2013届上海市高三英语一模——简答

2013届（2012学年）上海市高三英语一模——简答

（长宁）

“Neither a borrower nor a lender be.”Although this might be excellent advice in matters concerning family and friends, borrowing and lending are frequently the foundation of a booming economy.

A loan is a sum of money borrowed for a limited period. A loan may be obtained from an individual or from an institution such as a bank and is generally granted at a specific rate of interest. Interest is the fee that the borrower pays to use the money. An extremely high rate of interest --- and certainly any amount more than law permits --- is called usury. Lending money can be a risky business, for there is always the possibility that the borrower may not be able to pay the loan. For this reason, a lender generally requires the borrower to register something valuable of his or hers, known as collateral (抵押), as a part of the loan agreement. A house or an automobile, investments in the stock market, even the value of a business, are all examples of collateral that a lender may be willing to accept in the event that the borrower fails to pay the loan.

There are two major sorts of loans: consumer loans and commercial loans. A consumer loan is one that is made to an individual, and it may be to buy a house or an automobile or to finance an education. A commercial loan may be used to start a new business, pay for new equipment and staff, or expand an office or factory. The business of making loans also contributes to a healthy economy by enhancing the employment market. Loans allow consumers to buy and improve homes, creating jobs for carpenters, architects and etc. Loans enable businesses to expand, and when these businesses open a branch office or a new store, they also increase their consumption of office supplies, furnishings, and computers.

In a booming economy, money circulates quickly, and each deal represents earnings for someone. It may be reasonable to say that a certain level of debt is normal, even necessary, to a healthy economy as long as the individual borrower or business is careful and try not to take on more than a manageable amount of debt.

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)

81.“Neither a borrower nor a lender be.” is excellent advice for keeping good family and friends

while it is __________.

82.What is the purpose of collateral in a loan agreement?

83.Different from commercial loans, consumer loans may be used to __________.

84.How can the individual borrower or business profit from a booming economy?

81. not for building / developing a booming / fast-growing economy

82. To prevent the borrower from not paying the loan. / …

83. fulfill / achieve the purpose of personal development / …

84. By being careful and avoiding being in too much debt / …

（闸北）

A son in many developing countries means insurance, who will inherit his father's property and help support the family. However, to parents, a daughter is just another expense. Her place is in the home, not in the world of men. A girl can't help but feel inferior when everything around her tells her that she is worth less than a boy. Her future is, to some extent, shaped as soon as her family limits her opportunities and treat her as second-rater, which explain why women in developing countries perform much worse than men both in study and career.

Deep discrimination (歧视)against women creates a firm force that keeps girls from living up to their full potential. It also leaves them victims to severe physical and emotional harm. These “servants of the household" come to accept that li fe will never be any different. What's most harmful, it results not only in millions of individual tragedies, but also in the lost potential for the entire country. Studies show there is a direct link between a country's attitude toward women and its social and economic progress. The status of women is central to the health of a society. If one part suffers, so does the whole.

To deal with the situation, many women turn to education. Educated women are essential to ending sex discrimination, starting by reducing the poverty The most basic skills in literacy and Maths open up opportunities for better-paying jobs for women. Uneducated women in rural areas of Zambia, for instance, are twice as likely to live in poverty as those who have had eight or more years of education.

Women who have had some schooling are more likely to get married later, survive childbirth, have fewer and healthier children, and make sure their own children complete school. Understanding the importance of hygiene (卫生）and nutrition, they are more likely to stay in physical wellness.

Nevertheless, the comprehensive change for a society speaks for the more far-reaching meaning of women education. As women get the opportunity to go to school and obtain higher-level jobs, they gain status in their communities, which translates into the power to influence their families and societies. Such power may, together with other forces of outside interference, make even bigger changes possible and gradually lighten up women's fates in these countries.

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)

81. What two facts make a woman achieve less than men in developing countries?

82. The most severe result of discrimination against women is ________________________.

83. Why are educated women in developing countries more likely to remain healthy?

84. High social position at home helps women to have the ability to ________________________.

81. Her family limiting her opportunities and treating her as second-rater.

82. the lost potential for the entire country

83. Because they understand the importance of hygiene and nutrition.

84. influence their families and societies

（杨浦）

Pizza Hut lovers, you can now smell just like your favorite food. Pizza Hut launches its own perfume that smells like a fresh pizza pie. This is not a joke — although it started as one! While it might seem like an unusual venture for the brand famous for pizza, the company?s perfume is already available as a limited edition product. fuck myself

According to the Globe and Mail, the project started out as a joke by Grip Limited, an advertising firm that works with Pizza Hut in Canada, who asked the chain?s Facebook fans to imagine the pleasant smell of a fresh-delivered pie as a perfume — and to name it. Fans responded to the idea so enthusiastically that Grip Limited decided to take the joke a step further and make the perfume a reality.

A month and a half later, to celebrate that Pizza Hut Canada had gotten 100,000 fans, the chain?s community managers an nounced that the first 100 people to message them would actually get a bottle of Pizza Hut perfume. And sure enough, the bottles were shipped to those 100 lucky fans before Christmas.

Grip Limited isn?t the only company to attract attention with odd aroma s (芳香). Four years ago, Burger King offered a $4 meat-scented body spray for men. Before that in 2006, Stilton created a perfume meant to mimic (模拟) the scent of blue cheese.

Pizza Hut Canada has not announced any plans to make more of the perfume in the future. But the chain also said in the release that it?s possible the perfume could appear in stores in the future.

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.) 81. Some people consider the perfume a joke because they think Pizza Hut is a _______________.

82. _____________________________ pushed Grip Limited to turn the joke into reality.

83. Who are the lucky birds to get the perfume?

84. Why did Pizza Hut follow Burger King?s steps to release a perfume?

81. famous brand for pizza

82. The fans? enthusiastic response to the project / idea / activity

83. The first 100 people to message the Pizza Hut Canada

84. To attract public attention

（徐汇）

If you need another reason to give thanks at the dinner table o n Thanksgiving Day, how?s this: people who maintain an “attitude of gratitude” tend to be happier and healthier than those who don?t, according to an instructive article this week in the Wall Street Journal.

The WSJ?s Melinda Beck reports that adults who feel grateful have “more energy, more optimism, more social connections and more happiness than those who do not, according to studies conducted over the past decade. Now a new study conducted by researchers at Hofstra University — the results of which are set to be published in an upcoming issue of the Journal of Happiness Studies — finds similar benefits of gratitude for adolescents as well.

Dr. Jeffrey J. Froh, assistant professor of psychology and lead researcher of the new study, surveyed 1,035 students aged from 14 to 19 and found that grateful students reported higher grades, more life satisfaction, better social integration and less envy and depression than their peers who were less thankful and more materialistic. Additionally, feelings of gratitude had a more powerful impact on the students? lives overall than materialism.

What the majority of the research suggests is that gratitude should be chronic（长期的）in order to make a lasting difference in well-being. Dr. Robert Emmons, professor of psychology at the University of California, Davis, and a pioneer in gratitude research, told the WSJ that in order to reap（收获）all of its benefits, feeling gratitude must be rooted into your personality, and you must frequently acknowledge and be thankful for the role other people play in your happiness: “The key is not to leave it on the Thanksgiving table,” he said.

For older children and adults, one simple way to cultivate gratitude is to literally count your blessings. Keep a journal and regularly record whatever you are grateful for that day. Be specific. Listing “my friends, my school, my dog” day after day means that “gratitude tiredness” has set in, Dr. Froh says. Writing “my dog licked my face when I was sad” keeps it fresher. The real benefit comes in changing how you experience the world. Look for things to be grateful for, and you?ll start seeing them.

Studies show that using negative, insulting words — even as you talk to yourself — can darken your mood, as well. Fill your head with positive thoughts, express thanks and encouragement aloud and look for something to be grateful for, not criticize, in those around you, especially loved ones.

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)

81. According to the article in th e Wall Street Journal, people who don?t maintain an “attitude of gratitude” tend to be ______________.

82. What are the major findings of the new study at Hofstra University about?

83. According to the passage, how can people probably avoid “gratitude tiredness”?

84. In order not to darken our moods, we?d better stop ________________.

81. less happy and healthy

82. Benefits of gratitude for adolescents. / Adolescents benefit from feeling gratitude.

83. By regularly recording specific things they are grateful for.

84. using negative, insulting words

（松江）

My wife and I recently completed a trip to China with China Highlights. It was a very memorable vacation. From start to finish, China Highlights was very helpful and supportive. The start of our trip began with an Internet search for a tour agency that would meet our needs and expectations. After reviewing and submitting questions to websites of many companies, we selected China Highlights. Our decision was based on the speed and content of their responses, along with the significant amount of support information provided both on their websites and in their emailed attachments. In addition, the proposed journey and price for a private tour including plane fares between cities and first class seats on a high speed train were strong incentives (激励) to select China Highlights. Their assistance and flexibility in finalizing the itinerary, with favorable payment terms, further convinced us that we made a good choice. We relied on his recommendations for several pre-departure and planning issues Up to the time of departure, Michael was always available to quickly response to our ongoing questions and ensured that we left fully prepared.

From the time that we first arrived in Beijing and at every destination of the trip, the guide and the driver were at the airport / train station with signs for us. Conversely, as we left each city, they took care in getting us to the proper check-in area on time, with enough instructions for us to easily continue boarding THE transportation despite obvious communication issues since we did not speak Chinese. In hindsight, our concerns about travelling between locations were unnecessary. Similarly, travelling throughout the cities, as we visited each attraction, was very comfortable. The guides kept us informed of historical and local information. One suggestion would be to pre-identify any sites to visit and have them included in the final journey rather than try to change during the visit.

The sights that we visited were most impressive. Obviously, the Great Wall, Forbidden City and Tiananmen Square, and the Terra Cotta Soldiers were everything we expected. The guides were very knowledgeable, and helped us understand many aspects of these areas.

After we returned home, China Highlights followed up to make sure that we were satisfied with our trip, and to get any feedback that we wanted to provide. They even addressed some minor issues that we cited. Overall, China Highlights went over and above our expectations.

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.) 81. What made the couple choose China Highlights during their visit to China?

82. The overseas visitors were satisfied with China Highlights services except ___________________.

83. During their visit, not only the sights but also ________________ made a great impression on them.

84. How did China Highlights improve its quality of service after the visitors finished their journey?

81.That China Highlights was very helpful and supportive.

82.changing final journey during the visit.

83.the knowledgeable and helpful guides and the driver

84.It followed up to get any feedback / It addressed some minor issues that visitors cited

（青浦）

Oscar-winning director Ang Lee?s new epic “Life of Pi” revea ls the relationship between a teenage Indian boy and a Bengal tiger. But in reality, the predators（食肉动物） are under increasing threat from humans. Animal rights group PETA is hoping to use the popularity of the film to focus people?s attention on the real l ife of Bengal tigers.

With the rising demand for tiger parts from East Asia, illegal hunting remains a tremendous danger for the remaining cat population. Back in 1947, there were 40,000 tigers in India, but the number is experiencing a sharp decline to 1,706 despite campaigns to protect the animal.

Rising man-animal conflict is also one of the leading causes of decline in tiger numbers. In one of numerous reported attacks on the endangered big cats, villagers near the Bangladesh-India border, armed with sticks and boat oars, set upon the animal suspected to have attacked a local fisherman and beat it to death earlier this month. So far this year, 58 tiger deaths have been reported in the country.

“The first instinct when a tiger is spotted is to just kill it,” grieved Gurmeet Sapal, a wildlife filmmaker. “The feeling of fear and revenge is so strong that it shuts out any other emotion. What we don?t realize is that the tiger never attacks humans until it is forced to.”

India has been struggling to stop the tiger's decline in the face of the loss of habitat as well that encourages the animals to leave the forest for food. “The tiger?s rapidly exhausted prey base causes the predator to go all out to get its food. Consequently, livestock and human beings become easy prey, which leads inevitably to conflict,” says a wildlife conservationist.

Filmmaker Sapal says it is only normal for people to think of the tiger as a dangerous animal, but its image as a human killer bears some injustice. “Tigers never kill for sp ort nor store meat. They kill their prey only in case of hunger. ”

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in no more than ten words)

81. PETA hopes “Life of Pi” can __________________________________.

82. Why did the villagers beat the tiger to death?

83. As a result of the loss of habitat, __________________________________ are more likely to

be the big cat?s victims.

84. When will tigers attack and kill people according to the article?

81. focus people?s attention on the real life o f Bengal tigers.

82. Because it was suspected to have attacked a local fisherman

83. livestock and human beings

84. When (they are) hungry or attacked.

A long-awaited final report from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concludes that foods from healthy cloned animals and their offspring are as safe as those from ordinary animals, effectively removing the last US regulatory barrier to the marketing of meat and milk from cloned cattle, pigs and goats.

The 968-page "final risk assessment," not yet released but obtained by The Washington Post, finds no evidence to support people?s concerns that food from clones may have hidden risks. But, recognizing that a majority of consumers are wary of（谨慎的）food from clones—and that cloning could damage the good image of American milk and meat—the report includes hundreds of pages of raw data so that others can see how it came to its conclusions.

The report also acknowledges that human health concerns are not the only subject raised by the coming-out of cloned farm animals.

“Moral, religious and ethical concerns have been raised,” the agency notes in a document accompanying the report. But the report is “exactly a science-based assessment.” It reports, because the agency is not authorized by law to consider those issues.

In practice, it will be years before foods from clones make their way to store shelves in large quantities, in part because the clones themselves are too valuable to kill or milk. Instead, the expensive animals?replicas(复制品) of some of the finest farm animals ever born — will be used firstly as breeding stock to create what supporters say will be a new generation of superior farm animals.

When food from those animals hits the market, the public may yet have its say. FDA officials have said they do not expect to require food from clones to be labeled as such, but they may allow foods from ordinary animals to be labeled as not from clones.

81. What conclusion has FDA drawn after the public waited for a long time?

82. Foods from clones won?t be available soon partly because _________________.

83. With the appearance of cloned farm animals, people care more about _________________ problems.

84. How will foods from ordinary animals be labeled?

81. FDA concluded foods from healthy cloned animals and their offspring are safe .

82. the clones themselves are too valuable to kill or milk.

83. human health, moral, religious and ethical

84. They will be allowed to be labeled as not from clones.

We delight in the stories passed down to us by older

generations. Tales from the past reveal our loved ones? true

personalities that we didn?t know before and can unite family

members. But they are still just small pieces from a lifetime of

experience, leaving a wealth of personal memories and stories that can go untold.

A growing company, LifeBook, is helping people to ensure that the rich, personal histories of our loved ones can be captured in detail in elegant, well-crafted books that can be handed down through the generations. These individual autobiographies, professionally written and illustrated with photographs, hold a lifetime of memories and can form an everlasting family legacy.

Linden, who commissioned(委托写) a book on her father from LifeBook, said, …It has been a wonderful thing, both for myself and my father. He was quite worried about it at first, but once it got going he established a very good relationship with Will, his interviewer, and I know they had lots of fun and laughs. He started looking forward to the meetings very much, someone showing interest in him outside the family.?

Now, LifeBook is becoming increasingly popular as a gift, requested by sons and daughters who wish to preserve the memories of their older loved ones for future generations. The process of creating a LifeBook brings family members closer together as they learn more about the family?s past. And for the authors, LifeBook gives them a project to focus on. It also gives them the benefits of face-to-face companionship in the weekly interviews.

For Linden, it was a highly positive experience, …I feel very happy because I have given my father this huge gift. It has made him happier and he?s got a newfound interest in life. He?s got more things to talk about and, I think, a sense of great pride.?

…Also it?s something he can hand down to future generations.

We?re all thrilled with the book, delighted —and I?m sure he?ll

want to do volume two very soon.?

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO

MORE THAN TWELVE WORDS.)

81. Tales from the past generations can not only ___________________.

82. What does the company, LifeBook, do in those special books?

83. Linden?s father started to look forward to the meetings with the interviewer because

_________.

84. Besides a project to focus on, what else can creating a LifeBook bring its author?

81. reveal our loved ones? true personalities but also unite family members

82. It helps capture the rich, personal histories of our loved ones.

83. someone was showing interest in him outside the family

84. The benefits of face-to-face companionship.

（闵行）

At present, in many American cities especially, many teachers in the public schools say they are underpaid. They point to jobs such as secretary or truck driver, which often pay more to start than that of a teacher. In many other fields, such as law, medicine, computer science, a beginning worker may make more than a teacher who has taught for several years.

Teaching has never been a profession that attracted people interested in high salaries. It is by history a profession that has provided rewards in addition to money—the satisfaction of sharing knowledge, of influencing others, of guiding young people. But in the past several years, there are more difficulties in teaching, for many, than there are rewards.

Unruly (不守规矩的) students, especially in big cities, large classes and a lack of support from the public in terms of money and understanding have led many public school teachers to leave the profession.

As a result, many of the best students, who would have chosen teaching as their life career in the past, are going into other fields.

Another reason for this change in teacher candidates is the changing status of women in the United States. Until the late 1960s and 1970s, one of the most popular choices for women was teaching. But as other professions, such as law and medicine opened up to women, women stopped pouring into teacher training programs. Thus, excellent candidates for the teaching profession declined.

Bit by bit government officials and others realized that the status of the teacher had suffered. They talked about change. But the change in a vast society like the United States is not easy. People?s attitu des have formed over many years, and sometimes change takes many years.

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.) 81. What are many teachers in the public schools of America complaining about?

82. What is the consequence of the public school teachers? leaving the profession?

83. The changing status of women in the United States is one of the causes for women to

________________________.

84. According to the last paragraph, the status of the teachers in the United Sates

will _____________________ within years.

81. low pay / being under-paid / not being well-paid

82. causing some best students not to choose teaching profession / some best students don?t

choose teaching profession

83. choose careers other than teaching / choose other careers instead of teaching

84. not be changed / remain unchanged

（静安）

All we have a clock located inside our brains. Similar to your bedside alarm clock, your internal clock runs on a 24-hour cycle. This cycle, called a circadian (昼夜节奏的) rhythm, helps control when you wake, when you eat and when you sleep.

Somewhere around puberty, something happens in the timing of the biological clock. The clock pushes forward, so adolescents and teenagers are unable to fall asleep as early as they used to. When your mother tells you it's time for bed, your body may be pushing you to stay up3 for several hours more. And the light coming from your computer screen or TV could be pushing you to stay up even later.

This shift is natural for teenagers. But staying up very late and sleeping late can get your body's clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark. It can also make it hard to get out of bed in the morning and may bring other problems, too. Teenagers are put in a kind of a gray cloud (提不起精神的状态) when they don't get enough sleep, says Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. It affects their mood and their ability to think and learn.

But just like your alarm clock, your internal clock can be reset. In fact, it automatically resets itself every day. How? By using the light it gets through your eyes.

Scientists have known for a long time that the light of day and the dark of night play important roles in setting our internal clocks. For years, researchers thought that the signals that synchronize the body's clock were handled through the same pathways that we use to see. But recent discoveries show that the human eye has two separate light-sensing systems. One system allows us to see. The second system tells our body whether it's day or night.

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)

81. The clock located inside our brains is similar to our bedside alarm clock because ________________________________________.

82. Children before puberty tend to __________________________________than adolescents.

83. The author wants to tell the reader that _____________________________________.

84. What did the previous researchers think about the human eye's light-sensing system?

81. it has a cycle of 24 hours

82. fall asleep earlier at night

83. staying up late affects teenagers' ability to think and learn.

84. The human eye had one light-sensing system.

（金山）

Phonxay is one of the poorest districts of Laos, and many of its villages are only accessible by footpath. Our destination this hot morning is a concrete water tank which was helped to build by a UK organization because of the lack of clean drinking water. The tank has made a big difference; it gives water to over 800 People. But lately, the clean water supply has come under pressure from new arrivals, people who have come down from the hill areas, and there will not be enough clean water to go round.

There are also serious worries about resources in Laos. The Chinese are building a 400 km railway link, and about 150,000 Chinese workers will be involved. What will this do to local clean water supplies? How will the workers be fed?

The vast majority of Laotians live on farms. But with foreign investors wanting to buy up land, local people will have to be moved to make room for them. Heavily dependent on both foreign aid and foreign investment, Laos still falls well behind its neighbours. Its biggest economic problem is the lack of locally trained skilled workforce.

But there are reasons to be hopeful for the future. Laos is beautiful, and foreign tourism continues to grow. Although all local media are government-run, the Internet is not controlled and the BBC and CNN are Available to those with satellite dishes.

The government has also achieved impressive results in rural development, with communities benefiting not just from cleaner water but the construction of new schools and regular visits from medical teams. Poverty will not be history in Laos within the next decade, but with small steps forward and a bit of outside help, the country could find itself out of the UN's least-developed category by 2020.

(Note: Answer the ques TlO ns or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN

WORDS.) 81. What is putting pressure on the local supply of clean water?

82. ____________________________ is the most serious limitation on Laos' economic growth.

83. Laos relies on ____________________________ to achieve the future development.

84. What kind of country is Laos according to the United Nations category?

81. Fast growing population in the area.

82. The lack of skilled local workers.

83. beautiful scenery and continuously growing foreign tourism

84. A poor-developed country.

（嘉定）

Many children first learn the value of money by receiving an allowance（津贴）．The purpose is to let children learn from experience at an age when financial mistakes are not very costly．The amount of money that parents give to their children to spend as they wish differs from family to family．Timing is another consideration．Some children get a weekly allowance．Others get a monthly allowance．In any case，parents should make clear what，if anything，the child is expected to pay for with the money．

At first，young children may spend all of their allowance soon after they receive it．If they do this，they will learn the hard way that spending must be done within a budget．Parents are usually advised not to offer more money until the next allowance．The object is to show young people that a budget demands choices between spending and saving．Older children may be responsible enough to save money for larger costs，like clothing or electronics．

Allowances give children a chance to experience the things they can do with money．They can share it in the form of gifts or giving to a good cause. They can spend it by buying things they want．Or they can save and maybe even invest it．

Saving helps children understand that costly goals require sacrifice：you have to cut costs and plan for the future．Requiring children to save part of their allowance can also open the door to future saving and investing．Many banks offer services to help children and teenagers learn about personal finance．A savings account is an excellent way to learn about the power of compound interest(利息)．That may not seem like a lot．But over time it adds up．

（Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TWELVE WORDS．）

81．Parents give their children allowance to_______________________．

82．Why are parents advised not to offer young children more money in advance?

________________________________________________________

83．What can we learn from the last paragraph?

_________________________________________________________

84．By writing this passage, the author intends to make parents ____________________．

81. 1earn the value of money

82．To show them how to make a budget．

83．Saving can help children plan future finance．

84．aware of the children?s allowances./

have some idea how to give allowances in a proper way.

（黄浦）

The first explorers who saw totem poles called them “monstrous figures.” Missionaries(传教士) thought that the Native Americans worshipped the totem poles, and they encouraged their destruction. But the missionaries were wrong. Even today, when people refer to the “low man on the totem pole, ” they do not realize that the largest figure was usually on the bottom and was the most important.

The origin of the first totem pole is uncertain. It is known that totem poles told stories about rich and important Native American families. An artist carved the pole to represent a family?s traits and personal strengths and even to have hidden meanings.

Poles were carved from cedar（雪松木）, using handmade tools. The chisel（凿子）used for carving was made from an animal horn. The adze, which was like an ax, had a hard stone blade. Once finished carving, the artist used animal-hair brushes to paint the poles. Some poles stood as high as 60 feet(180m).

Native Americans celebrated important life events—such as births or marriages—with huge feasts called potlatches. One of the highlights of the party was the raising of a new totem pole. As trade expanded along the Northwest Coast, more Native American families had totem poles.

However, in 1884 the Canadian government outlawed the potlatch. Not long after, the United States followed suit. As children grew up and left the tribe, the art of carving totem poles began to die out.

Many years later, totem poles that had been bought or stolen from Native American villages began showing up in museums. People started to realize the significance of totem poles, and the art of carving them was resurrected. Old poles were restored, and new poles were created. Today, the craft is alive and well again, and totem poles can be seen around the Northwest United States and Canada.

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.) 81. What did missionaries want to do with the totem poles?

82. What?s the main purpose of totem poles?

83. The art of carving totem poles faded away during the 1800s because ______________.

84. What does the last paragraph mainly tell us?

81. They wanted to destroy them.

82. To represent (rich and important) families? traits and personal strengths.

83. many of the children left their tribes/ children grew up and left the tribe

84. The factors responsible for the revival/returning of (the art of) totem poles./

People realized the significance of totem poles and created more/new ones.

（虹口）

Plants and animals usually do not live apart, as in many ways they are important to each other. Most green plants can make their own food. The food of other living things, even the food of meat-eating animals, comes directly or indirectly from green plants. For example, some people eat mutton (羊肉); mutton comes from a goat; the goats eat grass. These steps, or links, make up what is called a food chain. Without green plants, all other living things would in time die of starvation.

Plants help animals in other ways too. They furnish homes and shelter for many animals. Many birds, as you know, build their nests in trees. Deer and many other animals use bushes for shelter. And even man depends much upon plants for his shelter. Animals repay some of this debt by helping plants. You may be aware that many insects and some birds do important work for plants by pollinating (授粉) them. You must have also learned how animals often help plants by spreading seeds.

What is waste material for one of these kinds of life is often valuable substance for the other. For example, animals give off carbon dioxide gas when they breathe. When plants make food, they absorb this gas from the air, using the carbon and releasing some of the oxygen back into the air. The oxygen that is released, then, is again supplied to animals. Thus the cycle continues, animals helping plants, and plants helping animals.

All plants and animals have their enemies. Insects eat plants; birds eat insects; other animals kill birds. But here too, animals such as birds and bats help the plants by destroying harmful insects. Many plants and animals are helpful to some living things but are harmful to others. Then there are other rules in nature that act as checks and balances. For example, if there are more animals in a certain area than there is food to support them, some of the animals must migrate or starve. In either case, the number of animals will be reduced until the balance between animals and the available food supply is restored.

These helps and hindrances (障碍) are constantly going on in the plant and animal world to achieve a balance. As long as one living thing is dependent on another, whenever the scales are tipped (使倾斜), nature takes steps to balance the scales again.

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)

81. What does the author mean by saying “Plants and animals usually do not live apart”?

82. Besides providing food and shelter for animals, plants can also ______ to help animals to live.

83. “Checks and balances” refers to ______ in the world of animals and plants.

84. What will be the final result if some animals migrate or starve for lack of food?

81. They are important to each other. / They depend on each other.

82. release oxygen

83. helps and hindrances that are going on

84. Their / Animal number will be reduced until the balance is restored.

（奉贤）

When your country relies heavily on tourism and you lose more than a third of your visitors due to political revolution, you've got to do something pretty dramatic to get them back. And if you are Egypt, you reopen a pyramid.

The Egyptian government recently announced that one of its great pyramids 一the Pyramid of Chefren 一and as many as six other ancient tombs at the Giza Necropolis (吉萨金字塔群) will be reopened after a long restoration project. The move was made in an attempt to revive (重振) a tourism industry that was badly affected by last year's unrest.

Egypt became a no-go area following the unrest in 2011. Scenes of violent protests, mainly in the Capital Cairo, were broadcast ACROSS the world and understandably took the country off the holiday trail.

Despite that questions are still being asked about the security of potential tourists visiting the region, Egypt's antiquities minister Muhammad Ibrahim insisted that it was a safe country. He said the region was far more stable one year on, adding that other archaeological (考古的) sites were

due to be opened across Egypt in coming months.

The Pyramid of Chefren, also known as the Pyramid of Chafren, is the second largest pyramid at the Giza site. It was built as the tomb for the Pharaoh Chafren from ancient Egypt's fourth dynasty. The pyramid and the other around it, were discovered in 1927 by American archaeologist George Reinser, and have been closed for restoration on several other occasions in the past.

In 1990s a site management plan was carried out to try and preserve these historic treasures when the antiquities ministry discovered that the large volume of visitors over the years had raised levels of humidity inside the structures to levels of up to 80 percent. Research found that every visitor to the pyramids released an average of 20 grams of water vapor through sweat, which slowly caused damage to the walls inside.

The project, which cost around $4 million, included cleaning the walls of the tombs and strengthening them, as well AS removing graffiti left by previous visitors. Inscriptions (铭文）and paintings were also preserved.

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN FIFTEEN WORDS.)

81. The Pyramid of Chefren will be reopened following restoration project in an attempt to

82. According to the passage, why were tourists unwilling to go to Egypt after the unrest in 2011?

83. What else does the Egyptian government plan to do in the coming months to help the country's

tourism industry?

84. A site management plan was carried out in the 1990s

because_______________________________.

81. revive Egypt's tourism industry

82. Because tourists were worried about their safety.

83. To reopen other archaeological sites across Egypt.

84. the large volume of visitors had caused damage to the walls inside pyramids

（宝山）

That experiences influence future behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless

remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.

Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through

a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one?s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.

In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful

to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids situation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration.

Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting(output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offer common support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance. (Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)

81. According to Para. 1, memory plays an important role in _____________________________.

82. We can obviously notice that over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be

forgotten from _______________________________________________________________.

83. What does it seem that the author disagree to explain?

84. According to the last paragraph, how do we exactly make adjustments between memory and

forgetting?

81. learning, intelligent behaviour and the ability to solve any problem

82. dramatic instances of sudden forgetting

83. how the process of forgetting survived by evolutionary interpretation

84. Not mentioned in the passage/We don?t know.

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