浅析全国卷高考英语题型之短文改错

浅析全国卷高考英语题型之短文改错

黔西一中刘彦

高考英语中的短文改错题是大家所熟知的题型，近年来，高考英语全国卷的试卷结构和题型虽几经变革，但短文改错题始终存在。短文改错又称proofreading，即校对式阅读。它所设置的知识点灵活多变，知识层次多，不仅考查学生的阅读能力，同时考查学生对书面语言的监察能力，是一道多角度考查学生语言能力的题型，具有一定区分度和选拔性。不可否认，短文改错题具有一定的难度，大部分学生在短文改错这一块的得分率很低。鉴于此，笔者对近十年高考全国卷的短文改错题进行了仔细的分析和研究，本篇文章中，笔者力求将自己在分析和研读中发现的问题和规律进行简单而有条理陈述，并总结出一些对学生来说易于理解和记忆的条款，便于今后在短文改错这一块的教学中更有针对性和指导性，并最大限度提升学生解答短文改错题的能力。

一、高考短文改错的命题特征及考点归纳。

1、选材特点。短文改错题的选材多以记叙文为主，体裁和语言都贴近高中学生的实际生活。所选短文长度一般为100词左右。篇章结构的难易程度符合中学生的认知水平，无生僻的语言障碍和怪、难、偏的句子结构。

2、设错特点。笔者通过对近十年高考短文改错题的分析和研读，发现短文改错题的考点很有规律，并且呈现极强的稳定性。常规考点主要集中在动词、名词、形容词和副词、冠词、连词、介词、代词及各类从句的引导词等方面。另外，短文改错的错误类型有错词、缺词和多词三种。在短文的10处错误中，三种错误类型的分配比例一般遵循8/1/1原则，即8个错词修改，1个缺词添加、1个多词删除。其中，错词修改常涉及动词、名词、形容词和副词等方面的错误。缺词和多词则多为冠词或介词的冗余或缺失等。

3.2013--2017年高考英语全国卷短文改错考点统计表.

动词名词

形

容词

和副

词

冠词连词介词代词

从

句引导

词

其它

２０１３

全

国Ⅰ

２１２１１１１１０

全

国Ⅱ

３２１１０２０１０

２０１４

全

国Ⅰ

１１４１１１１００

全

国Ⅱ

３１２１０２１００

２０１５

全

国Ⅰ

３１２１

／２

１１１

／０

００

全

国Ⅱ

３１２１０１１１０

２０１６

全

国Ⅰ

２１１１２１１１０全３１１１１０１１１

二、短文改错题常见考点分析及解题策略。

虽说短文改错题所设置的考点灵活多变，知识层次多，词类覆盖广。但其实它所考查的语言知识并不

复杂，只要了解命题规律和常规考点的命题要点，掌握一定的解题策略，并有针对性地加以练习和总结，

也能轻松应对此题。现结合近几年高考全国卷短文改错真题对各常规考点中出题者常设改错点的地方进行

详细的分析和解读，并提出相应的解题策略。

1．动词。

动词是短文改错中涉及考点最多的词类，主要从以下几个方面进行考查：

(1)时态、语态的一致。如：

①I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.(2017全国卷Ⅲ)

（解析：become改为became.结合前半句中的动词entered可知，后半句的时态应和前文保持一

致。）

②About one month after this photo was took，…（2017全国卷Ⅲ）

(解析：took改为taken。根据句意可知此题考查的是一般过去式被动语态。)

（2）非谓语动词、情态动词之后用动词原形、介词之后用动名词形式。如：

①We can chose between staying at home and take a trip.(2016全国卷Ⅱ)

（解析：chose改为choose.情态动词之后接动词原形；take改为taking.考查非谓语动词，and

连接两个并列成分，且介词之后的动词应用动名词形式。）

②She used to holding me on her knees and sing old songs.(2013全国卷Ⅰ)

（解析：holding改为hold.动词不定式后接动词原形，used to do sth.过去常做某事。）

③I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes.(2016全国Ⅲ卷)

(解析：wear改为wearing.介词之后的动词要用动名词形式)

解题策略：短文改错中涉及动词的修改，首先要联系上下文，看时态和语态是否一致。

如果是非谓语动词，多从成分来考虑，看是否误用非谓语。另外，要注意情态动词和介词之

后的动词形式。

2．名词。

纵观近十年高考英语全国卷短文改错题，对名词的考查主要集中在名词的数（可数与不可数），偶有考查名词所有格、行文逻辑等。如：

①…they often get some useful informations from the Internet.（2017年全国卷Ⅱ）

(解析:infrormations 改为infromation.因information是不可数名词，无复数形式。)

②The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.(2016全国卷Ⅲ)

(解析：year改为years.根据句意year要用复数形式)

③I first met Li Meng at a friend birthday party five years ago.(2007全国卷)

(解析：friend改为friend’s.根据句意，一个朋友的生日应该用名词所有格friend’s表所属)

④This made for the grow in the porcelain industry.(2013全国卷Ⅱ)

(解析：grow改为growth.此处grow要作介词for的宾语，应用其名词形式growth.)

⑤My uncle says that the key to his success is honest.(2016全国卷Ⅰ)

(解析：honest改为honesty.根据语境可知，此处应用名词作表语。)

解题策略：短文改错中对于名词的考查，首先考虑是否患有数或格的错误，如无数或格的错误，就从行文逻辑来考虑。

3．冠词。

英语中的冠词有三个，即a,an和the.短文改错中对于冠词考查一般从以下几个方面出题:

(1)不定冠词a和an互换。如：

…it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.(2017全国卷Ⅱ)

(解析：a改为an.考查冠词，因为hour的发音是以元音音素开头，所以其前用an.)

(2)不定冠词a或an和the的互换。如：

…A woman saw him saying and told him to wait outside a shop.(2015全国卷Ⅱ)

(解析：a改为the.结合语境及上下文，此处应用the特指前文提到的shop.)

(3)根据需要增删冠词。如：

①…Around me in ︿picture are the things which were very important in my life at that time.（2017全国卷Ⅲ）

(解析：picture之前加冠词the，根据句意，此处应用冠词the特指上文提到的picture.)

②In a fact, he even scared my classmates away when they came over to play or do homework with me.(2013全国卷

Ⅰ)

（解析：去掉冠词a.因为in fact是固定短语，冠词a多余。）

解题策略：短文改错中对于冠词的考查，一要从a或an其后的单词发音音素来考虑，a 用辅音音素开头的单词前，an用于元音音素开头的单词前。二要考虑a或an和the在泛指和特

指方面是否误用，a或an表泛指，the表特指。三要注意短文中出现的短语、词组等，查是否

有固定结构中冠词、介词等使用不当、多用或漏用等。

4．形容词和副词。

形容词和副词的考查主要涉及比较等级、修饰关系、行文逻辑的一致性。如

①I learned early in life that I had to be more patient and little aggressive.(2012全国新课标)

(解析：little改为less.根据语境，此处应用little的比较级less.)

②I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes ,…(2017全国卷Ⅲ)

(解析：difference改为different. 因为kinds of是名词短语，应用形容词来修饰名词 )

③…he hope that his business will grow steady.(2016全国卷Ⅰ)

(解析：steady改为steadily.因为grow为动词，修饰动词应用steady的副词形式steadily.)

④Dad and I were terrible worried.(2015全国卷Ⅱ)

(解析：terrible改为terribly.因为worried为形容词，修饰形容词应用terrible的副词形式terribly.)

⑤The teachers here are kind and helpfully.(2014全国卷Ⅱ)

(解析：helpfully改为helpful，根据语境和行文逻辑，此处应用形容词作表语。)

⑥Beside，they often get some useful information from the Internet.(2017全国卷Ⅱ)

(解析：Beside改为Besides.根据语境，此处应用副词独立成句作评述性状语。)

解题策略:短文改错中对形容词和副词的考查，首先要考虑到形容词和副词的修饰关系是否误用(形容词修饰名词或代词，副词修饰动词或形容词)，然后查看形容词或副词的比较关系是否误用，如无修饰关系和比较关系的错误，那么就要根据文章的语境或逻辑来判断了。

5.连词。

连词主要涉及对表示并列（and）、转折（but）、选择（or）、因果（so）等关系的连词的考查。如：

①There the air is clean or the mountains are green.(2015全国卷Ⅰ)

(解析：or改为and.根据句子前后之间为并列关系可知，此处应把or改为and.)

②I have grown not only physically, and also mentally in the past few years.(2017全国卷Ⅲ)

(解析：and改为but.此句中not only…but also…是固定搭配。)

③ I’m going to attend my first lesson this afternoon，for I’ve got some preparation to make.(2009全国卷)

（解析：for改为so，此处句子前后之间为因果关系，所以应用因果连词so.）

解题策略：短文改错中对于连词的考查，要联系上下文，弄清句子间的逻辑关系、句子结构，再判断句子间是否需要连词、需要什么连词。

6.介词。

短文改错中介词主要考查惯用法，其错误的表现形式主要有三种：多词、少词和搭配错误。如：

①It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road.(2017全国卷Ⅰ)

（解析：on改为of .考查固定搭配，in the middle of“在……中间”，故on 改为of.）

②They have also bought for some gardening tools.(2017全国卷Ⅱ)

(解析：去掉介词for.因buy是及物动词，其后可直接接宾语，故介词for多余。)

③My uncle says that he never dreams︿becoming rich in a short of time.(2016全国卷Ⅰ)

(解析：dreams的后面加介词of.考查固定用法dream of doing sth.)

解题策略：短文改错中的介词考查，要看是否有固定搭配中的介词误用、漏用或多用。及物动词之后是否多用介词，不及物动词之后是否缺少介词等。

7.代词。

代词主要考查代词的数、格及人称的前后一致性、指代关系的惯用法。如：

①…This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days.(2017全国卷Ⅲ)

(解析：your改为my.考查人称指代一致，前文都是在讲“我”的故事，所以这里应该是“我的”高中时期的记忆。)

②Mr.and Mrs.Zhang all works in our school.(2017全国卷Ⅱ)

(解析：all改为both.考查代词，both指两者都，all表示三者以上，因主语是两个人，故用both.)

解题策略：短文改错中对代词的考查，要查人称代词的数与格（如代词的主格、宾格、所有格及反身代词等）是否误用，代词前后是否指代一致。

8.从句引导词。

短文改错中，从句引导词主要集中考查英语中各类从句的引导词，如定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句等。如：

①…Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time.（2017全国卷Ⅲ）

（解析：they改为that/which.考查定语从句，先行词things是物，故用that/which）

②…he turned around and found where his parents were missing.(2015全国卷Ⅱ)

(解析：where改为that或直接去掉where.考查宾语从句，此句中that 引导的从句充当found的宾语，同时that 引导宾语从句亦可省略。)

③ In fact, he even scared my classmates away during they came over to play or do homework with me.(2013全国卷Ⅰ)

(解析：during改为when.考查时间状语从句，during为介词，不能引导从句，故用when时间状语从句。)解题策略：短文改错中对于各类从句引导词的考查，要根据句意和从句的类型，选用正确的引导词、

判断引导词是否误加或漏用、关系代词或关系副词是否误用等。

9. 其它考点。

纵观近十年高考英语全国卷短文改错试题，几乎全部都是围绕上述八个常规考点来设置题目的，但偶尔也会涉及八个常规考点之外知识，如2017年全国Ⅰ卷就考查了基数词改序数词的知识点，例题如下：In the summer holiday following my eighteen birthday,…(2017全国卷Ⅰ)

(解析：eighteen改为eighteenth.考查序数词，18岁的生日，应该用序数词eighteenth.)

解题策略：对于短文改错中常规考点之外的其它知识的考查，要具体问题具体分析，虽然它不常出现在短文改错中，但它也并非是生、偏、难的知识，都是我们平时的学习中常接触到的知识。即使短文改错中出现一些非常规考点的知识，只要我们细心，同样可以轻松应对。

三、短文改错题解题步骤及注意事项。

1．解题步骤

做短文改错要遵循以下几个步骤：浏览要求，心中有数；通读全文，了解大意；逐句分析，行中找错；再读短文，检查漏洞。即按照文章→句子→行→文章的顺序。

第一步：浏览要求，心中有数。我们在解答任何题目之前，一定要先弄清题目要求，不能想当然或犯经验主义错误，只有认真读了题目要求之后，才能做到心中有数，避免在解题过程中犯非知识性的低级错误。

第二步：通读全文，了解大意。短文改错是考查考生在理解的基础上对语篇整体的识错、纠错能力，必须从全篇考虑，而不能只顾一句或一行。因此，解答短文改错题要坚持从整体到局部，再从局部到整体，把握全文，用整体理解去改正词、句、篇上的错误。

第三步：逐句分析，行中找错。在把握全文的基础上，对每个句子进行认真的分析，看看单句是否有错；如果有错，有几处错误（通常情况下每句一个错误，最多不会超过两个错误），是什么错误，然后把发现的错误按题目进行改正。这样把“短文改错”转化为“单句改错”，也相应降低了题目的难度。

第四步：复读短文，检查漏洞。做完以后，再把文章阅读一遍，检查是否有遗漏情况，尤其注意上下句之间的逻辑关系。

2. 注意事项

(1)要正确理解题目要求，搞清楚改什么（一般每处错误及修改仅限一个单词，绝非两个甚至更多），怎么改（增加、删除或修改）；全文修改仅10处，多了（从11处起）不给分；答案一定要规范，各种修改符号不能缺少，形式和位置都要正确。

(2)短文改错中不设置拼写、标点、大小写及语序等错误，不要把注意力用在找这些方面的错误。

(3)短文改错应遵循三原则：以保“正”改“错”为原则；以保持原意为原则；以改动最小为原则。

（4）针对短文改错中各种词类涉及的考点，有下面这么一个简单易记的口诀：

名词常考数与格冠词常涉多与少

动词时态与语态 非谓搭配莫错了

连代形副错一样 多是故意来混淆

介词多半考搭配 多漏误用想周到

句法涉及到一致 从句常考引导词

词法句法都没错 要从逻辑去思考

四、 样题展示及详解 （2017全国卷Ⅲ）假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线(＼)划掉。

修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；

2. 只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。

When I look at this picture of myself ，I realize of how fast time flies. I had grown not only physically ，and also mentally in the past few years. About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club. Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time, car magazines and musical instruments. I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes, playing pop music, and collecting the late music albums. This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days. 参考答案： When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies. I had grown not only physically, and also mentally in the past few

years. About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club. Around

me in ∧ picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time, car magazines and musical instruments. I enjoyed studying difference

kinds of cars and planes, playing pop music, and collecting the late music albums .This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of

your high school days.

样题解析： 第一处：删除of. 考查介词，realize 后接宾语从句，介词of 多余。

第二处：had 改为have. 考查动词时态，由时间状语“in the past few years ”可知，此处应是现在完成时，故把had 改成have.

that/which

differe

this/the b

h m la

became

第三处：and改为but. 考查连词，not only…but also…是固定搭配。

第四处：took改为taken.考查动词语态，photo与take为被动关系，故用被动语态，take的过去分词是taken.

第五处：become改为became.考查动词时态，结合全文和语境，谓语动词的动作发生在过去，故用become 的过去式became.

第六处：picture前加冠词the或者this.考查冠词或限定词，picture作“照片”之意讲是可数名词，并且上文提到过picture，故用冠词the表特指，或用this亦可。

第七处：they改为that或which.考查定语从句引导词，先行词things是物，既可用that也用which.

第八处：difference改为different.考查形容词，kinds of是名词短语，故用形容词修饰，difference的形容词形式是different.

第九处：late改为latest.考查形近词辨析，亦是考查形容词最高级。结合语境，这里表示收集最新的专辑，故将late改为latest.

第十处：your改为my.考查人称代词指代一致。结合上下文全文，通篇都是在讲“我”的故事，故把your改为my.

(完整word)高考英语短文改错的解题技巧与方法

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1. Three friends and I was driving on a highway. While we were going at least 50 miles per hour, we passed over a car. It had broken down, stopped on the side of the road. My friend slows down, and pulled behind the other car. He got out of the car immediate and before I knew it he was helping the other person push the car down the road to a spot where wasn’t so close to the passing cars. From the way they were pushing the car, it looked as if my friend was pushing them all by himself. I thought my friend help a complete stranger like this was a great thing, but I won’t forget his good nature or character. 2. Dear Brad, I’m very glad to hear from you. In your last letter you ask about the post-80s in China. Actually I am the boy who belongs to this group. Comparing with our parents, life for us is getting much hard. The job market is tough and the house is expensively to afford. Now many girls prefer to marry with a man who owns a house an d a car. Therefore, I don’t think love built on house and cars is true love, and I doubt how long it will last. As a matter of fact, though situations are tough today, a lot of we post-80s are making great efforts live a good life. I believe we will have a nice future. Li Hua 3. Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, Some of us are having problems about our parents, as they often look into our school bags or read our diaries. I fully understand why we are comfortable about it, but it is no need to feel too sadly. Our parents are checking in our bags or diaries to make sure we’re not getting into troubles. They have probably heard of some horrible stories about other kids and thinking we might do the same. Or perhaps they just want to connect with us and are doing it all wrong. My suggestion is: Tell them we want them to trust us as many as we’d like to trust them. If you don’t think you can talk to them, write them a letter and leave it lie around --- they are bound to read it. Thank you! 4. We spend two weeks in London last year. We went there in the autumn .We think it is the best season to visit England. The weather is usually good but there aren’t too many tourists in October. We stayed in a small h otel in the West End .It was convenient as we did most of our traveling by foot. We went to look at the places where all tourists see. We saw Buckingham Palace and the National Gallery. We went to shopping in Oxford Street and spent too many money .What we liked most, though, was going to theatre. We don’t have the chance to see so wonderful plays at home .A lot of people say English food is very badly. We didn’t think so. It’s true that most of the restaurants are French or Italian or Chinese, but we had some very good meal.

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2020新编高考英语短文改错常见错误类型汇总

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2008高考英语复习短文改错的题型及要求 短文改错是单句改错，单项填空，阅读理解和书面表达的综合，是全面考察学生的英语基础知识和灵活运用语言能力的测试题型。比较其它题型来说，增大测试难度，对学生提出了更高的要求，对于考生的基本功是一个严峻的考验，对于中学的英语教学的基本功训练也是一个有力的挑战。短文改错共10小题，10行左边标有题号。要求考生判断是否有错，如有错误则将其改正。错误的类型包括词法，句法，语篇结构，行文逻辑等。因此要求考生不仅要掌握词汇，语法方面的良好的语言基础知识，还要具有在词义，词性，词型，句型，用法结构方面一定的语言综合能力。短文改错题是难度最大的一个考题，因为这种考题要求考生判断和改正错误，而这种错误又是一般人在学习英语中最容易犯的错误，并且很难觉察。在学习中模棱两可，似是而非，一知半解的状况普遍存在。所以，在学习和复习英语时，要注意养成良好的学习习惯。 短文改错的特点 1。没有现成的答案可供选择，判断的依据只有短文本身。这就意味着，题目本身在内容上应该是完整的。既然内容完整正确，那么其中的错误一般只会涉及语言形式。 2。是否有错，错在那里，范围很大。这就要求考生对英语句子各个层次的结构和词语的拼写形式了如指掌。 3。错误一般只涉及一个词，多一词，少一词，或错一词。 短文改错的解题思路 做短文改错题的思路，即从那里来寻找错误，可归纳为以下几个方面： 1。主谓是否一致。 2。代词的指代是否明确恰当。 3。动词的时态是否正确，语态是否得当。 4。句型和固定搭配是否准确无误。 5。同义词，近义词，易混词是否用得确切。 6。语序是否正确。 7。句与句，段与段的承接词用得是否正确。 短文改错的解题方法

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