主从复合句和并列句

并列句基本概念：

并列复合句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。两个简单句常由并列连接词连在一起；但有时不用连接词,只在两个简单句之间用一逗号或分号。

2、常见的并列句：

(1)用来连接两个并列概念的连接词有and,not only…but also…,neither…nor…等,and所连接的前后分句往往表示先后关系、递进关系。前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。

(2)表示在两者之间选择一个,常用的连接词有or,otherwise,ore lse,either…or…等,前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。

(3)表明两个概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者转折,常用的连接词有but,yet,still,however 等,前后分句时态一致。

(4)说明原因,用连接词for,前后分句时态一致。

(5)表示结果,用连接词so,前后分句时态一致。

主从复合句

1、概念：

主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。如：While the grandparents love the children,they are strict with them.(爷爷奶奶们很爱孩子,同时对他们也严格要求。)/It seems that the meeting would never end.(看起来会议没完没了。)/Hurry up,or(else)you'll be late.(快点,要不然就来不及了。)/However I cook eggs,the child still refuses to eat them.(不管我用什么方法煮鸡蛋,小孩还是不肯吃。)

2、分类：

从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等。（参见以下各条）

3、各从句在句子中的位置以及用法：

(1)表语从句：在句子中作连系动词的表语的从句,它位于主句中的系动词之后。

例如：That is why he did not come to school yesterday./It Is because you are so clever.

(2)宾语从句：在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。

①基本形式：（主句＋）连词+从句主语+从句谓语+...

②关于宾语从句连词的选择：

若从句来源于一个陈述句,那么,连词用that,在口语中that可以省略;

若从句来源于一个一般疑问句,连词则用if或whether;

若从句来源于一个特殊疑问句,则连词就是疑问词(如what,who,where,when等)

例如：They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings.(他们相信计算机终将代替人类。)(从句本来就是陈述句)/I wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster.(我不知道是不是该为他在校长跟前说点什么。)(从句来源于一般问句Shall I say something for him to the headmaster?)/He asked me where he could get such medicine.(他问我在哪儿能搞到那样的药。)(从句来源于特殊问句Where can he get such medicine?)

③宾语从句的时态问题：如果主句是现在时,从句则用现在某一时态,甚至可以用过去时；

如主句是过去时,从句则相应地使用过去某一时态,遇到客观真理时仍然用现在时。如：I think I will do better in English this term.(我想本学期我的英语会学得好点。)/The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round.(老师问那个男孩地球是不是圆的。)

④下列结构后面的从句一般也作为宾语从句看待：

Be sorry/afraid/sure/glad+that从句,如：I'm sorry I'm late.(对不起,我迟到了。)/I'm afraid he isn't in at the moment.(恐怕他此刻不在家。)

(3)状语从句：在复合句中作状语,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。状语从句可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较、让步、条件等几种。状语从句由从属连接词引导。

时间状语从句通常由

when,as,while,after,before,since,assoonas,since,till(until),while,whenever等引导。时间状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。如：When you finish the work,you may go out to play with Sam.(你完成工作就可以出去和Jim一起玩了。)/I won't leave until Mum comes back.(妈妈回来了我才会走。)

地点状语从句通常由where,wherever等引导。如：Go back where you came from!(哪里来还滚到哪里去！)/ Iwill never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be.(我永远也不会忘记去抓住那个偷我项链的贼,无论他会在哪里。)

原因状语从句通常由because,since,as等引导,一般放在句首或句尾。如：He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him.(他出国了,因为他父亲给他找了一所好大学。)

目的状语从句通常由so that...,so...hat...,inorderthat...等引导,往往放在句尾,从句中通常含有can/could/may/might等情态动词。如：He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train.(他起身更早为的是赶上第一班车。)

结果状语从句通常由so that...,so...that...等引导,放在句尾。结果状语从句一般表示已经发生的事情,故多为过去时态。如：He lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one.(他丢了那么多辆自行车,他决定再也不买新车了。)

比较状语从句通常由as,than,as(so)...as等引导,一般省略从句的谓语部分,只剩下名词或代词(用主格或宾格均可)。如：Jane is much taller than I/me.(Jane比我高多了。)/I don't have as many books as you(do).(我书没有你多)

让步状语从句通常由though(although),as,even if(even though),however,whatever 等引导。如：Even if you pay the debt(债务)for me,I will not thank you because it has nothing to do with me.(即使你替我还了债我也不会感谢你,因为它与我毫无关系。)/He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold.(他穿了一件T恤衫,尽管天很冷。)

条件状语从句通常由if,unless,aslongas等引导,条件状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。You will certainly fail in the coming final exams unless you work much harder.(即将来到的期末考试你肯定考不及格,除非你更用功。)/If it doesn' train tomorrow,we shall go hiking.(如果明天不下雨我们就要去徒步旅行。)

[注意]1、because与so；(al)though与but；if与so不可以同在一个句子中成对出现。

2、时间、条件、原因,让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号与主句隔开。

(4)定语从句：在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

①定语从句的位置：放在名词或代词的后面。如：The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle.(手上抓了一把雨伞的人是我的叔叔。)

②语法术语的改变：被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词；引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词,其中that、which、who称为关系代词,where、when、how称为关系副词。

③关系代词或关系副词的作用：

关系代词who、whom和whose指人,分别在从句中作主语、宾语和定语。which指物that 多指物,有时也指人,它们在从句中可以作主语或宾语。定语从句中关系代词作从句宾语时可以省略。This is the thief(that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days.(这个就是我们近日一直在找的小偷。)/Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in.(请找一间足够大能住下我们全体的房间。)

关系副词when或where引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。如：This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago.(这是一个星期前他们吵架的房

间。)/I can never forget the day when I first saw you.(我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。)

④限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句在句中不能省略,否则主句意思就不完整。非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,这种从句是一种附加说明,如果从句子中省去,也不致于影响主句的意思。如：She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book,which none of us had heard of.(她一个晚上都在谈论她最近的书,我们一个人都没有听说过那本书。)

[注解]

1、关系代词只能用that的情况：

当先行词是指事物的不定代词(all,anything等),或先行词部分含有最高级,或含有序数词时,不能用其他的关系代词,只能用that.如：All that Lily told me seems

untrue.(Lily告诉我的话似乎不真实。)/Can you give me anything that has nosugar inside?(能不能给我点里面没有糖的东西？)/This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city.(这是第一辆运行于我市的双层公交车。)

2、关系代词在从句中作主语时一般用who(指人)、that(指物),而不用that指人或用which指物。

如：Do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner?(你认识那个在角落里哭泣的女人吗？)/Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me.(跟我无关的话,请一个字也不要说。)

3、关系代词作从句的宾语时,常用which或whom,较少使用that或who,而且,关系代词常常省略。

如：Tom's father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to.(Tom的父亲是我们老师第一个谈话的人。)

4、当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时,必须用which或whom,而当介词移到句尾时,则又可以使用that或who.

如：This is the room in which Miss Li once lived.(=This is the room Miss Li once lived in.)(这是李小姐曾经居住过的房间。)

(5)主语从句：在句子中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句。位于谓语动词之前。通常由that,whether以及疑问连词引导。一般情况下,常用it替代主语从句,而将主语从句移到句尾。如：When we should start is still a question.(我们该在什么时候开始还是个问题呢。)

直接引语和间接引语

1、直接引语和间接引语：在陈述句中,直接引用说话人原来的语句,称为直接引语。在书写时,直接引语用引号。用自己的词语来转述表达原来说话人说的内容,称为间接引语。

2、直接引语改变为间接引语：

1、直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时应注意以下各点：

①不用引号,而用连接词that,但有时可省略。

②人称作相应变化；

③主句里的动词如果是过去时,间接引语中的时态一般应作相应改变：一般现在时变一般过去时；一般将来时变过去将来时；现在进行时变过去进行时；现在完成时变成过去完成时；一般过去时变成过去完成时；但一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间连用,则时态不变。

如：He says,"I am not from the USA."→He says that he is not from the USA.

Mr Smith said to his girlfriend,"I haven't seen you for a long time."

→Mr Smith said to his girlfriend that he had not seen her for a long time.

2、直接引语如果是一般疑问句,变为间接引语时,需用从属连接词whether或if引导,词序要改变。如：Lin Tao said to Miss Green,"Is it made in China?"→Lin Tao askd Miss Green if it was made in China.

3、直接引语如果是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时,需用疑问词引导,词序是：连词+主语+谓语。

如：Lucy said to me,"How can I help?"→Lucy asked me how she could help.

4、直接引语如是祈使句,变间接引语时,须将祈使句变为动词不定式,并在动词不定式前用tell,ask,order.如：He said to the little boy,"Come here,young man!"

→He asked the little boy to go there.

5、直接引语变为间接引语时,指示代词以及表示时间和地点的词或词组应作相应变化

倒装句：谓语的一部分或者全部放在主语之前的句子称为倒装句。

1、THEREBE句型以及以here、there开头的句子。如：There are a lot of children in the showroom.(在展览室里有许多的小孩。)/Here comes the bus.(公交车来了。)/

There goes the bell.(铃响了。)/The door opened and in came Mr Lee.(门开了,李先生走了进来。)

2、用"So/Nor/Neither+助动词+主语"倒装结构表示第二个人物的情况与上文的人物情况相同。如：Tom went to the beach last week,and,so did I.(Tom上个星期去了海滩,我也是。)/Li Mei has bought nothing from the shop.Neither has Jim.(李梅没有在店里买什么,Jim也没有买。)

3、在疑问句中,通常使用在主语之前安放助动词的倒装方法,对主语提问除外。如How did he find the lost book?(他是怎么样找到丢失的书的？)/Where are they going to spend the summer vacation?(他们打算到哪儿过暑假？)

4、感叹句中通常将被感叹的部分前移,而将句子的主谓语整体后置What a beautiful flower(it is)!(那是多漂亮的花！)

5、有引号引用某人的原话时,引号外面的主谓一般采用倒装形式放在句尾,但是,若主语是代词则不倒装。如："What on earth are you doing up there?"said the father.(父亲说："你在上边到底干什么？")/"What on earth are you doing up there?"he said.(他说："你在上边到底干什么？")

附加注释:die、dead、death的用法：die是动词,可以独立做谓语,有各种时态变化,也可以变成非谓语形式作句子的其他成分；dead是形容词,作句子的定语、表语或宾语补足语；death是名词,作句子的主语、宾语等。如：I'm going to die!(我要死了！)/The man has been dead for about three months.(那个人死了三个月左右。)/He is worried to death.(他急得要死。)

单项选择

1.Miss Green didn’t tell us _____ in 200

2.

A. where does she live

B. where she lives

C. where did she live

D. where she lived

2.--- I’d like to find some information about Hainan Island. Would you please teach me ___ to

surf the Internet. --- With pleasure.

A. what

B. when

C. how

D. where

3.The teacher asked the students _______.

A. if they were interested in dinosaurs

B. when was Albert Einstein born

C. what they will do with the computers

D. how many trees they have planted

4.--- Are you sure you have to? It’s been very late.

--- I don’t know ____ I can do it if n ot now.

A. where

B. why

C. when

D. how

5.Would you show me ______ am e-mail, please? First time for me.

A. how to make

B. how to send

C. which to make

D. when to send

6.Would you please tell me ___ next, Mr. Wang?

A. what should we do

B. we should do what

C. what we should do

D. should we do what

7.I don’t know ______.

A.where does he live

B. where he lives

C. where did he live

D. he live where

8.I’m going to buy a birthday present for Benny. Do you know_____?

A.when was he born

B. when he was born

C. when he is born

D. when is he born

9.--- Could you tell me _____? --- Sorry, I don’t know. I was not at the meeting.

A.what does he say at the meeting

B. what did he say at the meeting

C. what he says at the meeting

D. what he said at the meeting

10.I can’t say ____ I want to go back to my hometown. It’s quite a few years since I last went

back.

A. how much

B. how long

C. how often

D. how soon

11.I don’t know when _____.

A. will the train leave

B. the train will leave

C. would the train leave

D. the train leaves

12.Excuse me, can you tell me ______next?

A. how to do

B. what would to be

C. what we should do

D. how we should do

13.Do you know _____ during the coming summer holiday?

A. what Tom will do

B. what did Tom do

C. what will Tom do

D. what Tom did

14.--- Please tell me which book _____ best. --- That one.

A. do you like

B. you like

C. will you like

D. can you like

15.Please tell me _____ when we were outside the office.

A.where they are doing

B. what are they doing

C. what they were doing

D. what were they doing

16.No one knows ______.

A. where is the post office

B. where the post office is

C. the place is the post office

D. the post office is the place

17.He was very angry with _______ she said.

A. what

B. when

C. how

D. why

18.I don’t know _______.

A. what the population of Nanjing is

B. what is the population of Nanjing

C. how much the population in Nanjing is

D. how much is the population in Nanjing

19.--- Could you tell me_____? --- It’s about ten minutes’ ride.

A. where is your school

B. how far your school is from here

C. when do you go to school

D. which the way to your school is

20.We’d like to know ________ or not.

A.whether will the sports meeting come

B. if will the sports meeting come

C. whether the sorts meeting will come

D. if the sports meeting will come

21.Does anybody know if ______ to Shenzhen in the morning next Saturday?

A.is there a flight

B. there is a flight

C. there was a flight

D. was there a flight

22.I’d like to buy a new suit, but I don’t know _____.

A.where could buy it

B. I should choose which

C. which I should choose

D. when can I get it

23. --- Do you know ______? --- Only ten months old.

A. when does Tiger Woods start golfing

B. when did Tiger Woods start golfing

C. when Tiger Woods starts golfing

D. when Tiger Woods started golfing

24.--- Could you please tell me ______ the Christmas? --- Sure.

A.how decorate

B. how to decorate

C. how celebrate

D. how to celebrate

25.---What are you searching the Internet for? --- I’m trying to find out ____.

A.what’s difference between SARS and BIRD FLU

B.how many persons have died in Iraq

C. how protect our environment

D.Why isn’t our Chinese team able to beat Korea

26.It’s up to you decide _____ you’ll go there , by air or by road.

A. how

B. why

C. that

D. when

27.You can’t imagine ______ when they received these nice Chinese presents.

A. how they were excited

B. how excited they were

C. how excited were they

D. they were how excited

28.Most families in China now have only one child. Parents should teach them ______ others

when they are young.

A.what to play with

B. when to get on with

C. which to play with

D. how to get on with

29. --- Do you know ______? --- Yes, I do. She came here on foot.

A. where Kate came from

B. how Kate came here

C. when Kate comes here

D. why Kate didn’t come here

30.There is not much different between the two. I really don’t know ______.

A. what should I choose

B. which I should choose

C. which should I choose

D. what I should choose

完成句子

1.从今以后,我们要更加努力学习英语。

We must study English harder___________________________________________________.

2.她的梦想就是长大当一名教师。

Her dream is to be a teacher when she____________________________________________.

3.你应该学会如何与他人相处。

You should learn how to _____________________________________________with others.

4.植树可以防止土壤沙化。

Planting trees can_____________________________________________changing into sand.

5.他在照顾他妹妹。

___________________________________________________________________________.

6.学生们正在谈论那场足球赛。

The sudents are________________________________________________the football match.

7.不管她多忙，她都不放弃学习英语。

No matter how busy she is, she won’t____________________________________________.

8.他们打算参加下一届校运会吗？

Are they going to ______________________________________the next school sports meet?

9.在英语学习中懂得如何查词典很重要。

It is very important to know how to ___________________in the dictionary in English study.

10.我们常常在放学后踢足球。

___________________________________________________________________________.

11.我们中十个人将去游泳，其余的将在沙滩上打排球。

The ten of us will go swimming_______________________will play volleyball on the sands.

12.你猜我买那手表用了多少钱？

Can you guess how much______________________________________________this watch?

13.吉姆的父母想知道他的学习情况。

Jim’ parents wanted to know how he ______________________________________his study.

14.不烧开才能喝。

The water________________________________________________until you have boiled it.

15.我国的太空船已经围绕地球飞行了二十多小时。

Our spaceship _________________________________ the earth for more than twenty hours.

16.多亏了你的帮助，我们按时完成了作业。

Thanks to your help, we_______________________________________________________.

17.经过讨论，（1）班的同学同意和我们进行足球比赛。

After some discussion, the students of Class One___________________________________.

18.大家都知道汉语和英语有很大差别。

Everybody knows that Chinese_________________________________________________.

19.肇庆因美丽的星湖而闻名全国。

Zhaoqing______________________________________its beautiful star lake in our country.

20.所有的学生都参加了上个短期学校的运动会。

All the students___________________________________the school sports meet last week.

21.湛江市以海鲜闻名。

The city of Zhanjiang_________________________________________________seafood.

22.除非你尽可能多说英语，否则你很难提高。

It is hard to improve english unless you speak it___________________________________.

23.别放弃，很快我们就会赶上其它同学。

Don’t give up, we____________________________________________________________.

24.这些书不能带出阅览室。

These books _____________________________________________out of the reading room.

25.你能告诉我你每天什么时候到校？

Can you tell me _______________________________________________school every day?

26.刘翔是世界上最优秀的运动员之一。

Liu Xiang is _______________________________________________________________.

27.梅州人民正为创办优秀旅游城市做准备。

The people of Meizhou___________________________ setting up the super city of tourist.

28.他们把那条白猫当作他们的家庭成员。

They__________________________________________________members of their families.

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1).定语从句 2).状语从句 3).名词性从句 I don’t like the wa y (that, in which) he talked to me. Please pass me the book whose cover is green. （of which t

he cover/the cover of which）

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