无线通信5G介绍英文论文 A Brief Introduction About 5G Network

A Brief Introduction About 5G Network Jia

Abstract

With the rapid development of wireless technologies, theconcept of the Fifth Generation (5G) wireless communicationsystem started to emerge. But most people know little about 5G，includingsome aspects of 5G wireless communication networks ,just like what 5G is about: what are the building blocks of core5G system concept, what are the main challenges and how totackle them.Besides,A number of countries and organizations working on 5G, 5G development situation in China is of concern to everyone, China also needs to have its own place in such a competitive environment.

Keywords:

5G Network,history,Core concept,Challenges, Solutions, In china

Table of Content

1. Introduction................................................................................................................. - 3 -

2. Research and development history ............................................................................. - 3 -

3. Core Concept .............................................................................................................. - 4 -

4. Challenges and Solutions ............................................................................................ - 5 - 4.1 5G Transport Challenge ........................................................................................ - 6 - 4.2 5G Transport Challenge and some Solutions ........................................................ - 7 - 4.3 Machine to Machine Communication ................................................................... - 7 - 4.3 Core Network Virtualisation ................................................................................. - 8 -

4.4 Summary ............................................................................................................... - 8 -

5. 5G In China................................................................................................................. - 9 - 5.5.1 White paper ........................................................................................................ - 9 - 5.5.2 5G standards ...................................................................................................... - 9 - 5.5.3 China communications companies .................................................................... - 9 -

5.5.4 Summary .......................................................................................................... - 10 -

6. Conlusion .................................................................................................................. - 10 -

7. Acronyms .................................................................................................................. - 11 -

8. References................................................................................................................. - 11 -

1.Introduction

5G (Fifth-generation mobile communications) is a new generation of mobile communication mobile communication systems for 2020, with high spectral efficiency and low power consumption, in terms of transfer rate and resource utilization improvement over 4G system 10 times, its wireless coverage performance and user experience will be significantly improved. 5G will be closely integrated with other wireless mobile communication technology, constitute a new generation of ubiquitous mobile information network, to meetfuture mobile Internet traffic 1000x development needs in 10 years.[1]

In this paper I will show you some latest research and development history,whatare the building blocks of core5G system concept, what are the main challenges and how totackle them firstly. In the rest of paper I will show how 5G developmentin China in recent years and my conclusion after research literature.

2. Research and development history

February 2013, the EU announced that it would grant 50 million euros to accelerate the development of 5G mobile technology, plans to launch a mature standard in 2020. [2][3]

May13,2013,South Korea's Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. announced that it has successfully developed the 5th generation mobile communication (5G) core technology, which is expected to begin in 2020 to commercialization. The technology can transmit data at ultra-high frequency 28GHz to 1Gbps per second speed, and the maximum transmission distance of up to 2 km. In contrast, the current fourth generation Long Term Evolution (4GLTE) and services of only the transmission rate 75Mbps. Prior to the transmission bottleneck is widely believed that a technical problem, while Samsung Electronics is the use of 64 adaptive array antenna elements transmission technology to crack this problem. Compared with the transmission speed of 4G technologyin South Korea, 5G technology is hundreds of times faster. Using this technique, download a high-definition (HD) movie just need 10 seconds.

Back in 2009, Huawei has launched the early research related technologies, and to show the prototype of the 5G base in later years.In November 6, 2013,Huawei announced that it would invest $600 million in 2018 for the 5G technology development and innovation, and predicted that users will enjoy 20Gbps commercial 5G mobile networksin 2020.

May 8, 2014, the Japanese telecom operator NTT DoCoMo announced officially, Ericsson ,Nokia, Samsung and other six manufacturers to work together, began testing override 1000 times than existing 4G networks the carrying capacity of the high-speed network 5G network, the transmission speed is expected to 10Gbps. Outdoor testing scheduled to commence in 2015, and expects to begin operations in 2020.[3]

March 1, 2015, the British "Daily Mail" reported that the British 5G network has successfully developed and tested for data transmission within 100 meters per second data transfer of up to 125GB, is 6.5 times the 4G network, in theory, a 30 seconds to download movies, adding that investment in public test in 2018, 2020 officially put into commercial use.[4]

February 11, 2015 in the afternoon news, IMT-2020 (5G) to promote the group (hereinafter referred to as "advance group") held a conference in Beijing 5G concept of white paper. White Paper from the mobile Internet and networking composed mainly of application scenarios, business needs and challenges of starting summed continuous wide area coverage, high reliability of the four major technology 5G scene of high capacity, low power consumption and low latency connection. Meanwhile, the combination of core technologies and key capabilities 5G and 5G concept proposed by the "flag sexuality index + a set of key technologies" common definition.

March 3,2015,theEuropeanEconomic and Social Commission for DigitalFurusawaOttinge officially announced the EU's vision of public-private partnerships 5G, and strive to ensure that the right to speak in the next generation of mobile technology in Europe in the global standard.Ottinger said that, 5G vision of public-private partnership involves not only fiber, wireless or satellite communications network integrated with each other, will also use the software-defined networking (SDN), network functions virtualization (NFV), Mobile Edge computing (MEC) and Fog Computing technology. In the spectrum, the EU's vision of public-private partnership will be designated 5G hundreds of megahertz to improve network performance, 60 GHz and higher frequency bands will also be taken into account.

A number of countries and organizations announced,5G network will be operational between 2020 ~ 2025.

3.Core Concept

What is 5G? I believe many people will be so questionable when see 5G. Judging from the word meaning, 5G refers to the fifth generation of mobile communications. However, how should it define? Currently, the global industry for 5G concept not yet agreed. China IMT-2020 (5G) group released the White Paper considers the concept 5G, 5G integrated key capabilities and core technology, 5G concept by "important targets" and "a group of key technologies" to a common definition. Among them, the flag indicators "Gbps rate user experience" is a set of key technologies, including large-scale antenna array, ultra-dense networking, new multi-site, full-spectrum access and new network architectures.

Recalling the course of development of mobile communications, each generation of

mobile communication systems can be defined by sexual performance indicators and signs of key technologies. Wherein, 1G using FDMA, only analog voice services; 2G mainly using TDMA, can provide voice and low-speed digital data services; 3G to CDMA technology is characterized by user peak rate of 2Mbps to reach tens of Mbps, support multimedia data services; 4G OFDMAtechnology as the core, the user peak rate of up to 100Mbps ~ 1Gbps, can support a variety of mobile broadband data services.

5G key competencies richer than previous generations of mobile communications, user experience, speed, density of connections, end to end delay, the peak rate and mobility and so will be the 5G key performance indicators. However, unlike the case in the past only to emphasize different peak rate, the industry generally believe that the rate of the user experience is the most important performance indicators, it truly reflects the real data rate available to the user, and the user experience is the closest performance. Based on the technology needs of the main scene 5G, 5G user experience rate should reach Gbpsmagnitude.

Faced with diverse scenes of extreme performance demands differentiation, 5G cannot have solutions for all scenarios. In addition, the current wireless technology innovation has diversified development trend, in addition to the new multi-access technology, large-scale antenna array, ultra-dense network, the whole spectrum access, the new network architecture, also is considered to be the main technical direction.5G can play a key role in the major technology scene.[5]

Figure 1 - 5G Concept

4.Challenges and Solutions

In this part I outline some observed research challengesand directions in the mobile network development and show some may become the future trends and solutions that may lead to improved network performance while meeting the constantly increasing user demands.

4.15G TransportChallenge

In order to understand the 5G transport challenges one mustunderstand how 5G may evolve the radio access segment.Among the various initiatives that are looking into 5G, we can defines 5G in terms of scenarioswhich the next generation wireless access networks will haveto support. [6]A total of five future scenarios have been defined,namely amazingly fast (users want to enjoy instantaneousnetwork connectivity), great service in a crowd, ubiquitousthings communicating (i.e., effective support to Internet ofThings), super real time and reliable connections, and bestexperience follows you. Each of these scenarios introduces achallenge .

Three of these challenges (i.e., veryhigh data rate, very dense crowds of users and mobility) aremore traditional in the sense that they are related to continuedenhancement of user experience and supporting increasingtraffic volumes and mobility. Two emerging challenges, verylow latency and very low energy, cost and massive numberof devices, are associated with the application of wirelesscommunications to new areas. Future applications may beassociated with one or several of these scenarios imposingdifferent challenges to the network. In METIS twelve specifictest cases were defined and mapped onto the five scenarios. The selected test cases essentially sample the spaceof future applications. Once technical enablers that fulfill therequirements for these test cases are defined, it is expected thatother applications subject to the same fundamental challenges,will successfully be supported. As a consequence, definingtechnical enablers for the 5G test cases means also definingtechnical solutions to the 5G challenges.

While METIS[7] is focused on wireless access, the challengesdefined for 5G are expected to impact also the transport.Support for very high data rates will require both highercapacity radio access nodes as well as a densification of radioaccess sites. This, in turn, translates into a transport networkthat needs to support more sites and higher capacity per site,i.e. huge traffic volumes. The great service in a crowd scenariowill put requirements on the transport network to provide veryhigh capacity on-demand to specific geographical locations. Inaddition, the best experience follows you scenario, suggests achallenge in terms of fast reconfigurability of the transportresources. On the contrary, the other 5G challenges are notexpected to play as important role for shaping the transport, asfor example the case of very low latency and very low energy,cost and massive number of devices. A properly dimensionedtransport network based on modern wireless and/or opticaltechnologies is already today able to provide extremely lowlatency, i.e., the end-to-end delay contribution of the transportnetwork is usually almost negligible. In addition, while ahuge number of connected machines and devices will createa challenge for the wireless network, it will most probablynot significantly impact the transport. This is due to the factthat the traffic generated by a large number of devices over ageographical area will already be aggregated in the transport.The three scenarios for the transport network described aboveare summarized along with their correspondingchallenges and test cases. Note that does not reportall the original test cases but only those that pose challengesto the transport network. This information will be used

laterin the paper to identify the appropriate transport technologies.

4.2 5G Transport Challenge and some Solutions

This section provides an overview of a number of transportoptions for 5G wireless networks. A 5G transport network canbe divided in two different segments, i.e., small cell transportand metro/aggregation (Fig. 2). The small cell transport segmentaggregates the traffic to/from the wireless small cellstowards the metro/aggregation segment. Different solutions interms of technology (e.g., optics, wireless) and topology (e.g.,tree, ring, mesh) are possibledepending on the specificwireless access scenario. The metro/aggregation segment, onthe other hand, connects different site types (i.e., macro and/orsmall cells) among themselves and to the core network, thelatter via the service edge (service node for the interconnectionamong different network domains).

For the metro/aggregation segment one promising solutionis represented by a dense-wavelength-division multiplexing(DWDM)[8] - centric network. In such a network, packetaggregation takes place at the edges of the network (e.g., atsmall/macro cells sites and at the service edge), while atcenter (i.e., between access and metro rings) switching isdone completely in the optical domain thanks to active opticalelements such as wavelength selective switches (WSSs) andreconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers (ROADMs). Ithas already been demonstrated that DWDM-centric solutionshave the potential to offer high capacity (in the order of tens tohundreds of Gbps) and lower energy consumption than theirpacket-centric counterparts (i.e., with packet aggregation at thecenter of the network).[9] For this reason the DWDM-centricmetro/aggregation concept may represent a good candidate forfuture 5G transport networks.[10]

4.3 Machine to Machine Communication

Machine to Machine CommunicationBesides network evolution, we observe also device evolutionthat become more and more powerful. The future wirelesslandscape will serve not only mobile users through suchdevices as smartphones, tablets or game consoles but alsoa tremendous number of any other devices, such as cars,smart grid terminals, health monitoring devices and householdappliances that would soon require a connection to theInternet. The number of connected devices will proliferate ata very high speed. It is estimated that the M2M traffic willincrease 24-fold between 2012 and 2017 .[11]

M2M communication is already today often used in fleetmonitoring or vehicle tracking. Possible future usage scenariosinclude a wide variety of e-health applications anddevices, for instance new electronic and wireless apparatusused to address the needs of elderly people suffering fromdiseases like Alzheim er’s, o r wearable heart monitors. Suchsensors would enable patient monitoring and aid doctors toobserve patients constantly and treat

them in a better way.It will also reduce the costs of treatment, as it can be done remotely, without the need of going to a hospital.

Remote patient monitoring using a Body Area Network(BAN), where a number of wireless sensors, both on-skin and implanted, record the patient’s health parameter s andsends reports to a doctor, will soon become a reality and animportant part of 5G paradigm. Therefore, in order to offere-health services, 5G will need to provide high bandwidth,meet extremely high Quality of Service (QoS) requirements,e.g., ultra low latency and lossless video compression formedical purposes, and implement enhanced security mechanisms.Furthermore, extended work will need to be doneto efficiently manage radio resources, due to high diversityof traffic types, ranging from the reports sent periodically bythe meters, to high quality medical video transmission.

4.3 Core Network Virtualisation

Moving towards 5G imposes changes not only in the RadioAccess Network (RAN) but also in the Core Network (CN),where new approaches to network design are needed to provideconnectivity to growing number of users and devices.The trend is to decouple hardware from software and movethe network functions towards the latter one. Software DefinedNetworking (SDN) being standardised by Open NetworkingFoundation (ONF) assumes separation of the controland data plane[12]. Consequently, thanks to centralizationand programmability, configuration of forwarding canbe greatly automated.

Moreover, standardisation efforts aiming at defining NetworkFunctions Virtualisation(NFV) are conducted by multipleindustrial partners including network operators and equipmentvendors within ETSI.[13] Introducing a new softwarebased solution is much faster than installing an additionalspecialised device with a particular functionality.Both solutions would improve the network adaptability andmake it easily scalable. As a result of simpler operation, onecan expect more dynamic and faster deployment of new networkfeatures.

4.4Summary

I only list a partial of the challenges of 5G networks and possible solutions , in fact, before making a formal universal 5G are still many problems to be overcome, it also requires effort frontline researchers.

5.5G In China

5.5.1 White paper

February 11, 2015，China released White paper about concept of 5G.It instantly make more people are concerned about 5G. People eager to 5G network as soon as possible.

The White Paper published, the concept from various angles, core competencies, technical characteristics of 5G defined and interpreted. At the same time, this is the IMT-2020 (5G) to promote the group last year after the publication of the White Paper 5G vision and needs another masterpiece. The foreseeable future, as the Chinese government pay more attention to the development of 5G and adopt a more open attitude, with the joint efforts of the industry, and China will play an increasingly important role in the global 5G development, global industry will also be unified 5G standard stride forward.

5.5.2 5G standards

China will actively participate in the development of 5G standards, will help China to further enhance the patent position in international communication standards, escort for our mobile phone manufacturing.

China is a big manufacturing country, the state has proposed the creation of a strategic shift to China, 3G and 4G standards successful experience will help us win more patents in the development of 5G standard time, to achieve the transformation of China to create the goal.

5.5.3 China communications companies

February 12, 2015, the International Telecommunication Union standard 5G start research work, and clearly the IMT-2020 work plan: will complete the IMT-2020 international standard preliminary studies in 2015, 2016 will be carried out 5G technical performance requirements and evaluation methods Research, by the end of 2017 to start collecting 5G candidate to complete standards by the end of 2020.

It is worth noting that, in the 5G standards, Huawei, ZTE and other Chinese telecommunications companies such as Ericsson veteran communications companies also play an important role, in which Huawei from between 2013 to 2018, five years is ho throw $ 600 million 5G conduct research and innovation.

Recently, ZTE 5G key technologies to achieve new progress. Following the end of the year to complete Massive MIMO antenna array massive field test, ZTE independently developed the proposed super dense network UDN, multiple users to share access to Multi-User Shared Access and other core technologies through demonstration, in Pre5G phase is expected to be applied.[14]

Huawei CEO HuHouKun rotation, said in 2015, the company will spend the equivalent of about 10% in 2014 research and development budget, or $ 60 million, the development of 5G technology. Overall, the company's commitment in the next few years, $ 600 million investment in 5G technology. 5G is a next-generation mobile communications standard, is expected early in the next decade and put into use.[15]

5.5.4 Summary

China needs to have its own place in the 5G market, China's communications companies are also very hard, believe in the future, China's R & D level 5G will lead other countries.

6.Conlusion

In this paper，I presented a summary of the concept,chanlleges,solusions and 5G in china.For 2020 and the future of the mobile Internet and networking business needs, 5G will focus on supporting the continuous wide area coverage, hot high-capacity, low power consumption and low latency connection highly reliable four main technical scenario, the use of large scale antenna array , ultra-dense networking, new multi-site, full-spectrum access and new network architectures, such as the core technology, through the evolution of new 4G air interface and two technical routes to achieve Gbps rate user experience, and to ensure consistency in service under a variety of scenarios .

5G network to achieve real business there are a lot of unresolved issues. Also faced include how to design network architecture, including many technical challenges. Compared with previous generations of communications technology, 5G era biggest challenge is not how to increase the rate, but the user experience with traffic density, the number of terminals from a series of interwoven problems. As much as possible while also reducing user costs. This is the 5G network must be solved.

5G study conducted in China are enthusiastic, China needs to accelerate the pace of its own 5G technology to get rid of dependence on foreign companies.5G study conducted in China are enthusiastic, China needs to accelerate the pace of its own 5G technology to get rid of dependence on foreign companies. 5G accelerate the development is conducive to China stand at the forefront of the competition in the next wave of data, a competitive advantage.

7.Acronyms

5G - Fifth-generation mobile communications

SDN - software-defined networking

NFV - network functions virtualization

MEC - Mobile Edge computing

FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access

TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access

CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access

OFDMA - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

DWDM - dense-wavelength-division multiplexing

BAN - Body Area Network

QoS- Quality of Service

RAN - Radio Access Network

8.References

[1]Chen Si ,Li Hua Sheng,”5G technology trends and challenges for radio management”,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/645570389.html,/news/41/a888991.html

[2]”Samsung developed 5G technology”，

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/645570389.html,/link?url=m_HOSi6QF36L7im-m0NRBaQggvikTgV0GLWBNy vN1OllSGp6_nYwU2B_fXsl6tEnyO0lXAw4Fnk0Ku0vtPSBMq#reference-[2]-764107 0-wrap

[3] C114 China CommunicationNetwork,(Shanghai) ,March2015 ,”The EU announced 5G Vision: To guarantee the right to speak of global standards”

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/645570389.html,/15/0311/10/AKE0JHMD000915BE.html

[4]People’s Posts and Telecommunications News (PPTN),March,2015,”Bell Labs: 5G urgent task is to be completed as soon as possible standardization”

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/645570389.html,/info/2015-03/11/c_134058306.htm

[5]Baidu Encyclopedia，”5G network”

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/645570389.html,/view/6220993.htm”

[6] METIS deliverable D1.1, ”Scenario s, requirements and KPIs for 5Gmobile and wireless system”, April 2013.

[7] METIS deliverable D6.1, ”Simulation guidelines”, October 2013.

[8] Shuqiang Zhang, Ming Xia, S. Dahlf ort, ”Fiber routing, wavelength assignment and multiplexing for DWDM-centric converged metro/aggregation networks,” in Proc. of ECOC, Sept. 2013.

[9] B. Skubic, I. Pappa, ”Energy consumption analysis of converged networks:Node consolidation vs metro simplification,” in Proc. of OFC,March 2013.

[10]MatteoFiorani,”Challenges for 5G Transport Networks”,IEEE,2014

[11]Cisco, “Global Mobil e Data Traffic Forecast Update,2012-2017,” Feb. 2013, White Paper.

[12]Open Networking Foundation, “SD N Architecture Overview,” Dec. 2013.

[13]ETSI, “Network Functi o ns Virtualisation,” Oct. 2012,White Paper.

[14]”ZTE 5G MUSA and UDN developed key technologies to achieve new progresss”https://www.wendangku.net/doc/645570389.html,/news/127/a892565.html

[15]”Huawei will invest $ 600 million R & D 5G”

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/645570389.html,/2015-04/02/content_543144.htm

大学自我的介绍英语作文(共8篇)

篇一：英文作文自我介绍版本英文作文自我介绍版本 sample1: in my spare time, i like to read novels. i think reading could enlargemy knowledge. as for novels, i could imagine whatever i like such as a well-known scientist or a kung-fu master. in addition to reading, i also like to play pc games. a lot of grownups think playing pc games hinders the students from learning. but i think pc games could motivate me to learn something such as english or japanese.my favorite course is english because i think it is interesting to say one thing via different sounds. i wish my english could be improved in the next four years and be able to speak fluent english in the future. sample2: in my spare time, i like to do anything relating to english such as listening to english songs, watching english movies or tv programs, or even attending the activities held by some english clubs or institutes. i used to go abroad for a shortterm english study. during that time, i learned a lot of daily life english and saw a lot of different things. i think language is very interesting. i could express one substanceby using different sounds. so i wish i could study and read more english literatures and enlarge my knowledge. sample3: my name is . there are 4 people in my family. my father is a chemistryteacher. he teaches chemistry in senior high school. my mother is an english teacher. she teaches english in the university. i have a younger brother, he is a junior high school student and is preparing for the entrance exam. i like to read english story books in my free time. sometimes i surf the internet and download the e- books to read. reading e- books is fun. in addition, it also enlarges my vocabulary words because of the advanced technology and the vivid animations. sample4: sample5: from a middle class family, i was born in hsin ying, tainan on october 10th, 1965. my father is a civil official at tainan city government. my mother is a house wife good at cooking. although i am the only child of my parents, i am by no mans a spoiled one. on the contrary, i have been expected to be a successful man with advanced education. i study hard at school. besides texts knowledge, journalism is my favorite; whenever reading, my heart is filled with great joy and interesting. “ being good is must; successful, however, is plus. ” father adopts the idea of his father. especially in military service, i realized it more precisely. people said: military service makes a boy to man, i agree that. i realized the importance of english and began to study diligently when i was eighteen. i did not start in my early age, but i hope that i could pass the test of general english proficiency test. and this is my best wish at the moment. sample6: my father is, in the same way, a good consultant to me. as he said: i am in poor education, little for you; to clarify, what he have given is far beyond his words, i do think so. i was born in a country of ping tung country, farming is our career of generations. there are four people in my family, mother is housewife and my brother is a student of an agriculture college. i am optimistic and active, and i am confident that i can pass the test. thank you for your precious to read my autobiography. sample7 ： 1 、good morning/afternoon/evening, my name is . it is really a great honor to have this

英语论文有道英文版

Unconsciously, English songs and culture the door English elective course is approaching the end. Class see show students and the teacher introduce, played all kinds of English songs, let me develop the horizon and edify sentiment, at the same time, I have been thinking, so much is there any contact between songs, through access to information and personal perception of the songs, and draw some conclusion. The singers found that originated in the human inner original impulse, from the need of life rhythm. People have been using your own voice show their feelings, joy and sorrow. Overall, as a kind of human achievement, music is not only an individual creation consciousness performance art, also reflects some areas and even the whole social cultural ideological trend. To provide an overview of the development of western music, also confirm the western culture on context. Can say, a western music history, it is also a certain sense of western cultural history. From century religious music to a single to the liberation of the Renaissance, to modern music multiple that music development deeply branded with the background of The Times. Take for modern music, such as The s Bill Haley - Rock Around The Clock is in The twentieth century since The two world wars to The people of The world brought serious disaster, trample on The human spirit home. People no longer believe that traditional culture ideal type to save power, pop songs and jazz free rhythm, improvisation skills to reflect the birth of the. But in The s: Simon &garfunkel - The sound of silence is The opposition to The Vietnam war, against racial discrimination, President Kennedy was stabbed The troubled times of The United States was born in The rock. The 90 s Alan Jackson - where were you when the world stopped turning embodies the teenagers in war haze shrouded of anger, rebel emotion. So the western music is a cultural symbol, its carrying cultural connotation and social culture constitutes the echo relationship, to better understanding of western music, will have a better understanding of music background.

介绍大学校园的英语作文

介绍大学校园的英语作文 It is believed in mon that beauty exists everywhere on the campus as long as you have an eye for it. Some people hold that natural scenes, especially at dawn, are the most beautiful on the campus while others believe that it is in the afternoon when the playgrounds are flooded with students taking part in sports.In my opinion, the best scene on the campus is during the rush hour when thousands of students rush towards the canteen. At precisely the same time as the bell rings, some students dash from the chairs, rushing to the canteen. They set the prelude to the most attractive scene of the whole day. Within a few minutes, all the classrooms bee empty and everyone starts their journey for lunch, on foot or by bike. It gives people the impression that lunch is the most important thing in the world. Most of the students move at the same speed,with the exception of several excellent cyclists. They shuttle smoothly in the crowds just like fish swimming freely in the sea.

2014论文模版(英文)

原创性声明 （黑体、小2号、加粗、居中）（段前为0.5行、段后为0.5行） □□本人呈交的毕业论文，是在导师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果，所有数据、图片资料真实可靠。尽我所知，除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本毕业论文的研究成果不包含他人享有著作权的内容。对本论文所涉及的研究工作做出贡献的其他个人和集体，均已在文中以明确的方式标明。本毕业论文的知识产权归属于培养单位。 （宋体小4号） 本人签名：（手签）日期：

摘□□要 （黑体小2 居中）（段前为0.5行、段后为0.5行） 《德伯家的苔丝》是19世纪英国批判现实主义小说家托马斯·哈代的代表作。哈代将其与其他几部作品一并归类于“性格与环境的小说”。以前对他的文学批评多以人物本身以及当时社会的人物构建为中心，采用马克思主义、消费主义和女性这一理论基础进行分析，本文将采用生态批评理论分析苔丝的悲剧成因。哈代认为社会转型期内的历史性的巨变不是进步，反而代表着失望和遗憾。工业革命和现代化的生活方式都导致女性逐步的脱离自然。在哈代的写作生涯中,他对人与自然、男性和女性的关系一直给予高度关注，他认为自然和人类是紧密相连的,自然是女性生存的沃土而女性则是自然的化身,女性和自然在经验与体验上都是相统一的,她们的命运也是相辅相成的,所以生态批评主义者倡导建构生态和谐的社会。不仅使大自然摆脱被剥削的命运,也激发人们对于日益严重的环境危机的生态保护意识。本文利用生态批评主义文学理论, 并通过文献综述法，从男性与女性关系和人类与自然关系两方面来揭示哈代《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧根源。通过揭示苔丝悲剧的根本所在不仅能够警示读者认识到人类文明进步是以对自然环境的破坏为代价的，而且使人类意识到保护自然环境，与自然和谐相处的重要性。 (宋体小4，1.5倍行距 ) 中间无标点符号 关键词：生态批评主义□苔丝悲剧根源□女性和自然□和谐 （黑体4）（宋体小4） （所有文本页边距：上边距为25mm，下边距为20mm，左边距为25mm，右边距为20mm） 顺序为:中英文摘要、中英文目录、这四页页码为罗马数字

书法介绍英文版CalligraphyIntroduction完整版

书法介绍英文版 C a l l i g r a p h y I n t r o d u c t i o n HEN system office room 【HEN16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688】

Calligraphy Calligraphy is understood in China as the art of writing a good hand with the brush or the study of the rules and techniques of this art. As such it is peculiar to China and the few countries influenced by ancient Chinese culture. In the history of Chinese art, calligraphy has always been held in equal importance to painting. Great attention is also paid today to its development by holding exhibitions of ancient and contemporary works and by organizing competitions among youngsters and people from various walks of life. Sharing of experience in this field often makes a feature in Sino-Japanese cultural exchange. Chinese calligraphy, like the script itself, began with the hieroglyphs and, over the long ages of evolution, has developed various styles and schools, constituting an important part of the heritage of national culture. Classification Chinese scripts are generally divided into five categories: The seal character (zhuan), the official or clerical script (li), the regular script (kai), the running hand (xing) and the cursive hand (cao). 1) The zhuan script or seal character was the earliest form of writing after the oracle inscriptions, which must have caused great inconvenience because they lacked uniformity and many characters were written in variant forms. The first effort for the unification of writing, it is said, took place during the reign of King Xuan (827-782 B. C.) of the Western Zhou Dynasty, when his taishi (grand historian) Shi Zhou compiled a lexicon of 15 chapters, standardizing Chinese writing under script called zhuan. It is also known as zhouwen after the name of the author. This script, often used in seals, is translated into English as the seal character, or as the "curly script" after the shape of its strokes. Shi Zhou's lexicon (which some thought was written by a later author of the state of Qin) had long been lost, yet it is generally agreed that the inscriptions on the drum-shaped Qin stone blocks were basically of the same style as the old zhuan script. When, in 221 B. C., Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified the whole of China under one central

《飘》论文大纲(英文版)

The full-length novel Gone With The Wind, has been translated into more than thirty languages, and the bestseller for a long time in the world. Why could it’s charm last in such a long time? The reason mostly relied on it’s distinctive female characters---Scarlett, Melanie, Mammy and Belle Watling. 一．Scarlett O’Hara <一> Personality changes 1.Pre-war A. adolescent romantic B. simple capricious 2. Post-war A. strong persistent B. reality rational 3. Revelations to moderns A. in terms of workplace a. abreast of the times b. self-confidence B. in terms of interpersonal a. self-image b. unique personality <二> Views on marriage 1.Material view of marriage A. purpose B. just to be obtained not with pay 2.Revelations to moderns A. marriage is not a transaction B. balance in marriage <三> character full of contradictory and complexity 1.selfish---responsible 2.blind pursuit of love---casually take advantage of marriage 3.feminist consciousness---effect of Patriarchal society 一．Melanie Hamilton Wilkes <一> personality traits（the ordinary perfect） 1.ordinary---outside 2.perfect---intrinsic A. fraternity B. tolerant

介绍大学的英文作文

Good morning, class.Taday we’ll talk something about famous universities in the worl d.First I’ll show some pictures to you.It’s very beautiful,right?This is the University o f Oxford.These buildings look very ancient and majestic.They are the castles.Every ti me I look at this pictures,I always think of Harry Potter,the world of magic. Next,I’ll give more details about the University of Oxford.It was founded in 1167 in Oxford city.Actually,before the 12th century,there was no universities in England.Man y English people had to come to France and Italy for study.At that time,Paris was the centre of culture.But in 1167,the king of England quarrelled with the king of France f or some reasons.The king of England was so angry that he forbade English people fro m studying in France.He also ordered to build a palace in Oxford.This palace was buil t for sclolars and students.As time went by,it developed from a palace into a university . The motto of Oxford is Dominus illuminatio mea.This is Latin.In English,it means th e lord is my light. As time went by,Oxford was morn open to students.Many students were admitted to Oxford without observing old rules.Also,many famous people came from this universi ty.There were 6 kings of England and 11 kings from other countries studied in Oxford.53 presi dents and prime ministers from 19 countries graduated from Oxford,including 25 prim e ministers of England.Oxford also produced 47 Nobel Prize winners. These students were leaders of nations,but other students were the cause of events. In 1209,a student in Oxford killed a local woman by accident when he was practisin g shooting arrow.It result in a violent conflict between students and citizens.The king sent soldiers to suppress students’ demonstration.The University of Oxford was forced to be divided into several parts.As a result some scholars and students moved out fro m Oxford.They came to Cambridge,a small city near the Oxford.The studied and live d in there.Nowadays,we call it University of Cambridge. There are some pictures of Cambridge.It’s also beautiful like Oxford.Although these two universities were very close to each other,there were still some differences betwee n these two universities.In Oxford people always ask you what do you know?While in Cambridge,people always ask you what do find?In other words,Oxford paid more att ention to help students develop a thought in their minds.However,Cambridge was mor e likely to lead students to find something from the nature.So as we can see,Oxford produced more leaders of nations,and Cambridge produced more s

2012 英语词汇学论文 英文版

成绩 Root and Affixation of Lexicology Abstract: It’s important and permanent to master the vocabulary in the English learning. Everyone who has ever set foot on English realizes that it’s somewhat incredible for us to reciting numerous and difficult words. Nevertheless, there are some skills we should acquire to make word-recitation easier and more effective. This paper mainly discusses the using of vocabulary root and affix. Only by having a good knowledge of the roots and affixes, can we prosper our English vocabulary and further our English study. Key words: root; affixation; detailed analysis; difficult words 1Introduction: Blindly reciting numerous and difficult words is a total waste of time and energy. Especially, situation becomes worse for the college students with little words storage and non-interest. However, most of the English words are comprised with roots and affixes, which are limited, stable and short. If we acquire them, it will be much simpler and rapider for us to recognize the unfamiliar and difficult words through the analysis on roots and affixes. If we can master and know how to use them properly, it will be a big step for the further study of this foreign language. A road of a thousand miles begins with each single step, so does the English words. Now we are going to learn the root and affixation respectively. Definition is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity and it carries the main component of meaning in a word. By learning the roots, we will find it not complicated for us to understand the long and difficult words which we often encounter in the tough reading test. However long and tough the word is, we can divide it into several parts, the fundamental part is the root and then we can understand what it means and fluently blurt it out without repeating it. Here are some detail analyses of the examples: Internationalist: nation is the root which means country or state, inter- is prefix meaning between or interactive, -al is the suffix and the –ist is the suffix meaning the person. So you will quite simply find its meaning. Invigorate: the root is vigor similar to power and energy, in- means making sth have the function of verb, here is make sth vigor, -ate is the verb suffix. So invigorate is to make sth vigorous. Antecedent: -ced- is the root referring to motion or going forward, ante- is before, and –ent means somebody. So antecedent is somebody who moves ahead of us, the same as forefather or ancestor. Protract: -tract is the root like pulling sth or extending sth make it wider or longer, pro- is the prefix meaning “ahead”. After analyzing this word, we know that “protract” is similar to prolong meaning make sth longer or longer to live. A lot of words contain this root, such as detract, extract, subtract, attract, tractable, intractable, etc. Arbitrariness: arbitrary is the root indicating to randomness or out of order, -ness is the noun suffix. The profound meaning of learning roots is that you will find it much easy to memorize words because there are so many word share the same root. No matter how long and hoe difficult the word is, the basic meaning of the word is stable and unchangeable. If we recite words according the

关于我自己aboutmyself(大学英语作文)

关于我自己about myself 大学英语作文 【内容提示】 你是李华，申请到一家外资企业工作。对方要求你用英语写一篇文章，介绍自己的基本情况。文章应包括下表所列全部内容。 注意：1 .情况介绍必须采用短文形式； 2 .词数100左右； 3 .文章第一句已为你写好。 生词：竞赛--- competiti on 【作文示范】about myself My name is Lli Hua. I was born in the city of Dalian, Liaoning province. I studied in Guangming primary school from 1984 to 1990. The n I en tered No. 6 middle school where I mai nly lear ned the subjects like Chin ese, mathematics, En glish, physics, chemistry and computer. I have bee n very fond of and good at En glish and computer ever sin ce. Therefore I placed first in the school computer competiti on last year. My hobbies in clude swim ming in summer, skat ing in win ter

as well as collect ing stamps and liste ning to popular music in my spare time. 我的名字叫李华。我出生在辽宁省大连市。1984到1990年我在光明小学读书。然后我进入了第6中学，在那里我主要学习的课程有语文，数学，英语，物理，化学和计算机。从那时起我一直都很喜欢并擅长英语和电脑。所以我在去年的全校电脑竞赛中取得了第一名。在夏天游泳，在冬天滑冰，收集邮票，在我的空闲的时候听流行音乐都是我的爱好。 【写法指要】 1) 本文是根据1996年高考英语“书面表达”题写成的，属介绍说明文中的自我介绍。所谓介绍说明，是指对所要说明的对象作概括扼要而又比较全面的介绍，所以介绍说明又称概说。这种文体很有用处，比如正式求职信或自荐信的第二段介绍个人履历时就经常这样 写，在应聘或投考时的面试(in terview )中也要作这样的口头表述。 2) 个人简历这样的介绍说明文要按照时间顺序(time order ) 安排文章结构。所以，在文章中多用像“from 1984 to 1990 ”,“then ”，“ever since ”等这样的表示时间顺序的衔接词语(cohesive words /transitional words )达至U文章在连贯(coherenee )。虽然 文章在整体上是以时间顺序写的，但也不排除使用其他逻辑关系的衔接

论文模板英文版

Graduation Thesis Name： Student NO.： Department： Major： Title： Advisor： (Name) (Professional Title) Evaluator： MM/DD/YYYY

A B S T R A C T O F G R A D U AT I O N T H E S I S

Index（ARIAL 14号，加粗，居中） Chapter I Introduction（作为正文第1章chapter I，ARIAL 12号字体，下同 (1) ChapterII××××××（正文第2章）……………………page. 2.1××××××（C h a p t e r I I,P a r t I)…………………p 2.2 ××××××（Chapter II, Part II ）…………………………………… 2.3 ××××××（Chapter II, Part X）………………………………………p Chapter III×××××（Chapter III）………………………………………………p ………………………………（略） X ×××××（Chapter X）……………………………………………………p Conclusion………………………………………………………………………p Bibliography…………………………………………………………………p Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………p Appendix I ××××（if needed）…………………………………………p AppendixB ××××（if needed）……………………………………………p Picture 1 ×××××（if needed）…………………………………………p Picture 2 ×××××（if needed）………………………………………………p Chart1 ×××××（if needed）……………………………………………p Chart 2 ×××××（if needed）……………………………………………p 注：1. 目次中的内容一般列出“章”、“条”二级标题即可； 2．X、p表示具体的数字。