张培基散文翻译1
艰难的国运与雄健的国民
——李大钊
班级：20084242 学号：2008424239 姓名：张颖历史的道路，不会是坦平的，有时走到艰难险阻的境界。这是全靠雄健的精神才能冲过去的。
一条浩浩荡荡的长江大河，有时流到很宽阔的境界，平原无际，一泻万里。有时流到很逼狭的境界，两岸丛山迭岭，绝壁断崖，江河流于期间，回环曲折，极其险峻。民族生命的进展，其经历亦复如是。
人类在历史上的生活正如旅行一样。旅途上的征人所经过的地方，有时是坦荡平原，有时是崎岖险路。志于旅途的人，走到平坦的地方，因是高高兴兴地向前走，走到崎岖的境界，俞是奇趣横生，觉得在此奇绝壮绝的境界，俞能感到一种冒险的美趣。
中华民族现在所逢的史路，是一段崎岖险阻的道路。在这段道路上，实在亦有一种奇绝壮绝的境至，使我们经过此段道路的人，感得一种壮美的趣味，是非有雄健的精神的，不能够感觉到的。
我们的扬子江、黄河，可以代表我们的民族精神，扬子江及黄河遇见沙漠、遇见山峡都是浩浩荡荡的往前流过去，以成其浊流滚滚，一泻万里的魄势。目前的艰难境界，那能阻抑我们民族生命的前进。我们应该拿出雄健的精神，高唱着进行的曲调，在这悲壮歌声中，走过这崎岖险阻的道路。要知在艰难的国运中建造国家，亦是人生最有趣味的事……。
National Crisis vs Heroic Nation
By Li Dazhao
The course of history is never smooth. It is sometimes beset with difficulties and obstacles and nothing short of a heroic spirit can help surmount them.
A mighty long river sometimes flows through a broad section with plains lying boundless on either side, its waters rolling on non-stop for thousands upon thousands of miles. Sometimes it comes up against a narrow section flanked by high mountains and steep cliffs, winding through a course with many a perilous twist and turn. A nation, in the course of its development, fares likewise.
The historical course of man’s life is just like a journey. A traveler on a long journey passes through now a broad, level plain, now a rugged, hazardous road. While a determined traveler cheerfully continues his journey upon reaching a safe and smooth place, he finds it still more fascinating to come to a rugged place, the enormously magnificent spectacle of which, he fee ls, is
better able to generate in him a wonderful sensation of adventure.
The Chinese nation is now confronted with a rugged and dangerous section of its historical course. Nevertheless, there is also in this section a spectacle of enormous magnificence that inspires in us passers-by a delightful sensation of splendor. And this delightful sensation, however, can only be shared by those with a heroic spirit.
The Y angtse River and the Y ellow River are both symbolic of our national spirit the two mighty rivers negotiate deserts and gorges until their turbid torrents surge forward with irresistible force. The present national crisis can never obstruct the advance of our national life. Let us brace up our spirits and march through this rugged, dangerous road to the tune of our solemn, stirring songs. The greatest joy of life, mind you, is to build up our country during its most difficult days.
初读这篇文章是在高中，依稀记得老师当时讲了些什么。翻看当时的笔记，语文老师主要从比喻修辞的使用的角度讲的这篇文章。说明历史发展的必然规律以及中国革命面临的艰难险阻。其次是其思想，大概是告诫同学们要有忧患意识和爱国情怀。所幸背下了他，尽管尚未完全读懂李先生的忧国忧民的济世情怀。
首先，将高中时的笔记抄录下来，如有不妥之处还望多多指教。
这篇文章比喻的使用，增强了说理的透辟性、情感的生动性和语言的形象性，使作品的意蕴、文字的含义同时丰富了起来。本文的比喻处处可见，
1）用长江大河比喻民族生命进程；用扬子江黄河比喻中华民族的历史进程；
2）用“浩浩荡荡”比喻中华民族历史势不可挡，一往无前；
3）用“平原无际，一泻万里”比喻中华民族历史的顺利发展；
4）用“回环曲折”“崎岖险阻”比喻中华民族历史所逢的艰难国运；
5）用长江黄河穿沙漠、过山峡比喻中华民族前进中的艰难斗争；
6）用“浊流滚滚，一泻万里”比喻中华民族的光明前途。
再次品味笔记后，我突然明白作者既在说理，在鼓动民众；又在抒情，抒发作者内心的豪情壮志。比喻的运用，如“道路”“境界”“旅途”“征人”“崎岖险阻”等，既有本义，也有比喻义、引申义，意味隽永，值得反复品味。
大二时，张老师向我推荐了《张培基英译中国现代散文选》。出于好奇，当时买来把中文读了个遍便放在书架。随着岁月的流逝渐渐都蒙尘了，准备考研时才发现了它，心中既无赖很欣喜，怀着复杂的心情开始了阅读和背诵。
张培基老先生把这篇文章作为其译作第一篇，足见其高屋建瓴之智慧，同时也体现了他深厚的文化功底与语言积淀。
1）将艰难险阻译作be set with difficulties and obstacles很高明，换做是我可能既已成了be full of 句型了。
2）将“这是全靠雄健的精神才能冲过去的”译为nothing short of a heroic spirit can help surmount them，需要一定的语法知识，因为一般的译者只会注意其型美，直接译成only。但张老先生就是张老先生，直接用nothing short of 代替nothing less than 或only。
3）Surmount，意为战胜，克服，用在此处传神地再现了“冲”的意味。
4）“宽阔的境界”须按上下文译为a broad section，“境界”在这里不宜译为place、area等。5）“一泻万里”出处李大钊《孙中山先生在中国民族革命史上之位置》：“这一条浩浩荡荡的民族革命运动史的洪流，时而显现，时而潜伏，时而迂回旋绕，蓄势不前，时而急转直下，一泻万里。”按照字面意思很难准确译出，需要归化译为rolling on non-stop for thousands upon thousands of miles，而不能译作rolling on non-stop for ten thousand miles也可译为rolling on vigorously for tens of thousands of miles或rolling on for thousands of miles at a stretch。用“平原无际，一泻万里”比喻中华民族历史的发展势不可挡；
6）对于“回环曲折，极其险峻”这两个短语的译法，我参考爱词霸时竟然发现其引用的例句就是张老先生的译法，译为winding through a course with many a perilous twist and turn，其中twist and turn来自成语twists and turns取“坎坷和曲折或迂回曲折”之意。此处比喻修辞的使用道出了中华民族历史所逢的艰难国运，她要不断地穿过高山峡谷，再次呼应前文“历史的道路，不会是坦平的”
7）“征人”给我们的第一感觉是好像是又有战事了，但此处意为“远行之人”，故译“旅途上的征人”为a traveler on a long journey。
8）“有时……，有时……”译为now……now……
我实难理解为什么不用sometimes……and sometimes……结构。
9）“奇趣横生”，不能望文生义，也不能译作从句，用fascinating就可传神地译出其韵味，于此可见中英文在表达上还是存在一定差异的。
10）“感到一种冒险的美趣”给人的感觉是要把“感到”动词意义译出。但张老先生却译成短语结构a wonderful sensation of adventure，意即“一种敢于冒险的美妙感觉”。
11）“遇见沙漠，遇见山峡都是浩浩荡荡的往前流过去，以成其浊流滚滚，一泻万里的魄势”译为negotiate deserts and gorges until their turbid torrents surge forward with irresistible force, 其中动词to negotiate原本以为是“协商谈判”的意思，翻开词典才知道它竟然有“顺利通过”之意, 后悔当时记单词不全面。用“浊流滚滚，一泻万里”比喻中华民族的光明前途，因为历史的潮流不会改变，尽管前进途中有挫折和艰难险阻。
张培基英汉翻译教程框架
英汉翻译教程— 张培基编著上海外语教育出版社 翻译:是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。
第一节翻译的标准忠实：忠于原作内容、保持原作风格 通顺：通顺易懂、符合规范 语言现象(词汇含义、句法结构、惯用法) 理解逻辑关系 原文所涉及的事物 第二节翻译的过程表达直译：保持内容、形式(比喻、形象等) 意译：正确表达原文内容，不拘泥于形式 人名、地名、日期、方位、数字 段、句、重要的词 校核错或不妥的词、句 无生僻字、陈腔滥调、标点符号 校核两遍：内容、润饰蚊子 对照原文通读一遍 第二节对翻译工作者的要求 1.坚定的无产阶级立场和较高的马克思主义、毛泽东思想的理论水平 2.努力提高本族语和外语的水平 3.不断吸收和丰富各种基础知识，对有关国家的历史、地理、政治、外交、经 济、文化、科学、风俗习惯等。 完全对应:已有通用译名的专用名词、术语、日常生活事物 词义部分对应:概括的范围有广狭之分 无对应：英中新词、反映英美社会特俗风气及事物的词 多对应 第一节词汇词的搭配能力单词作定：英名前后，汉一般前置 定语的位置短语作定：英名前，汉视习惯 饰形或状英汉均前 词序单词作状饰动英动后汉动前 状语的位置程度状饰状英前后汉视习惯 短语作妆英汉动前后均可 英地点时间(小到大)，汉时间地点（大到小） 英简单句→汉复合句 英复合句→汉简单句 句子结构英复合句→汉其他句(英主从→汉其他、英并列→汉偏正) 英倒装句→汉正装句 英主\被→汉被\主 时间英灵活，汉有先后 句序英灵活，汉前因后果 逻辑英灵活，汉前条件假设后果 第二节句法英汉前行后目 英汉前理后果 句子内容的一些其他表达手段：增补、省略、变此类、正反表达
张培基英译现代散文选1
张培基英译现代散文选1 1. Phrasal Expression & Words …amid(st) thun derous applause a bare subsistence A be characteristic of B = B be characterized by A A bend in a river / mountain A blind alley A brass drum 小铜鼓 A bygone age a clot of blood A cobbled path A con fused mass of … A faint scent of A forgone conclusion 预料中的必然结局A hired hand on contract A jumble of … 一大堆 A keen sense of A long-timer of Beijing A loose community of smaller family A man of profound learning A mere drop in the ocean A niche in the temple of fame A passing glance A philosophical approach to life a positive outcome A scene of poetic charm A sensation of blissfulness A speck of mud A stone's throw A trace / shade / tint/ sprinkle of … aptly 恰如其分地Art troupe 文工团At a stretch/sitting At one'scommand at the present moment Avaricious desires 贪念 Bark up the wrong tree 攻击错了目标 bashful Bask in the sunshine Be ablaze/aglow with light be advanced in years be an encumbrance to … Be beset/troubled with/by Be blurred by … Be bogged down = be trapped Be bound up with …密切关联be central/indispensable to sb. Be cooped up = be caged be deeply grieved to learn of … be distinguished by Be en grossed in … Be exquisite and nicely arranged be forever cherished / treasured Be hale and hearty Be havened from be humanly impossible Be imprinted/carved/engraved/ingrained on/upon … be in a fix Be instrumental in 交织着 be irrelevant / foreign to Be keenly aware of be keyed up 紧张Be led by the nose be of southern breed Be off and on be on an equal footing with … Be on the lips of … Be on the minds of.. be out to do … be overgrown with wild woods be packed with … Be plagued = annoyed = upset Be possessed Be possessed of be reconciled to … be reduced to be saddled with be sent to gallows Be short of/devoid of Be shrouded in = be covered in = be enveloped in Be sloppy in thinking Be strewn/covered/festooned with … Be stumped by = baffled Be tantamount to ??= equal Be tinted / colored by … Be troubled / seized with … Be tucked away in … Be weaned 断奶 Be weighed down/ troubled with be wet with perspiration/ … Be wide of / far from the mark 离谱 Be wild with excitement / joy Be worthy of … 无愧于 Beam = a big smile on face Bear a thi n coati ng of … begin by degrees 逐渐开始 Beguile = while / idle / fritter away Bibliomania bicker Birds of a feather flock together Blackout: (战时)灯火管制 Blurt 脱口而出bookish / pedantic / impractical view Border sth on the west boudoir 闺房 Bountiful free gifts Bow down to Brazenly claim / credit 厚颜无耻邀功 Break into uncontrolled sobs Brilliant talent burst with vitality Bury the hatchet Button up clothes By dint of 凭借Capon Carcass: slaughtered animal for food Cavernous mouth Chant ancient Chinese books 诵读古籍 chicken-and-egg 因果难断的 Chit chat Click away the seconds Come dimly into sight Come out exceedingly well Come to pass 出现，发生 Come up against Come upon a windfall Come/be of age A Treasury of Best Chinese Prose 古文观Be interwoven with 止 A vast tract of land A virtuous man / a man of supreme virtue / moral integrity A widening expanse of water abandon … to fate Ache/agonize with pain Adjoining room admire sb for sth affected 做作aim high amiable by nature Amuse on eself by =-do …for fun Amusing episode an enlightened king An odd-jobber An opportune moment 合适时机Ancestral home Approach senility 1
张培基英译散文选3
张培基英译现代散文选3 The Commercial Press and I Unable to see the manuscripts well, I have to rely on someone to read out for me.只能听别人念 With a comment scribbled in red ink about my mistake Enter…on the recommendation of sb. 经…介绍 Co-compile with sb.与…合编 I acted on his behalf as editor of the magazine Fiction Monthly. 代他编…（小说月报）With sb. as my collaborator跟…合作 Do proofreading看校样 It was the post-Great Revolution days when the stirring times found expression in literature.时代的激荡会在文学领域反应出来。 He had up to then written no fiction.他过去不写小说。 Start its publication of the magazine…创办…杂志 Sports requisites体育器械 …boast a galaxy of talent…是知识分子聚集的地方。A galaxy of talent人才济济 Became concurrently director of the People’s Education Publishing House兼任社长 …are still living and enjoy good health健在 It is said that people in the publishing trade live longer.有人说做出版工作的人就是长寿。《什么事不可能》Nothing Is Impossible to a Willing Mind 中国古代神话classical Chinese mythology 《封神传》Canonization of the Gods Make aviation experiments 不过这还是极少数“痴子”的信心，一般人还是嗤之以鼻。 Yet the handful of“dreamers”of those days were subjected to jeers and laughters. 学徒出身的发明家an apprentice-turned-inventor Without the above-mentioned early trailblazers, there would be no human flight to speak of today. 对于飞机大饶兴趣(sb. be) enamored of the flying machine. …不是一蹴而成的。Orville’s 1903 plane was something he accomplished after going through numerous setbacks. Made their first glider(滑翔机)patterned after a paper kite(纸鸢) 所以能向前努力者，无论成败，都有贡献。Therefore, succeed or fail, one is considered to have made a contribution so long as he has tried his utmost. In the face of obstacles面对困难 You need to take much time, do a lot of planning, go through countless procedures and carry out many improvements. And you’ll never make it unless you show the utmost patience. 《说开卷有益》On “Reading Is Always Beneficial” 现在多了一点智识，反过来又觉得古人的不欺我了。Now I know better than to do that. （明事理而不至于…） 可是坏书读了，而知道它的坏的原因与地方，岂不也是一得？After reading a bad book, we know all the whys and wherefores of its being bad.Isn’t that something of benefit to us too? 《当教师的快乐》Joys of the Teaching Career
张培基散文翻译 张培基散文翻译108篇
张培基散文翻译张培基散文翻译108篇 转] 张培基散文翻译语言点精要 xx-6-1614:19阅读转载自甲壳虫 · · · · · · 赞赞赞赞评论转载分享复制地址编辑上一篇| 下一篇：此文胜过你上三年、、、 1、It is sometimes beset with …有时候会有…的境遇/会有…相伴 2、 Nothing short of a … can help …唯有…才能/全靠…才能够 3、 Rolling on non-stop for thousands upon thousands of miles、一泻千里 4、 Fare likewise、正如这样 5、 Now … , now …有时…，有时… 6、 Better able to generate in oneself a sensation of …更能让人产生一种…之 感
7、… is now confronted with a … section of its course、…现在正遭遇进程上的 一段… 8、… , however, can only be shared by …而…，只有…样的人才可体会到 9、 The present … crisis can never obstacle the advance of …目前的…危机绝 不会阻碍…的进步 10、 Let us pace up our spirits and march through ...让我们鼓起雄健的精神 (1) 1、The greatest joy of …, is to … during its most difficult days、在最艰难的日 子里…，亦是最大的乐趣 12、 Grow restless 变得焦躁不安 Beg to differ 恕不同意/持反对意见 13、 Dash here and there in search of …跑来跑去的寻找 14、 He is going to … so that he could …他决定…以便… 15、… is not groundless because ……并非空害怕/没依据，因为… 16、 Keep moving around in a hurry 慌慌张张地走/跑
张培基英译现代散文选1
张培基英译现代散文选1 1. Phrasal Expression & Words … amid(st) thunderous applause a bare subsistence A be characteristic of B = B be characterized by A A bend in a river / mountain A blind alley A brass drum 小铜鼓 A bygone age a clot of blood A cobbled path A confused mass of … A faint scent of A forgone conclusion 预料中的必然结局 A hired hand on contract A jumble of … 一大堆 A keen sense of A long-timer of Beijing A loose community of smaller family A man of profound learning A mere drop in the ocean A niche in the temple of fame A passing glance A philosophical approach to life a positive outcome A scene of poetic charm A sensation of blissfulness A speck of mud A ston e’s throw A trace / shade / tint/ sprinkle of … A Treasury of Best Chinese Prose 古文观止 A vast tract of land A virtuous man / a man of supreme virtue / moral integrity A widening expanse of water abandon … to fate Ache/agonize with pain Adjoining room admire sb for sth affected 做作 aim high amiable by nature Amuse one self by… = do … for fun Amusing episode an enlightened king An odd-jobber An opportune moment 合适时机 Ancestral home Approach senility aptly 恰如其分地 Art troupe 文工团 At a stretch/sitting At one ’s command at the present moment Avaricious desires 贪念 Bark up the wrong tree 攻击错了目标 bashful Bask in the sunshine Be ablaze/aglow with light be advanced in years be an encumbrance to … Be beset/troubled with/by Be blurred by … Be bogged down = be trapped Be bound up with …密切关联 be central/indispensable to sb. Be cooped up = be caged be deeply grieved to learn of … be distinguished by Be engrossed in … Be exquisite and nicely arranged be forever cherished / treasured Be hale and hearty Be havened from be humanly impossible Be imprinted/carved/engraved/ingrained on/upon … be in a fix Be instrumental in Be interwoven with 交织着 be irrelevant / foreign to Be keenly aware of be keyed up 紧张 Be led by the nose be of southern breed Be off and on be on an equal footing with … Be on the lips of … Be on the minds of.. be out to do … be overgrown with wild woods be packed with … Be plagued = annoyed = upset Be possessed Be possessed of be reconciled to … be reduced to be saddled with be sent to gallows Be short of/devoid of Be shrouded in = be covered in = be enveloped in Be sloppy in thinking Be strewn/covered/festooned with … Be stumped by = baffled Be tantamount to …= equal Be tinted / colored by … Be troubled / seized with … Be tucked away in … Be weaned 断奶 Be weighed down/ troubled with be wet with perspiration/… Be wide of / far from the mark 离谱 Be wild with excitement / joy Be worthy of … 无愧于 Beam = a big smile on face Bear a thin coating of … begin by degrees 逐渐开始 Beguile = while / idle / fritter away Bibliomania bicker Birds of a feather flock together Blackout: (战时)灯火管制 Blurt 脱口而出 bookish / pedantic / impractical view Border sth on the west boudoir 闺房 Bountiful free gifts Bow down to Brazenly claim / credit 厚颜无耻邀功 Break into uncontrolled sobs Brilliant talent burst with vitality Bury the hatchet Button up clothes By dint of 凭借 Capon Carcass: slaughtered animal for food Cavernous mouth Chant ancient Chinese books 诵读古籍 chicken-and-egg 因果难断的 Chit chat Click away the seconds Come dimly into sight Come out exceedingly well Come to pass 出现，发生 Come up against Come upon a windfall Come/be of age Confirmed = habitual Confirmed = habitual Congenial disposition 天性 convulsive sob cool one ’s heel Cordially
张培基散文翻译语言点精要
张培基散文翻译语言点精要 1. It is sometimes beset with…有时候会有…的境遇/会有…相伴 2. Nothing short of a…can help…唯有...才能/全靠…才能够 3. rolling on non-stop for thousands upon thousands of miles一泻千里 4. Fare likewise.正如这样 5. Now…, now….有时…，有时… 6. Better able to generate in oneself a sensation of…更能让人产生一种…之感 7.…is now confronted with a…section of its course……现在正遭遇进程上的一段… 8.…, however, can only be shared by…而…,只有…样的人才可体会到 9.Thepresent…criscanneverobstacletheadvanceof…目前的…危机绝不会阻碍…的进步。 1 0." Let us brace up our spirit and march through…让我们鼓起雄健的精神… 1 1." The greatest joy of…, is to…during its most difficult days.在最艰难的日子里…，亦是最大的乐趣。 1 2." Grow restless变得焦躁不安Beg to differ恕不同意/持反对意见 1 3." Dash here and there in search o f…跑来跑去的寻找 1
张培基英译现代散文选1
1 张培基英译现代散文选1 1. Phrasal Expression & Words … amid(st) thunderous applause a bare subsistence A be characteristic of B = B be characterized by A A bend in a river / mountain A blind alley A brass drum 小铜鼓 A bygone age a clot of blood A cobbled path A confused mass of … A faint scent of A forgone conclusion 预料中的必然结局 A hired hand on contract A jumble of … 一大堆 A keen sense of A long-timer of Beijing A loose community of smaller family A man of profound learning A mere drop in the ocean A niche in the temple of fame A passing glance A philosophical approach to life a positive outcome A scene of poetic charm A sensation of blissfulness A speck of mud A ston e’s throw A trace / shade / tint/ sprinkle of … A Treasury of Best Chinese Prose 古文观止 A vast tract of land A virtuous man / a man of supreme virtue / moral integrity A widening expanse of water abandon … to fate Ache/agonize with pain Adjoining room admire sb for sth affected 做作 aim high amiable by nature Amuse one self by… = do … for fun Amusing episode an enlightened king An odd-jobber An opportune moment 合适时机 Ancestral home Approach senility aptly 恰如其分地 Art troupe 文工团 At a stretch/sitting At one ’s command at the present moment Avaricious desires 贪念 Bark up the wrong tree 攻击错了目标 bashful Bask in the sunshine Be ablaze/aglow with light be advanced in years be an encumbrance to … Be beset/troubled with/by Be blurred by … Be bogged down = be trapped Be bound up with …密切关联 be central/indispensable to sb. Be cooped up = be caged be deeply grieved to learn of … be distinguished by Be engrossed in … Be exquisite and nicely arranged be forever cherished / treasured Be hale and hearty Be havened from be humanly impossible Be imprinted/carved/engraved/ingrained on/upon … be in a fix Be instrumental in Be interwoven with 交织着 be irrelevant / foreign to Be keenly aware of be keyed up 紧张 Be led by the nose be of southern breed Be off and on be on an equal footing with … Be on the lips of … Be on the minds of.. be out to do … be overgrown with wild woods be packed with … Be plagued = annoyed = upset Be possessed Be possessed of be reconciled to … be reduced to be saddled with be sent to gallows Be short of/devoid of Be shrouded in = be covered in = be enveloped in Be sloppy in thinking Be strewn/covered/festooned with … Be stumped by = baffled Be tantamount to …= equal Be tinted / colored by … Be troubled / seized with … Be tucked away in … Be weaned 断奶 Be weighed down/ troubled with be wet with perspiration/… Be wide of / far from the mark 离谱 Be wild with excitement / joy Be worthy of … 无愧于 Beam = a big smile on face Bear a thin coating of … begin by degrees 逐渐开始 Beguile = while / idle / fritter away Bibliomania bicker Birds of a feather flock together Blackout: (战时)灯火管制 Blurt 脱口而出 bookish / pedantic / impractical view Border sth on the west boudoir 闺房 Bountiful free gifts Bow down to Brazenly claim / credit 厚颜无耻邀功 Break into uncontrolled sobs Brilliant talent burst with vitality Bury the hatchet Button up clothes By dint of 凭借 Capon Carcass: slaughtered animal for food Cavernous mouth Chant ancient Chinese books 诵读古籍 chicken-and-egg 因果难断的 Chit chat Click away the seconds Come dimly into sight Come out exceedingly well Come to pass 出现，发生 Come up against Come upon a windfall Come/be of age
2019考研翻硕张培基散文笔记
《雾》 Fog 茅盾 Mao Dun |译文摘自张培基《英译中国散文选二》 但在白天看来，却就平凡得很。并排的五六个山峰，差不多高低，就只最西的一峰戴着一簇房子，其余的仅只有树；中间最大的一峰竟还有濯濯地一大块，像是癞子头上的疮疤。现在那照例的晨雾把什么都遮没了；就是稍远的电线杆也躲得毫无影踪。In the daytime,however,it was all prosaic.The five or six peaks forming the front row were about the same height.The westernmost one had on top a cluster of houses while the rest were topped by nothing but trees.The highest one in the middle had on it a large piece of barren land,like the scar on a favus-infected human head.Now,as usual,the morning fog had shut out everything completely,including the not-too-distant wire poles. 要点： 1，“并排的五六个山峰”多重定语，分前后，其中表状态的“并排的”可以后置，译为The five or six peaks forming the front row 2，“中间最大的一峰”中表位置的“中间“可以后置译为The highest one in the middle 3，“濯濯”指山坡上光秃秃的样子，译为barren land 4，“癞子头”是指黄廯感染的头，译为favus-infected human head 4，文中出现多次表示“遮盖”的词，译者根据不同语境，分别用了veil,shut out, shroud,obliterate作同义替换，记得总结哦 综述： 本段重点依旧在于多重定语的翻译，表位置和状态的定语可以后置译为状语~ 渐渐地太阳光从浓雾中钻出来了。那也是可怜的太阳呢！光是那样的淡弱。随后它也躲开，让白茫茫的浓雾吞噬了一切，包围了大地。
实用英汉翻译教案(第一)
1. 翻译的定义 1) To render in another language. --American Heritage Dictionary 转换成另一种语言。--《韦氏大词典》 2) “Translation is the expression in one language (or target language 译入语) of what has been expressed in another language (source language 原语), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.”–Dubois 3) “把一种语言的文字用另一种语言表达出来”--《辞海》、《现代汉语词典》 翻译是许多语言活动中的一种，它是用一种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容重新表现出来的语言实践活动。这一活动分为口头和书面两种形式，有时在不同的语言之间进行，有时在同一国家的不同民族和地区之间进行，这种实践活动更多的应用于前者。 2. 翻译的目的 翻译作为一门课程，其目的就是在掌握汉语和英语这两种语言的基础上，结合不断的翻译实践，学习翻译的各种技巧，提高翻译水平。翻译是较高层次的一门课程，其主要对象为英汉两种语言都达到了相当水平的学生和自学者。因此通过翻译，对已掌握的听说读写的能力可以进行一次全方位的检验，找出漏洞，弥补不足，并使这些能力在应用中得到巩固和提高。学习英语的主要目的是搞翻译，而翻译又可以反过来进一步促进学习。 3. 翻译的历史 1）Translation in Bible On the history of translation there is a central paradigm in the western countries. That is the history of translation in the Bible, the most translated book in the world. Now the whole earth had one language and few words. And as men migrated from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there… Then they said, ―Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves, lest (otherwise) we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.‖And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the sons of men had built. And the Lord said, ―Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language; and this is only the beginning of what they will do; and nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. Come, let us go down, and there confuse their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech.‖ So the lord scattered them abroad from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off building the city. Therefore its name was called Babel, because there the Lord confused the language of all the earth; and from there the Lord scattered them abroad over the face of the earth. 上帝造人之后，赐福于人，人们安居乐业。然后，一群无聊人士希望后世记住这个时代，决心合力修建一座通天高塔，即Babel Tower。上帝恐慌，不希望这个奇观建成，于是让人们分化成不同的语言，令其不能交流。之后，因为沟通不畅，工程被迫放弃，而且人类从此不再团结，因为语言不通而分化成不同部落，并由于沟通问题，经常发生战乱，因此再无力撼动上帝的权威。巴别塔就是通天塔，比喻不可能完成的工程，也表示变乱（人类不再团结）。拜Lord所赐，我们今天要拼命学英语，外国人也要受汉语煎熬。而且，各种分歧，甚至战争，都或多或少由语言文化沟通不良引发。 2) Translation in China Actually the earliest translation can be dated back to ancient time. Versions in two languages used in
张培基《英汉翻译教程》第2讲 关于译者
张培基《英汉翻译教程》第2讲: 关于译者 关于译者 要保证翻译质量，一个好的译者必须具备一定的自身条件。首先，对于本民族语的语言文字他必须有扎实的功底。这一点往往容易被人忽视。翻译的过程包括理解原文和表达原文。译者如果不能很好地掌握汉语，在中译外时就不能正确地理解原文，在外译中时就无法熟练地运用母语来表现原文。因对自己的母语理解失当而导致错译的例子很多。例如，有人把“我是和尚打伞。”译成：“I am a lone monk walking the world with a leaky umbrella.”（Time December 5,1994 p.37）。这显然是对“和尚打伞，无法无天。”这个歇后语不理解造成的。正确的翻译应该是：“I am a monk under an umbrella, defying laws human and divine.”。必要时，还可以加上注释。在外译中时，有时原文的意思理解了，却发现无法准确地表达。请看下面这句话的两种译文： Subways, sewers and other underground passage-ways must be blocked to preventunobserved access into inner city. 译文1：地铁、下水道和其他地下通道必须堵死，以防不被发现而进入城市内。 译文2：对地铁、下水道和其他地下道必须严密封锁，以防敌人潜入市内。 不难看出，译文1表达不准确、欠通顺，译文2则比较准确通顺。由此可见，对母语的理解能力和表达能力直接影响到了翻译质量的好坏。 其次，好的译者必须具备较高的外国语言文字水平。这一点毋庸质疑。好的译文要求译者不光要掌握全面的外语语法知识，还要有很大的词汇量，否则必将影响翻译质量。请看下面这句话的两种译文： Everything seemed to be cut and dry in the minister''s office. 译文1：在部长办公室里，一切似乎都是一刀切齐枯燥无味。 译文2：在部长办公室里，一切似乎都很呆板。 译文1是错误的，“be cut and dry”这一成语指“一切都很少变化”，因此译文2才是准确的。这说明，如果译者缺乏外语素养，翻译质量也同样得不到基本的保证。 第三，除了对两种语言文字的掌握以外，对两种语言的文化相关背景知识要有足够的了解。相关文化背景知识包罗万象，有历史、地理、政治、经济、科学、风俗习惯等等。光在语言上下功夫，而忽略了不同文化背景造成的文化差异，容易导致错译、乱译。随着国际交往的深入，越来越多的人们意识到在跨文化交际当中，由于对异国文化的不了解，已经阻碍了跨文化交际的顺利进行。这一点表现在翻译上尤为明显。同一国家的不同时期，其文化背景也有差异，译者切不可掉以轻心，不求甚解，胡乱翻译。一定要联系年代、地域和其他相关背景来理解原文。如有疑问还可以查阅有关资料和工具书，甚至发e-mail向native speaker 请教。例如，five o''clock shadow到底是什么？是“五点钟的阴影”吗？当然不是。查一下《新英汉美国小百科》就知道是指男子的络腮胡子，早上刮干净后到下午五点有长出的胡子茬。更可怕的是有些译者自以为是中国人就一定会了解中国文化，于是就想当然，随意翻译。如有些正规出版物中，把“八大山人”译为“eight famous recluse monks ”，实际上，