国际经济学作业答案-第三章
Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage —The Ricardian Model
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Countries trade with each other because they are _______ and because of ______.
(a) different, costs
(b) similar, scale economies
(c) different, scale economies
(d) similar, costs
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
2. Trade between two countries can benefit both countries if
(a) each country exports that good in which it has a comparative advantage.
(b) each country enjoys superior terms of trade.
(c) each country has a more elastic demand for the imported goods.
(d) each country has a more elastic supply for the supplied goods.
(e) Both (c) and (d).
Answer: A
3. The Ricardian theory of comparative advantage states that a country has a comparative advantage
in widgets if
(a) output per worker of widgets is higher in that country.
(b) that country’s exchange rate is low.
(c) wage rates in that country are high.
(d) the output per worker of widgets as compared to the output of some other product is higher in
that country.
(e) Both (b) and (c).
Answer: D
4. In order to know whether a country has a comparative advantage in the production of one particular
product we need information on at least ____unit labor requirements
(a) one
(b) two
(c) three
(d) four
(e) five
Answer: D
Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage—The Ricardian Model 19 5. A country engaging in trade according to the principles of comparative advantage gains from trade
because it
(a) is producing exports indirectly more efficiently than it could alternatively.
(b) is producing imports indirectly more efficiently than it could domestically.
(c) is producing exports using fewer labor units.
(d) is producing imports indirectly using fewer labor units.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
6. Given the following information:
Cloth Widgets
Home 10 20
Foreign 60 30
(a) Neither country has a comparative advantage.
(b) Home has a comparative advantage in cloth.
(c) Foreign has a comparative advantage in cloth.
(d) Home has a comparative advantage in widgets.
(e) Home has a comparative advantage in both products.
Answer: B
7. If it is ascertained that Foreign uses prison-slave labor to produce its exports, then home should
(a) export cloth.
(b) export widgets.
(c) export both and import nothing.
(d) export and import nothing.
(e) All of the above.
Answer: A
8. If the Home economy suffered a meltdown, and the Unit Labor Requirements in each of the
products quadrupled (that is, doubled to 30 for cloth and 60 for widgets) then home should
(a) export cloth.
(b) export widgets.
(c) export both and import nothing.
(d) export and import nothing.
(e) All of the above.
Answer: A
9. If wages were to double in Home, then Home should:
(a) export cloth.
(b) export widgets.
(c) export both and import nothing.
(d) export and import nothing.
(e) All of the above.
20 Krugman/Obstfeld ?Seventh Edition
Answer: A
10. If the world equilibrium price of widgets were 4 Cloths, then
(a) both countries could benefit from trade with each other.
(b) neither country could benefit from trade with each other.
(c) each country will want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative advantage.
(d) neither country will want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative advantage.
(e) both countries will want to specialize in cloth.
Answer: A
11. Given the following information:
Cloth Widgets
Home 10 20
Foreign 60 30
(a) Neither country has a comparative advantage.
(b) Home has a comparative advantage in cloth.
(c) Foreign has a comparative advantage in cloth.
(d) Foreign has a comparative advantage in widgets.
(e) Home has a comparative advantage in both products.
Answer: C
12. The opportunity cost of cloth in terms of widgets in Foreign is if it is ascertained that Foreign uses
prison-slave labor to produce its exports, then home should
(a) export cloth.
(b) export widgets.
(c) export both and import nothing.
(d) export and import nothing.
(e) All of the above.
Answer: B
13. If wages were to double in Home, then Home should
(a) export cloth.
(b) export widgets.
(c) export both and import nothing.
(d) export and import nothing.
(e) All of the above.
Answer: B
14. If the world equilibrium price of widgets were 4 Cloths, then
(a) both countries could benefit from trade with each other.
(b) neither country could benefit from trade with each other.
(c) each country will want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative advantage.
(d) neither country will want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative advantage.
(e) both countries will want to specialize in cloth.
Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage—The Ricardian Model 21 Answer: A
15. If the world equilibrium price of widgets were 40 cloths, then
(a) both countries could benefit from trade with each other.
(b) neither country could benefit from trade with each other.
(c) each country will want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative advantage.
(d) neither country will want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative advantage.
(e) both countries will want to specialize in cloth.
Answer: A
16. In a two product two country world, international trade can lead to increases in
(a) consumer welfare only if output of both products is increased.
(b) output of both products and consumer welfare in both countries.
(c) total production of both products but not consumer welfare in both countries.
(d) consumer welfare in both countries but not total production of both products.
(e) None of the above
Answer: B
17. As a result of trade, specialization in the Ricardian model tends to be
(a) complete with constant costs and with increasing costs.
(b) complete with constant costs and incomplete with increasing costs.
(c) incomplete with constant costs and complete with increasing costs.
(d) incomplete with constant costs and incomplete with increasing costs.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
18. As a result of trade between two countries which are of completely different economic sizes,
specialization in the Ricardian 2X2 model tends to be
(a) incomplete in both countries
(b) complete in both countries
(c) complete in the small country but incomplete in the large country
(d) complete in the large country but incomplete in the small country
(e) None of the above
Answer: C
19. A nation engaging in trade according to the Ricardian model will find its consumption bundle
(a) inside its production possibilities frontier.
(b) on its production possibilities frontier.
(c) outside its production possibilities frontier.
(d) inside its trade-partner’s production possibilities frontier.
(e) on its trade-partner’s production possibilities frontier.
Answer: C
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20. In the Ricardian model, if a country’s trade is restricted, this will cause all except which?
(a) Limit specialization and the division of labor.
(b) Reduce the volume of trade and the gains from trade
(c) Cause nations to produce inside their production possibilities curves
(d) May result in a country producing some of the product of its comparative disadvantage
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
21. If a very small country trades with a very large country according to the Ricardian model, then
(a) the small country will suffer a decrease in economic welfare.
(b) the large country will suffer a decrease in economic welfare.
(c) the small country only will enjoy gains from trade.
(d) the large country will enjoy gains from trade.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
22. If the world terms of trade for a country are somewhere between the domestic cost ratio of H and
that of F, then
(a) country H but not country F will gain from trade.
(b) country H and country F will both gain from trade.
(c) neither country H nor F will gain from trade.
(d) only the country whose government subsidizes its exports will gain.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
23. If the world terms of trade equal those of country F, then
(a) country H but not country F will gain from trade.
(b) country H and country F will both gain from trade.
(c) neither country H nor F will gain from trade.
(d) only the country whose government subsidizes its exports will gain.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
24. If the world terms of trade equal those of country, F then
(a) country H but not country F will gain from trade.
(b) country H and country F will both gain from trade.
(c) neither country H nor F will gain from trade.
(d) only the country whose government subsidizes its exports will gain.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage—The Ricardian Model 23 25. If a production possibilities frontier is bowed out (concave to the origin), then production occurs
under conditions of
(a) constant opportunity costs.
(b) increasing opportunity costs.
(c) decreasing opportunity costs.
(d) infinite opportunity costs.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
26. If the production possibilities frontier of one the trade partners (“Country A”) is bowed out (concave
to the origin), then increased specialization in production by that country will
(a) Increase the economic welfare of both countries.
(b) Increase the economic welfare of only Country A.
(c) Decrease the economic welfare of Country A.
(d) Decrease the economic welfare of Country B.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
27. If two countries have identical production possibility frontiers, then trade between them is not likely if
(a) their supply curves are identical.
(b) their cost functions are identical.
(c) their demand conditions identical.
(d) their incomes are identical.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
28. If two countries have identical production possibility frontiers, then trade between them is not likely if
(a) their supply curves are identical.
(b) their cost functions are identical.
(c) their demand functions differ.
(d) their incomes are identical.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
29. The earliest statement of the principle of comparative advantage is associated with
(a) David Hume.
(b) David Ricardo.
(c) Adam Smith.
(d) Eli Heckscher.
(e) Bertil Ohlin.
Answer: B
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30. If one country’s wage level is very high relative to the other’s (the relative wage exceeding the
relative productivity ratios), then if they both use the same currency
(a) neither country has a comparative advantage.
(b) only the low wage country has a comparative advantage.
(c) only the high wage country has a comparative advantage.
(d) consumers will still find trade worth while from their perspective.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
31. If one country’s wage level is very high relative to the other’s (the relative wage exceeding the
relative productivity ratios), then
(a) it is not possible that producers in each will find export markets profitable.
(b) it is not possible that consumers in both countries will enhance their respective welfares through
imports.
(c) it is not possible that both countries will find gains from trade.
(d) it is possible that both will enjoy the conventional gains from trade.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
32. If one country’s wage level is very high relative to the other’s (the relative wage exceeding the
relative productivity ratios) then it is probable that
(a) free trade will improve both countries’ welfare
(b) free trade will result in no trade taking place
(c) free trade will result in each country exporting the good in which it enjoys comparative
advantage
(d) free trade will result in each country exporting the good in which it suffers the greatest
comparative disadvantage.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
33. The Ricardian 2X2 model is based on all of the following except only two nations and two products.
(a) no diminishing returns.
(b) labor is the only factor of production.
(c) product quality varies among nations.
(d) None of the above.
Answer: D
34. Ricardo’s original theory of comparative advantage seemed of limited real-world value because it
was founded on the labor theory of value.
(a) capital theory of value.
(b) land theory of value.
(c) entrepreneur theory of value.
(d) None of the above.
Answer: A
Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage—The Ricardian Model 25
35. According to Ricardo, a country will have a comparative advantage in the product in which its
(a) labor productivity is relatively low.
(b) labor productivity is relatively high.
(c) labor mobility is relatively low.
(d) labor mobility is relatively high.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
36. In a two-country, two-product world, the statement “Germany enjoys a comparative advantage over
France in autos relative to ships” is equivalent to
(a) France having a comparative advantage over Germany in ships.
(b) France having a comparative disadvantage compared to Germany in autos and ships.
(c) Germany having a comparative advantage over France in autos and ships.
(d) France having no comparative advantage over Germany.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
37. Assume that labor is the only factor of production and that wages in the United States equal
$20 per hour while wages in Japan are $10 per hour. Production costs would be lower in the United States as compared to Japan if
(a) U.S. labor productivity equaled 40 units per hour and Japan’s 15 units per hour.
(b) U.S. productivity equaled 30 units per hour whereas Japan’s was 20.
(c) U.S. labor productivity equaled 20 and Japan’s 30.
(d) U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 and Japan’s 25 units per hour.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
38. If the United States’s production possibility frontier was flatter to the widget axis, whereas
Germany’s was flatter to the butter axis, we know that
(a) the United States has no comparative advantage
(b) Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.
(c) the U.S. has a comparative advantage in butter.
(d) Not enough information is given.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
39. Suppose the Uni ted State’s production possibility frontier was flatter to the widget axis, whereas
Germany’s was flatter to the butter axis. We now learn that the German mark sharply depreciates against the U.S. dollar. We now know that
(a) the United States has no comparative advantage
(b) Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.
(c) the United States has a comparative advantage in butter.
(d) Not enough information is given.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
26 Krugman/Obstfeld ?Seventh Edition
40. Suppose the United State’s production possibility fr ontier was flatter to the widget axis, whereas
Germany’s was flatter to the butter axis. We now learn that the German wage doubles, but U.S.
wages do not change at all. We now know that
(a) the United States has no comparative advantage.
(b) Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.
(c) the United States has a comparative advantage in butter.
(d) Not enough information is given.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
41. Which of the following statements is true
(a) Free trade is beneficial only if your country is strong enough to stand up to foreign competition
(b) Free trade is beneficial only if your competitor does not pay unreasonably low wages
(c) Free trade is beneficial only if both countries have access to the same technology.
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above
Answer: E
42. The Gains from Trade associated with the principle of Comparative Advantage depends on
(a) The trade partners must differ in technology or tastes.
(b) There can be no more goods traded than the number of trade partners.
(c) There may be no more trade partners than goods traded.
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above
Answer: A
43. If transportation costs are especially high for Widgets in a Ricardian 2X2 model in which Country A
enjoys a comparative advantage, then
(a) Country B must also enjoy a comparative advantage in Widgets
(b) Country B may end up exporting Widgets
(c) Country A may switch to having a comparative advantage in the other good.
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above
Answer E
44. Mahatma Ghandi exhorted his followers in India to promote economic welfare by decreasing
imports. This approach
(a) Makes no sense
(b) Makes no economic sense
(c) Is consistent with the the Ricardian model of comparative advantage.
(d) Is not consistent with the Ricardian model of comparative advantage.
(e) None of the above
Answer: D
Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage—The Ricardian Model 27 45. The Country of Rhozundia is blessed with rich copper deposits. The cost of Copper produced
(relative to the cost of Widgets produced) is therefore very low. From this information we know that
(a) Rhozundia has a comparative advantage in Copper
(b) Rhozundia should export Copper and import Widgets
(c) Rhozundia should export Widgets and export Copper
(d) Both (a) and (b) are true
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
46. We know that in antiquity, China exported silk because no-one in any other country knew how to
produce this product. From this information we learn that
(a) China enjoyed a comparative advantage in Silk
(b) China enjoyed an absolute advantage, but not a comparative advantage in silk.
(c) No comparative advantage exists because technology was not diffused
(d) China should have exported silk even though it had no comparative advantage
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
47. If two countries engage in Free Trade following the principles of comparative advantage, then
(a) Neither relative prices nor relative marginal costs (marginal rates of transformation—MRTs) in
one country will equal those in the other country.
(b) Both relative prices and MRTs will become equal in both countries
(c) Relative prices but not MRTs will become equal in both countries
(d) MRTs but not relative prices will become equal in both countries
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
48. Let us define the real wage as the purchasing power of one hour of labor. In the Ricardian 2X2 model,
if two countries under autarky engage in trade then
(a) The real wage will not be affected since this is a financial variable.
(b) The real wage will increase only if a country attains full specialization
(c) The real wage will increase in one country only if it decreases in the other
(d) The real wage will rise in both countries.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
49. If two countries in Autarky (not engaged in international trade) begin trading with other in a manner
consistent with the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, then
(a) The amount of labor required to produce one unit of imports will decrease in both countries.
(b) The amount of labor required to produce one unit of both products will decrease in both
countries.
(c) The amount of labor required to produce one unit of imports will decrease only in the relatively
labor abundant country
(d) The amount of labor required to produce one unit of imports will decrease only in the relatively
capital abundant country.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
28 Krugman/Obstfeld ?Seventh Edition
Essay Questions
1. Many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have very low labor productivities in many sectors, in
manufacturing and agriculture. They often despair of even trying to attempt to build their industries unless it is done in an autarkic context, behind protectionist walls because they do not believe they can compete with more productive industries abroad. Discuss this issue in the context of the
Ricardian model of comparative advantage.
Answer: The Ricardian model of comparative advantage argues that every country must have a comparative advantage in some product (assuming there are more products than countries).
However, the Ricardian model is not a growth model, and cannot be used to identify
growth nodes or linkages.
2. In 1975, wage levels in South Korea were roughly 5% of those in the United States. It is obvious
that if the United States had allowed Korean goods to be freely imported into the United States at
that time, this would have caused devastation to the standard of living in the United States, because no producer in this country could possibly compete with such low wages. Discuss this assertion in the context of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage.
Answer: Regardless of relative wage levels, the United States would be able to provide its populace with a higher standard of living than would be possible without trade. Also, low wages
tend to be associated with low productivities.
3. The evidence cited in the chapter using the examples of the East Asia New Industrializing Countries
suggests that as international productivities converge, so do international wage levels. Why do you suppose this happened for the East Asian NICs? In light of your answer, what do you think is likely to happen to the relative wages (relative to those in the United States) of China in the coming decade?
Explain your reasoning.
Answer: Following the logic of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, the East Asian countries played to their respective comparative advantages. This allowed the world
demand to provide excess demands for their relatively abundant labor, which in turn
tended to raise these wages. If China follows the same pattern, their wages levels should
also be expected over time to converge to those in their industrialized country markets.
4. When we examine the 2 Good 2 Country version of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage,
we note that comparative advantage is totally determined by physical productivity ratios. Changes in wage rates in either country cannot affect these physically determined comparative advantages, and hence cannot affect, which product will be exported by which country. However, when more than
2 goods are added to the model (still with 2 countries), changes in wage rates in one or the other
country can in fact determine which good or goods each of the countries will export. How can you explain this anomaly?
Answer: This is not really an anomaly. As long as only two goods exist, then as long as trade takes place, each country must have a comparative advantage in one of them (or none).
However, if there are more goods than countries, then the physical productivity definition
of comparative advantage becomes ambiguous. Changes in relative wage rates will shift
the international competitiveness along the “chain of comparative advantage.”
Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage—The Ricardian Model 29 5. An examination of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage yields the clear result that trade is
(potentially) beneficial for each of the two trading partners since it allows for an expanded
consumption choice for each. However, for the world as a whole the expansion of production of one product must involve a decrease in the availability of the other, so that it is not clear that trade is
better for the world as a whole as compared to an initial situation of non-trade (but efficient
production in each country). Are there in fact gains from trade for the world as a whole? Explain.
Answer: If we were to combine the production possibility frontiers of the two countries to create a single world production possibility frontier, then it is true that any change in production
points (from autarky to specialization with trade) would involve a tradeoff of one good for
another from the world’s perspective. In other words, the new solution cannot possibly
involve the production of more of both goods. However, since we know that each country
is better off at the new solution, it must be true that the original points were not on the
trade contract curve between the two countries, and it was in fact possible to make some
people better off without making others worse off, so that the new solution does indeed
represent a welfare improvement from the world’s perspective.
6. It is generally claimed that a movement from autarky to free trade consistent with Ricardian
comparative advantage increases the economic welfare of each of the trade partners. However, it may be demonstrated that under certain circumstances, not everyone in each country is made better off. Illustrate such a case.
Answers: (a) If inter-generational, or economic growth considerations are taken into account, then
a country may end up specializing in a good that has no or few growth linkages with
the rest of the economy (e.g. an “enclave” sector).
(b) If some of the residents of a country have tastes biased toward their exportable, then
they may suffer due to the trade-affected increase in the market price of the
exportable good.
7. It is generally claimed that state trading, or centrally controlled trading will tend to reach a lower
economic welfare than would be reached by allowing market forces to determine trade flow
directions and terms of trade. Illustrate a counter-example to this proposition.
Answer: In general, if we begin with any suboptimal distortion, the theory of the second best tells us that an additional “distortion” may move a country in the correct direction of a welfare
improvement. For example, If a country has an overvalued exchange rate (that is, its
currency is overpriced in the foreign exchange markets), it is possible that it will find itself
in an autarkic equili brium (that is, it might “overprice itself out of the international
market”). In such a case it is easy to demonstrate that if the government exports the goods
in which the country enjoys comparative advantage, and imports the other (bypassing
market price s and mechanisms), the country’s economic welfare will improve.
8. The Ricardian proposition that international trade will benefit any country (“gains from trade”) as
long as the world terms of trade do not equal its autarkic relative prices is a straightforward and
powerful concept. Nevertheless, it is impossible to demonstrate empirically. Why?
Answer: This is because there is no way of knowing exactly what are, or would have been, the autarky MRTs or MRSs. This is because there is no single example in the world of
a country that is totally unengaged in international trade.
30 Krugman/Obstfeld ?Seventh Edition
Quantitative/Graphing Problems
1. Given the following information:
Unit Labor Requirements
Cloth Widgets
Home 100 200
Foreign 60 30
What is the opportunity cost of Cloth in terms of Widgets in Foreign?
Answer: One half a widget.
2. Given the following information:
Cloth Widgets
Home 100 200
Foreign 60 30
If these two countries trade these two goods in the context of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, then what is the lower limit of the world equilibrium price of widgets?
Answer: 2 Cloths.
3. Given the following information:
Cloth Widgets
Home 100 20s0
Foreign 60 30
If these two countries trade these two goods with each other in according to the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, what is the lower limit for the price of cloth?
Answer: One half a widget.
4. Given the following information:
Unit Produced by One Worker/Hour
Cloth Widgets
Home 100 200
Foreign 60 30
What is the opportunity cost of cloth in terms of Widgets in Foreign?
Answer: 2 widgets.
Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage—The Ricardian Model 31 5. Given the following information:
Cloth Widgets
Home 100 200
Foreign 60 30
If these two countries trade these two goods with each other in the following the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, then what is the lower limit for the world equilibrium price of cloth?
Answer: 2 widgets.
6. Given the following information:
U.S. Croatia
Soy 300 20
Toys 100 20
(a) What is the marginal cost of a toy in each country?
Answer: 3 units of Soy in the U.S., and 1 Soy unit in Croatia.
(b) How might you demonstrate (quantitatively) that a country with absolute productivity advantage
in a product may find that its production is more costly than in the other (unproductive) country?
Answer: The U.S. have absolute productivity advantage in toys. Nevertheless, toys are three times more costly than they are in Croatia.
(c) Demonstrate the fact that trade produces imports (indirectly) cheaper, even in the relatively
unproductive country.
Answer: In Croatia, one unit of wheat will cost one toy. However, if the terms of trade fall between the two autarkic price ratios (a condition necessary for both countries to enjoy gains from
trade), say at 2 Soy units per toy, then Croatia will gain each Soy unit with less of
a sacrifice of toy production.
克鲁格曼国际经济学第八版上册课后答案Word版
Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage: The Ricardian Model Chapter Organization The Concept of Comparative Advantage A One-Factor Economy Production Possibilities Relative Prices and Supply Trade in a One-Factor World Box: Comparative Advantage in Practice: The Case of Babe Ruth Determining the Relative Price after Trade The Gains from Trade A Numerical Example Box: The Losses from Non-Trade Relative Wages Misconceptions about Comparative Advantage Productivity and Competitiveness The Pauper Labor Argument Exploitation Box: Do Wages Reflect Productivity? Comparative Advantage with Many Goods Setting Up the Model Relative Wages and Specialization Determining the Relative Wage with a Multigood Model Adding Transport Costs and Non-Traded Goods Empirical Evidence on the Ricardian Model Summary
国际经济学作业答案第一章
Chapter 1 Introduction Multiple Choice Questions Historians of economic thought often describe ___________ written by _______ and published in __________ as the first real exposition of an economic model. “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1776 “Wealth of Nations,” David Hume, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1776 “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1758 Answer: E From 1959 to 2000, the U.S. economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. imports roughly tripled in size. the share of US Trade in the economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. Imports roughly tripled as compared to U.S. exports. U.S. exports roughly tripled in size. Answer: C The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries because the United States is a relatively large country. the United States is a “Superpower.” the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything. the United States invests in many other countries. many countries invest in the United States. Answer: A Ancient theories of international economics from the 18th and 19th Centuries are: not relevant to current policy analysis. are only of moderate relevance in today’s modern international economy. are highly relevant in today’s modern internationa l economy. are the only theories that actually relevant to modern international economy. are not well understood by modern mathematically oriented theorists. Answer: C
李坤望《国际经济学》课后习题答案
第一章 1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要? 答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要 2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答：参见教材第一章第二节内容，将图1－6a中，以横坐标表示y商品的供给，以纵坐标表示x商品供给，得出相应生产可能性边界线，然后将图1－6b中，以横坐标表示y商品供给，以纵坐标表示y的相对价格，通过类似推导可得出国民供给曲线，国民需求曲线作类似推导可得。 3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡? 答：两种商品同时达到均衡。一种商品均衡时，由其相对价格，机会成本，需求可知另一种商品得相对价格，机会成本和需求。 4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示：略，参见书上 5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致? 答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。 7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平?
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第八版课后答案(英文)-Ch06
Chapter 6 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International Trade Chapter Organization Economies of Scale and International Trade: An Overview Economies of Scale and Market Structure The Theory of Imperfect Competition Monopoly: A Brief Review Monopolistic Competition Limitations of the Monopolistic Competition Model Monopolistic Competition and Trade The Effects of Increased Market Size Gains from an Integrated Market: A Numerical Example Economies of Scale and Comparative Advantage The Significance of Intraindustry Trade Why Intraindustry Trade Matters Case Study: Intraindustry Trade in Action: The North American Auto Pact Dumping The Economics of Dumping Case Study: Anti-Dumping as Protection Reciprocal Dumping The Theory of External Economies Specialized Suppliers Labor Market Pooling Knowledge Spillovers External Economies and Increasing Returns
国际经济学作业答案
C h a p t e r7I n t e r n a t i o n a l F a c t o r M o v e m e n t s Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following differs in its essential analytical framework (a) I nternational trade in goods (b) I nternational conflict resolution (c) I nternational trade in services (d) I nternational trade in factors of production (e) I nternational borrowing and lending Answer: B 2. The slope of the production function measures (a) t he physical increase in output as country grows. (b) t he dollar-value increase in output as a country grows. (c) t he increase in number of workers as immigration proceeds. (d) t he marginal product of labor. (e) t he marginal product of capital.
Answer: D 3. International free labor mobility will under all circumstances (a) i ncrease total world output. (b) i mprove the economic welfare of everyone. (c) i mprove the economic welfare of workers everywhere. (d) i mprove the economic welfare of landlords (or capital owners) everywhere. (e) N one of the above. Answer: E 4. If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin model equilibrium with trade, then (a) w orkers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country. (b) w orkers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundant country. (c) w orkers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capital abundant country.
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第八版课后答案(英文)-Ch08
Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy Chapter Organization Basic Tariff Analysis Supply, Demand, and Trade in a Single Industry Effects of a Tariff Measuring the Amount of Protection Costs and Benefits of a Tariff Consumer and Producer Surplus Measuring the Costs and Benefits Other Instruments of Trade Policy Export Subsidies: Theory Case Study: Europe’s Common Agricultural Policy Import Quotas: Theory Case Study: An Import Quota in Practice: U.S. Sugar Voluntary Export Restraints Case Study: A Voluntary Export Restraint in Practice: Japanese Autos Local Content Requirements Box: American Buses, Made in Hungary Other Trade Policy Instruments The Effects of Trade Policy: A Summary Summary Appendix I: Tariff Analysis in General Equilibrium A Tariff in a Small Country A Tariff in a Large Country Appendix II: Tariffs and Import Quotas in the Presence of Monopoly The Model with Free Trade The Model with a Tariff The Model with an Import Quota Comparing a Tariff with a Quota
国际经济学课后习题
课后习题 第一章绪论 (一) 选择题 1.国际经济学在研究资源配置时，是以（）作为基本的经济单位来划分的。 A. 企业 B.个人 C.政府 D.国家 2.国际经济学研究的对象是（） A国际商品流动B世界范围内的稀缺资源的最优配置 C国际收支平衡D各国之间的经济活动和经济关系 3.从国际间经济资源流动的难易度看，（）流动最容易 A商品B资本C人员D技术 答案提示：1.D 2. B D 3.C （二）问答题 1．试述国际经济学和国内经济学的关系。 答案提示：（1）联系：国际经济学与国内经济学研究的经济活动是相似的，面临的主要问题也是相似的；（2）最主要的区别是国际经济的民族国家性。 第二章古典的国际贸易理论 （一）选择题 本国生产A、B、C、D四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为1、2、4、15，外国生产这四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为12、18、24、30，根据李嘉图模型，本国在哪种产品上拥有最大比较优势？在哪种产品上拥有最大比较劣势？（） （ａ）Ｄ、Ａ（ｂ）Ｃ、Ｂ（ｃ）Ａ、Ｄ（ｄ）Ｂ、Ｃ 答案：Ｃ （二）问答题 1．亚当·斯密对国际贸易理论的主要贡献有哪些？ 答案提示：亚当·斯密的主要贡献是：（1）抨击了重商主义；（2）提出了绝对优势之一概念；（3）强调国际分工是使国民财富增加的最重要手段。 2．绝对优势理论和比较优势理论的区别是什么？ 答案提示：（1）绝对优势理论强调，国与国之间劳动生产率的绝对差异导致的技术水平的差异是产生国际贸易的主要原因；（2）比较优势理论强调，劳动生产率的相对差异导致的技术水平的差异是产生国际贸易的主要原因。 （三）计算题 1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。 表1 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A国 B国 X Y 6 2 15 12
第三章 要素禀赋理论 国际经济学 教案
第三章要素禀赋理论 上章介绍了技术条件差异对国际贸易的决定作用，这章将放宽第二个条件，即放松各国相对要素禀赋相同这一假设，从要素禀赋差异的角度探讨国际贸易的起因与影响。要素禀赋理论是由两位瑞典经济学赫克歇尔和俄林师生提出，后经萨缪尔森等人不断完善，该理论又称赫克歇尔－俄林模型或H-O模型。 第一节 H-O理论的基本内容 一、H-O模型的提出 1）李嘉图的比较利益说认为，比较利益产生自各国之间劳动生产率的差异。 国际贸易←价格差←成本差异←劳动生产率的相对差异 2）后人以机会成本差异代替了劳动成本差异，形成了比较利益学说的当代理论的解释。但仍未说明劳动生产率差异产生的原因。 3）如果两国相同要素的生产率相同，贸易是否会产生。 H-O模型从要素存量差异的角度对国际贸易进行分析。其出发点有两个： 1）不同国家的要素存量的比例是不同的； 2）不同商品的生产所使用的要素比例是不同的。 二、要素禀赋和要素密集度 1、要素禀赋：指一国所拥有的两种生产要素的相对比例。如果一国的要素禀赋（K/L）大于他国，则称该国为资本（相对）丰富或劳动（相对）稀缺的国家；反过来，他国则为劳动丰富或资本稀缺的国家。也可从价格的角度进行定义：如果一国劳动与资本的价格之比（w/r）大于另一国的劳动与价格之比，则称该国为资本丰富型国家；也即一国劳动的相对价格高高于另一国，则该国为资本丰富型国家。 图中，E A、E B分别表示A、B两国的要素总量组合ρA>ρB ，故A国为资本丰富的国家，B国则为劳动丰富的国家。 2、要素密集度：指生产某种产品所投入两种生产要素的比例。如果生产A商品的资本和劳动投入之比（K/L）大于生产B商品的资本和劳动投入之比，那么A商品就是资本密集型产品，而B商品是劳动密集型产品。要素密集度这也是一个相对的概念，与生产要素的绝对投入量无关。 定义：kx=Kx/Lx；ky=Ky/Ly，若kx>ky，则X是资本密集型产品，Y是劳动密集型产品在H-O理论中，两种商品的要素密集度是给定的，不随着要素价格的变化而变化；也就是说，即便要素价格变化导致两种商品生产的要素投入之比变化，也不会改变两种商品的要素密集度。
克鲁格曼国际经济学第八版上册课后答案
Overview of Section II: International Trade Policy Section II of the text is comprised of four chapters: Chapter 8The Instruments of Trade Policy Chapter 9The Political Economy of Trade Policy Chapter 10Trade Policy in Developing Countries Chapter 11Controversies in Trade Policy n Section II Overview Trade policy issues figure prominently in current political debates and public policy discussions. The first two chapters of this section of the text are concerned with the instruments of trade policy and the arguments for free trade and managed trade. The second two chapters consider these concepts in the context of specific sets of countries that face common problems. Throughout, the use of case studies provides the student with real world examples that clearly illustrate the theoretical arguments. Chapter 8 discusses various instruments of trade policy including tariffs, quotas, voluntary export restraints, and local content requirements. The effects of these policies on prices and trade volumes are determined in the context of a partial equilibrium framework. The chapter reviews the analytical tools of consumer and producer surplus, and uses these tools to consider the welfare effects of various protectionist measures. The specific incidents of trade restrictions presented as case studies include import quotas on sugar entering United States markets, voluntary export restraints on Japanese autos, and oil import quotas. Chapter 9 presents the set of ideas known as the political economy of trade theory. These ideas enable you to understand why certain trade restrictions exist, despite the force of general economic arguments which suggest that they reduce aggregate welfare. Possible motivations for trade restrictions are identified as those which increase national welfare, such as the optimum tariff, and those which foster either income
国际经济学课后习题答案
For personal use only in study and research; not for commercial use 第一章 1.为什么说在决定生产与消费时,相对价格比绝对价格更重要？ 答案提示:当生产处于生产边界线上,资源则得到了充分利用,这时,要想增加某一产品的生产,必须降低另一产品的生产,也就就是说,增加某一产品的生产就是有机会机本(或社会成本)的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率与充分就业得以实现,但究竟选择哪一点,则还要瞧两个商品的相对价格,即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时,生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以,在决定生产与消费时,相对价格比绝对价格更重要 2.仿效图1—6与图1—7,试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线与国民需求曲线。 答:参见教材第一章第二节内容,将图1－6a中,以横坐标表示y商品的供给,以纵坐标表示x商品供给,得出相应生产可能性边界线,然后将图1－6b中,以横坐标表示y商品供给,以纵坐标表示y的相对价格,通过类似推导可得出国民供给曲线,国民需求曲线作类似推导可得。 3.在只有两种商品的情况下,当一个商品达到均衡时,另外一个商品就是否也同时达到均衡？ 答:两种商品同时达到均衡。一种商品均衡时,由其相对价格,机会成本,需求可知另一种商品得相对价格,机会成本与需求。 4.如果生产可能性边界就是一条直线,试确定过剩供给(或需求)曲线。 答案提示:略,参见书上 5.如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线(B国)与过剩需求曲线(A国)来确定国际均衡价格,那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果就是否一致？ 答案提示:国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6.说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示:一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品,有利于此国贸易利益的获得,不过,出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加,有损于出口国的贸易利益;与此类似,出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加,但就是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进
国际经济学第十版课后答案(萨尔瓦多、杨冰译)
国际经济学（第十版）多米尼克.萨尔瓦多(著) P16页练习题 6.（1）根据消费者需求理论，当其他条件不变时，一种商品价格的提高（如由于税率的上浮所致），会带来需求量的什么变化？ 答：根据消费者需求理论，当其他条件不变时，一种商品价格的提高，则该商品的需求量将会下降。 （2）根据消费者需求理论，一种进口商品价格的提高（如由于进口关税的上浮所致），会带来需求量的什么变化？ 答：根据消费者需求理论，一种进口商品价格的提高，则该商品的出口量将会下降。 7．（1）一国政府如何能消除或减少预算赤字？ 答：一国政府可以通过减少政府支出、增加税收，来消除或者减少预算赤字。（2）一个国家如何能消除或减少贸易逆差？ 答：一个国家要消除或减少其贸易逆差的方式有：对进口商品增税、补贴出口，借如更多的国外债券、减少借出外国债券，降低该国的国民收入水平。 8．（1）国际经济关系与地区经济关系有何区别？ 答：在国际经济关系下，国家通常限制在国际间的自由流动的货物、服务和因素，不同的语言、消费习惯和法律规定同样也阻碍了它们在国际间的流动，此外，国际收支会在各种货币收据和付款中流通。 而在地区经济关系下，就关税和进行相同的货币而言,区际流动的货物、服务和因素没有面临这样的限制因素，它们经常是在同样的语言环境下，在类似的消费习惯和法律规定下进行的，这就与国际经济关系形成了鲜明对比。 （2）它们在哪方面相似？ 答：国际经济关系和地区经济关系的相似点：两者都跨越了空间距离，事实上，它们都是在远距离贸易下的产物，把经济看待成在一个进行着生产、交换和消费的空间中的单一点，这也是从经济学的复位空间将它们区分。 1
国际经济学第五版第三章答案
第三章 ） Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions 1. Use the information in the table on labor productivities in France and Germany to answer the following questions.使用该信息表上关于法国和德国的劳动生产率，以回答以下问题。 Output per Hour Worked单 位工作小时的产出 France Germany Cheese 2 kilograms 1 kilogram Cars 0.25 0.5 a. Which country has an absolute advantage in cheese? In cars?哪个国家有奶酪的绝 对优势？汽车呢？ b. What is the relative price of cheese in France if it does not trade? In Germany, if it does not trade?什么是奶酪在法国的相对价格，如果它不交易？在德国，如果不 进行交易？ c. What is opportunity cost of cheese in France? In Germany?法国奶酪的机会成本是 多少？德国呢？ d. Which country has a comparative advantage in cheese? In cars? Show how you know.在奶酪生产上，那个国家有比较优势？在汽车生产上呢？解释你的结论 e. What are the upper and lower bounds for the trade price of cheese?奶酪交易价格的 上下边界是什么？ f.Draw a hypothetical PPC for France and label its slope. Suppose that France follows its comparative advantage in deciding where to produce on its PPC. Label its production point.画一条假设的法国生产可能性曲线并标出其斜率。假设法国根 据其比较优势决定生产可能性曲线上生产点，标出其生产点。 If the trade price of cars is 5 kilos of cheese per car, draw a trade line showing how France can gain from trade.如果贸易价格是每辆汽车换5千克奶酪，画出交易线 说明法国能够得到的贸易利得。 Answers: a. France has the absolute advantage in cheese and Germany in cars. This follows because France’s productivity is higher in cheese and Germany’s is higher in cars. 法国有干酪和德国车的绝对优势。在此之前，因为法国的生产力是奶酪更高，德 国是汽车高 b. The autarkic relative price of cheese in France is one-eighth car per kilogram; in Germany it is one-half car.奶酪在法国的自给自足的相对价格是每公斤八分之一 的汽车;在德国它是二分之一的汽车 c. Opportunity costs are equal to relative prices.机会成本等于相对价格
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》中文版·第九版 课后习题答案
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》中文版·第九版课后习题答案 第一章练习与答案 1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？ 答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。 2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答案提示： 3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？ 试解释原因。 答案提示： 4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示： 5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？ 答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。 7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？ 答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。 8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？ 答案提示：小国。 9*．为什么说两个部门要素使用比例的不同会导致生产可能性边界曲线向外凸？ 答案提示： 第二章答案 1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。
[经济学]《国际经济学》练习题参考答案
一、单项选择题 1.从国际经济资源流动的难度看，最容易流动的要素是（A） A.商品 B.资本 C.人员 D.技术 2.在比较利益模型中，两种参与贸易商品的国际比价（C） A.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之上 B.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之下 C.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之间 D.与贸易前的任何一个国家的国内比价相同 3.比较利益理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是（A） A.劳动生产率的差异 B.技术水平的差异 C.产品品质的差异 D.价格的差异 4.在绝对技术差异理论与相对技术差异理论中，机会成本是（D） A.递增 B.递减 C.先递增后递减 D.不变 5.不能解释产业内贸易现象的理论有（B） A.重叠需求理论 B.要素比例理论 C.规模经济理论 D.垄断竞争理论 6.能反映规模经济理论本意的是（B） A.规模报酬递减 B.规模报酬递增 C.规模报酬不变 D.规模成本递增 7.不改变贸易结构，只改变贸易规模的增长方式有（C） A.偏向进口的生产要素增长 B.偏向出口的生产要素增长 C.生产要素等比例增长 D.悲惨的增长 8.最佳关税水平应等于（B） A.零进口关税 B.零进口关税与禁止性关税之间的水平
C.禁止性关税 D.禁止性关税以上 9.世界贸易组织秘书处设在（B） A.日内瓦 B.纽约 C.布鲁塞尔 D.乌拉圭 10.在国际卡特尔订价中，当产品的需求弹性越小，卡特尔订价水平就（B） A.越低 B.越高 C.不变 D.不确定 11.下述哪一种不属于投机性外汇交易（D） A.双边套汇 B.多边套汇 C.套利 D.套期保值 12.下述几种货币中，哪一种是实行联合浮动的货币（D） A.英镑 B.日元 C.美元 D.人民币 13.下述哪一种属于国际收支的事后项目（D） A.进出口 B.利息收支 C.直接投资 D.特别提款权变动 14.在分析货币贬值对贸易收支的影响时，小国所面临的供给弹性是（D） A.零 B.小于需求弹性 C.大于需求弹性 D.无穷大 15.发展中国家主要采取的汇率制度是（C） A.固定汇率制 B.浮动汇率制 C.钉住汇率制 D.联合浮动制 16.在1997年东南亚金融危机中，最早出现金融动荡的国家是（B） A.印度尼西业 B.泰国 C.日本 D.韩国 17.劳动力在各国间的流动通常会使劳动力流出国（D） A.财政总收入增加，公共设施利用率提高 B.财政总收入增加，公共设施利用率下降 C.财政总收入减少，公共设施利用率提高 D.财政总收入减少，公共设施利用率下降 18.产业内贸易更容易发生于（C） A.富国与穷国之间 B.类似的高手入国家之间
国际经济学第三章答案
Chapter 3 1．Home has 1200 units of labor available. It can produce two goods, apples and bananas. The unit labor requirement in apple production is 3, while in banana production it is 2. a ． b ．What is the opportunity cost of apples in terms of bananas? 5.1=Lb La a a c ．In the absence of trade, what would the price of apples in terms of bananas be? In the absence of trade, since labor is the only factor of production and supply decisions are determined by the attempts of individuals to maximize their earnings in a competitive economy, only when Lb La b a /a a /P P =will both goods be produced. So 1.5 /P P b a = 2．Home is as described in problem 1. There is now also another country, Foreign, with a labor force of 800. Foreign’s unit labor requirement in apple production is 5, while in banana production it is 1. a ． b ．
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第八版课后答案(英文)-Ch09
Chapter 9 The Political Economy of Trade Policy Chapter Organization The Case for Free Trade Free Trade and Efficiency Additional Gains from Free Trade Rent Seeking Political Arguments for Free Trade Case Study: The Gain from ―1992‖ National Welfare Arguments against Free Trade The Terms of Trade Argument for a Tariff The Domestic Market Failure Argument against Free Trade How Convincing is the Market Failure Argument? Income Distribution and Trade Policy Electoral Competition Collective Action Modeling the Political Process Who Gets Protected? Box: Politicians for Sale: Evidence from the 1990s International Negotiations and Trade Policy The Advantages of Negotiation International Trading Agreements: A Brief History The Uruguay Round Trade Liberalization From the GATT to the WTO Box: Settling a Dispute, and Creating One Benefits and Costs The Doha Disappointment Box: Do Agricultural Subsidies Hurt the Third World? Preferential Trading Agreements Case Study: Tes ting the WTO’s Metal
国际经济学作业答案-第七章
Chapter 7 International Factor Movements Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following differs in its essential analytical framework? (a) International trade in goods (b) International conflict resolution (c) International trade in services (d) International trade in factors of production (e) International borrowing and lending Answer: B 2. The slope of the production function measures (a) the physical increase in output as country grows. (b) the dollar-value increase in output as a country grows. (c) the increase in number of workers as immigration proceeds. (d) the marginal product of labor. (e) the marginal product of capital. Answer: D 3. International free labor mobility will under all circumstances (a) increase total world output. (b) improve the economic welfare of everyone. (c) improve the economic welfare of workers everywhere. (d) improve the economic welfare of landlords (or capital owners) everywhere. (e) None of the above. Answer: E 4. If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin model equilibrium with trade, then (a) workers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country. (b) workers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundant country. (c) workers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capital abundant country. (d) workers in the capital abundant country would wish to migrate to the labor abundant country. (e) workers in the capital abundant country would migrate to the labor abundant country. Answer: C
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