹芯保温 外墙夹芯保温是指将保温层设计到外墙材料中间，也就是说在建筑外墙设计时，外墙整体由墙体内部、保温层和墙体外部三层构成。外墙夹芯保温能够实现对保温材料的保护，避免装修和外界环境对保温材料的损坏，提升外墙保温材料的使用寿命。这种保温手段即不会影响建筑外墙的美观，也无需担忧保温材料对装饰工程的影响，并且能够实现较高的建筑保温节能性能。外墙夹芯保温施工对墙体材料要求不严格，即能够适用传统的砖混墙体，也可以采用建筑空心砌块或混凝土浇筑等新墙体施工技术和材料，具有广泛的应用优势。然而外墙夹芯保温却有一个致命的缺陷。外墙夹芯保温的保温材料将整个外墙墙体分隔为外墙内部和外墙外部两个部分，当冬季室内外温差较大时，受到热胀冷缩的影响，外墙内部墙体会发生一定程度的热胀，而外墙外部墙体则由于处于寒冷的外界环境中，会出现紧缩。内外墙体在冬季的变化，会导致外墙整体发生质量问题，最终导致外墙出现裂缝，墙体裂缝不仅影响建筑的外观，一旦墙体裂缝，渗入夹芯保温层的水分还会破坏保温层的结构，降低保温层的保温性能，缩短建筑的使用寿命。 2.4外墙外保温 在我国寒冷的北方，外墙外保温是常见的一种外墙保温应用技术。外墙外保温是指将保温材料敷设与建筑墙体外部，并在保温层上进行建筑的外墙美化施工。外墙外保温有着保温性能好、维修容易、不影响墙体质量等优点，因此外墙外保温技术得到了较好的推广和应用。但由于外墙外保温的保温材料层裸露在自然环境中，因此保温材料会受到自然条件的影响。在自然条件影响下，外墙外保温材料经常会出现脱落和裂缝现象。一旦外墙外保温层出现裂缝和脱落，将会直接使外墙墙体裸露在空气中。不仅无法实现保温作用，还会导致外墙材料受环境影响发生裂缝等现象。外墙外保温裸露在环境中，却给我们对建筑进行维修提供了便利。因此，一旦外墙外保温层出现裂缝，我们一定要进行及时的治理，避免保温层裂缝的扩大，并保证外墙墙体不会受到保温层裂缝和脱落的影响发生老化和开裂。 3 结束语