文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › Social Security System 社会保障制度

Social Security System 社会保障制度

Social Security System 社会保障制度
Social Security System 社会保障制度

Better Social Security System

China has established a basic network to provide aid for those in need and help for the unemployed to get jobs, but uphill battles are still ahead to optimize the established system.

China's leading English newspaper, China Daily, carried a commentary on Monday, saying the country is undergoing rapid economic development, and residents hold higher expectations of the government. The paper says economic boom in the past three decades has not only considerably improved the living standards of the people, but also taught them how to safeguard their own rights. The general public begin to have the will and urge to voice their concerns on public and state affairs.

The paper goes on to say that it is human nature to look forward to a better life, and it is the obligation of the government to provide a better social security system for the people.

But the paper says the country's huge population is a burden for an effective social security system although it is good for economic development at the same time.

For example, more than 10 million jobs have been created annually in recent years but it still can not meet the demands of urban and rural job seekers.

Now in China, elderly rural villagers can enjoy pensions, and the urban unemployed can get basic living allowances. These could not be imagined 20, or 30 years ago.

In conclusion, the paper hopes that such problem is just a growing pain that will be addressed with economic development by increasingly optimized government services.

Social Security System

The Social Security system in the United States provides monthly payments to retired people and the disabled. Most of the money comes from a wage tax paid by workers and employers.

For now, Social Security collects more money than it pays out. The surplus goes into a trust fund for workers who will retire in the future. But the future will have more retirees and fewer workers to support them. Last June, the Congressional Budget Office said Social Security is expected to have a deficit beginning in two thousand nineteen.

President Bush says "now is the time to act." On Wednesday, at the first news conference of his second term, he said the program will be out of money in two thousand forty-two. Mister Bush wants Congress to make changes. But there is intense debate about how much fixing this popular program needs.

Social Security was born out of the Great Depression. Poverty spread during this period from nineteen twenty-nine to the beginning of World War Two. Many leaders spoke of creating a system to guarantee payments to the disabled and the retired. Critics called it socialism.

Some states created their own plans. President Franklin Roosevelt wanted a national system that could pay for itself. He proposed the Social Security Act in January of nineteen thirty-five.

Congress passed the law that year. But payments did not start until nineteen forty. Until then, money gathered in the trust fund so the program could start with a surplus.

wage tax工资所得税social security n. 社会保障,社会保险

surplus n. 剩余, 过剩trust fund n. 信托基金;托管基金

deficit n. 赤字, 不足额news conference n. 记者招待会

China drafts law to safeguard operation of social

security system

China's top legislature on Sunday began to read the draft law on social security to safeguard operation of an extensive social security system. Dec.24 - China's top legislature on Sunday began to read the draft law on social security to safeguard operation of an extensive social security system.

It was submitted to the weeklong 31st session of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC), or China's top legislature, for the first reading.

According to the draft law, China's social security system was composed of five parts: pension insurance, medical insurance, work injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance.

China had established its social security system at a preliminary stage. By the end of September, 197 million Chinese had been insured for pension insurance, 115 million for unemployment insurance, 189 million for medical insurance, 115 million for work injury insurance and 73 million for maternity insurance, according to the Ministry of Labour and Social Security (MLSS).

However, these different kinds of insurance were regulated according to different regulations or polices. China lacked in a comprehensive law to regulate its social security system and safeguard the management and operation of the social security system.

Currently, some employers had refused to insure their employees or deliberately defaulted paying insurance fees for their staff for lack of clear punishment. Meanwhile, an incomplete social security system also hindered rational migration of labor, the MLSS said.

Tian Chengping, MLSS minister, said: "People of various circles have called on enacting a society security law as the social security system is of vital importance to building a harmonious and a comparatively well-off society in an all-round way."

The draft law, with eight chapters and 63 provisions, outlined the legal framework for the social security system and specified principle, scope, prerequisites, management and supervision of the social security system.

According to the law, the pension and unemployment insurance would cover all full-time employees, excluding public servants; the medical insurance would cover all employees; work injury and maternity insurance would cover all employees, excluding public servants.

The draft law also detailed stated punishments on those who violated it. With the social security administrations approval, institutions in charge of fee collecting could directly transfer fees from the employer's bank accounts if it failed to pay enough insurance for its employees, the draft law said.

It stated the institutions in charge of fee collecting could even make an application to a court to confiscate and sell the property of serious violators so as to compensate insurance fees.

VIOLATIONS TO BE PUNISHED

It said government at the county level should establish supervision systems to safeguard the secure and efficient operation of the fund.

It also said those who fabricated documents to swindle the social security fund must return the funds and be fined twice or five times the amount they swindled.

The draft law stipulated that all social security funds should be used for specified purposes only. No institutions or persons had the right to occupy or embezzle from the fund.

If the security fund was embezzled, the social security administration departments, financial departments and audit offices should recover the embezzled funds; illegal income earned from embezzled social security funds should be confiscated and personnel involved would be punished according to law.

Tian said: "We need to enact laws to ensure China's social security system conforms to its economic and social development."

"With such a system, Chinese people can get material assistance when they become aged, ill, injured, unemployed or give birth to baby."

He stressed the system was necessary to enable Chinese to enjoy benefits brought by the country's economic progress and to promote social stability.

To make management of the fund more transparent, the draft law asked institutions in charge of social security cases to disclose income, expenditure, surplus and profit of the fund regularly.

It also said that individual's Identification Card number will be registered as the insurant's social security number. Public security organs should inform the insurance fee collector with insurant's status such as birth, death and residence information, the draft bill said.

China expands social security system

China has the world's largest population, consisting of nearly 20% of the world's people. As economic development has sped up in recent years, the government has been working to establish an integrated social security system.

The social security ministry says China has already established the world’s biggest pension insurance system, 8 years ahead of schedule. More than 700 million people are covered under the scheme, with social security payments rising as well.

Chen Lingmin lives in the Tian Shui Yuan community in Beijing. She and her husband both retired from state-owned companies about 10 years ago. Now the couple’s total pension is up t o nearly 6,000 yuan. Chen said, “I got my first pension in 1997. It was only about 500 yuan a month. Now I get 2,500 yuan every month. It’s more than enough for me and my husband to live on. Our living standards have continued to rise and I’m quite contented.”

China has raised the basic level of enterprise pension insurance eight times since 2005. The 2012 audit report of the national social security fund says average monthly pensions have gone up from about 700 yuan in 2005 to about 1,500 yuan in 2011 - th at’s more than 10 percent above inflation. The number of people covered by enterprise pension insurance in 2011 is almost twice of the number in 2005.

China has launched more than twenty social security policies since 2005. Coverage of the basic pension insurance scheme has been largely expanded, covering more than 700 million residents so far.

Basic medical insurance reached the whole country by the end of 2011. Other social insurances for unemployment, work injury and maternity have also been improved.

Ch u Fuling, director of China Social Security Research Center, said, "China’s social security system has made huge progress.The mechanism covers all residents in both urban and rural areas. Take the pension insurance for example. There are three types of this insurance, respectively provided to employed and unemployed urban residents and rural residents. The population coverage and the level of social insurance have also been increasing."

But as China faces an ageing population, there are some concerns.

Some worry that China’s pension fund might have a deficit. Some are calling for the retirement age to be extended.

Chu said, "China’s pension fund doesn’t have any deficit. The 2012 audit report says China’s social security fund enjoys a surplus of about 3,300 billion yuan. As for the retirement age, the average life span in China has increased a lot since the establishment of our country. Policy makers will consider extending retirement age in the future."

In addition to the social insurance system, China has also made efforts to build better social assistance schemes and social welfare systems.

Reporter: “China’s social security system has made great achievement in the past decade. But experts point out that there is still a gap between China and the developed counties in this field. China needs more efforts to focus on improving the social security mechanism and the level of management.”

Social security system taking shape

Social security is one of the most important socio-economic systems for a country in modern times. To establish and improve a social security system corresponding to the level of economic development is a logical requirement for co-ordinated economic and social development.

Yang Shoushan, a migrant worker at Anhui Province's Bozhou, smiles after taking back his unpaid wages from a construction company on August 19, 2004. More than 100 workers received their arrears, totalling at 105,000 yuan (US$12,650) after the local labour and social security office intervened. [newsphoto/file]

China is the world's biggest developing country with a large population, yet its economic base is weak and the development between urban and rural regions is unbalanced. Establishing a sound social security system in China is an extremely arduous task.

In light of China's actual situation and adhering to the principle of "putting people first," the Chinese Government attaches great importance and devotes every effort to establishing and improving its social security system. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China stipulates that the State shall establish and improve a social security system corresponding to the level of economic development. The Chinese Government regards economic development as the basic prerequisite for improving people's livelihood and effecting social security.

For a long time before 1978, when China adopted the reform and opening-up policies, China had practised a social security policy corresponding to its planned economic system, providing social security services to its people as best it could. Since China established and improved its socialist market economy system in the mid-1980s, a series of reforms have been introduced to change the old social security system practised under the planned economy. A basic framework of a social security system has been set up in China corresponding to the market economy system, with the central and local governments sharing specific responsibilities.

China's social security system includes social insurance, social welfare, special care and placement system, social relief and housing services. As the core of the social security system, social insurance includes old-age insurance, unemployment insurance, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance and maternity insurance.

Old-age insurance

China is now an aging society. As the aging of the population quickens, the number of elderly people is becoming very large. This trend will reach its peak in the 2030s. To guarantee the basic living standards of the elderly and safeguard their legitimate rights and interests, the Chinese Government has continuously improved the old-age insurance system and reformed the fund-raising mode in an attempt to establish a multi-level old-age insurance system marked by sustainable development.

In 1997, the Chinese Government unified the basic old-age insurance system for enterprise employees in urban areas across the country by implementing a social-pool-plus-personal-accounts scheme. Enterprise employees who have reached retirement age as provided by law (60 for male employees, 55 for female cadres and 50 for female workers) and who have paid their share of the premiums for 15 years or more shall be entitled to collect a basic old-age pension every month after retirement. In 2003, the monthly basic pensions for enterprise retirees covered by the basic old-age insurance scheme was 621 yuan (US$74) on average.

Initially, China's basic old-age insurance covered only State-owned enterprises and

collectively-owned enterprises in urban areas and their employees. In 1999, this coverage was expanded to include foreign-invested enterprises, private enterprises and other types of enterprises in urban areas, as well as their employees. In 2002 China expanded its basic old-age insurance coverage to all those who were employed in a flexible manner in urban areas. In 2003, the number of people participating in the basic old-age insurance scheme across China reached 155.06 million, 116.46 million of whom were employees.

The State has called upon governments at all levels to increase the momentum of restructuring their financial expenditure and raise their input into social security. In 2003, State budgets at all levels contributed 54.4 billion yuan (US$6.55 billion) toward basic old-age insurance funds, of which 47.4 billion yuan (US$5.71 billion) came from the central budget.

In 2000, the Chinese Government decided to create a national social security fund. The national social security fund provides an important financial reserve for the implementation of old-age insurance and other social security programmes. By the end of 2003, it had accumulated over 130 billion yuan (US$15.66 billion).

Unemployment insurance

The Chinese Government is speeding up the development and improvement of an unemployment insurance system to guarantee the basic livelihood of employees after losing their jobs, to help them find new jobs, and accelerate the combination of the basic livelihood guarantee system for people laid off from State-owned enterprises with unemployment insurance. By the end of 2003, there were 103.73

million people who participated in the unemployment insurance scheme, which provided unemployment insurance benefits of varying time limits to 7.42 million laid-off employees throughout the year.

While guaranteeing the basic livelihood of the unemployed, the State actively looks for effective ways to steer unemployment insurance in the direction of promoting re-employment.

Since 1998, the Chinese Government has put into operation a system that provides for three guarantees: basic livelihood guarantee for laid-off persons from State-owned enterprises, unemployment insurance guarantee and minimum living standard guarantee for urban residents.

With the steady improvement of the unemployment insurance system and the increase of fund accumulations, since 2001, the basic livelihood guarantee system for laid-offs from State-owned enterprises has been integrated with the unemployment insurance programme. State-owned enterprises now have ceased to establish any new re-employment service centres, and, in principle, people newly laid off by enterprises have also ceased to register at such centres. Instead, enterprises just terminate their labour contracts according to law, and the laid-off persons will then be entitled to unemployment insurance benefits according to relevant regulations.

Medical Insurance

In 1998, on the basis of previous trials, the Chinese Government promulgated the "Decision on Establishing a Basic Medical Insurance System for Urban Employees," promoting a national reform of the basic medical insurance system for urban employees. By the end of 2003, some 109.02 million people around China had participated in the basic medical insurance programme, including 79.75 million employees and 29.27 million retirees.

To standardize medical services and reduce costs, the State simultaneously promotes the reform of the basic medical insurance system, medical and healthcare system, and pharmaceuticals production and circulation system.

Efforts have been made to ensure the insured enjoy necessary medical services, to curb unreasonable medical expenses, and to enhance the utilization efficiency of the basic medical insurance fund.

Insurance for work-related injuries

The Chinese Government has made great efforts to establish an insurance system for work-related injuries that includes work-related injury prevention, compensation and recovery. After January 2004, when the "Regulations on Insurance for Work-related Injuries" went into effect, the coverage of such insurance has expanded rapidly. By the end of June 2004, as many as 49.96 million employees had underwritten this insurance scheme.

The State stipulates that all enterprises and all individual businesses engaged in industry and commerce with employees must participate in work-related injury insurance, and pay insurance

premiums for all their employees, permanent as well as temporary. The individual employees do not pay such premiums.

Maternity Insurance

In 1988, the State introduced a reform of the maternity insurance system in some areas. At the end of 2003, there were 36.55 million employees covered by maternity insurance. In the year of 2003, 360,000 employees received maternity insurance benefits.

The maternity insurance system mainly covers urban enterprises and their employees, and in some places, women employees of government agencies, public institutions, mass organizations and enterprises. The premiums are paid by the employers participating in the maternity insurance scheme, and should not be more than one per cent of the total wage bill. Individual employees do not pay the premiums. Employers not having participated in the scheme will still be responsible for providing maternity insurance benefits. Employees giving birth to babies may enjoy a childbirth allowance for 90 days according to law. Women employees who have given birth to babies or had abortions shall maintain their original wages and positions, and get reimbursements for their medical expenses according to related regulations.

Social welfare

The Chinese Government actively promotes the development of social welfare, raising funds through various channels to provide social welfare benefits for the elderly, orphans and the disabled.

The "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Disabled People" promulgated by the State provides legal guarantees for disabled people's rehabilitation, education, employment, cultural life and social welfare. By the end of 2003, a total of over 4.03 million disabled people in urban areas around China were in employment, and 16.85 million disabled people in rural areas were engaged in productive labour; 2.59 million impoverished disabled people enjoyed guarantees for their livelihood; 442,000 disabled people enjoyed concentrated support and the "five guarantees" (of food, clothing, medicare, housing and burial expenses) in various welfare institutions and homes for the aged; 2.46 million disabled people were receiving temporary aid, regular allowances and special allowances; and over 7.01 million impoverished disabled people were receiving assistance for basic food and clothing. In 2003, governments at all levels earmarked 1.5 billion yuan (US$181 million) for services for the disabled, and raised nearly 100 million yuan (US$12 million) for social welfare funds.

Special care and placement

The special care and placement system is one by which the Chinese Government provides materials and expresses compassion mainly for servicemen and their families. At present, such people number over 40 million.

To protect the rights and interests of people eligible for special care, the Chinese Government has promulgated the "Regulations on Commending Revolutionary Martyrs," "Regulations on Special Care and Preferential Treatment for Servicemen," and similar laws and regulations.

Social relief

Proceeding from the situation of national development, the Chinese Government has made the greatest effort to provide the minimum standard of living for the urban and rural poor, to provide relief to natural disaster victims and to urban vagrants and beggars, while promoting and encouraging all kinds of social mutual help activities.

On August 1, 2003, the State promulgated the "Measures for the Administration of Relief for Vagrants and Beggars Without Assured Living Sources in Cities." Based on the principle of "receiving aid of one's own free will, and giving help gratis," relief for vagrants and beggars who have no assured living sources in cities should be administered with compassion. The relief should be provided in accordance with the different circumstances and needs of the recipients, so that they can receive relief in terms of food, lodging, medicare, communications, transportation to their hometowns and escort. By the end of 2003, some 909 such relief administrative centres had been set up throughout the country, offering help to 210,000 cases of urban vagrants and beggars who had no assured living sources that year.

Housing security

The Chinese Government actively promotes the development of an urban housing security system which includes mainly the system of publicly accumulated housing funds, the system of generally affordable and functional housing, and the low-rent housing system for the purpose of unremittingly improving urban residents' housing conditions. By the end of 2003, the average floor space had reached 23.7 sq m per capita for urban residents.

Since 1998, the Chinese Government has made active efforts to promote the low-rent housing system and to continuously improve housing security policies. For households whose incomes and housing space are below the standards set by the local government, the latter should ensure that their basic housing needs are met by application, registration and waiting one's turn. In 2003, this low-rent housing system for minimum-income families was established in 35 large and medium-sized cities.

Social security in rural areas

The majority of the Chinese live in rural areas, where the economic development level is comparatively low. In accordance with the characteristics of rural socio-economic development, the State's social security measures in rural areas are different from those practised in cities.

The old-age security in China's rural areas is centred mostly on families. In the 1990s, China began to try out an old-age insurance system in some of the rural areas in accordance with the actual level of local socio-economic development. By the end of 2003, the work of old-age social insurance had been carried out to various extents in the rural areas of 1,870 counties (cities, districts). Some 54.28 million people had underwritten the old-age insurance programme, which had accumulated a fund running to 25.9 billion yuan (US$3.12 billion), with 1.98 million farmers drawing old-age pension.

In 2004, the Chinese Government began to experiment with a system that supports and rewards households that practise family planning by having only one child or two girls in some of the rural areas. Each person of such couples may receive a minimum of 600 yuan (US$72) a year from the age of 60 till the end of his or her life. This reward will be provided jointly by the central and local governments.

In order to guarantee that farmers' basic medical needs are satisfied, to alleviate their medical burdens and to address the problem of poverty caused by illness or prevent them from getting poor again because of illness, the Chinese Government began to set up a new rural co-operative medical service system based mainly on a financial-pool-against-serious-disease scheme.

Farmers can participate freely in such a co-operative medical system in 2002, which is organized, led and supported by the government with funds coming from the government, collectives and the beneficiaries. At present, the system is being tried out in 310 counties (cities) in 30 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government.

我国社会保障体系浅析

摘要:社会保障制度是市场经济体制的重要组成部分,它被称为市场经济的安全和稳定制度。随着我国社会主义市场经济体制结构的调整,社会主义国情的发展。现行社会保障体系有待进一步健全与完善。本文从社会保障制度当前的现状入手,对我国社会保障制度存在的问题以及如何完善当今的社会保障体系进行了浅要分析。 关键词:社会保障问题分析应对措施 社会保障制度是国家通过立法而制定的社会保险、救助、补贴等一系列制度的总称,是现代国家最重要的社会经济制度之一。现阶段我国已经建成了以养老、失业、医疗三大社会保险制度和社会救助制度为骨架的城镇社会保障体系,在农村也是在不断的推进农村养老保险、医疗保险。但是值得我们注意的是,在社会保障制度建设不断取得前进的现在,仍然有很多问题需要我们去解决。 1.中国现行社会保障制度存在的问题 1.1.社会保障法制不健全 目前,我国社会保障制度是以社会保险费征缴和发放为基础、以部分城市居民最低生活保障和居民生活救济为辅助而形成的一套制度。还没有形成全国统一的社会保障制度,社会保障法制化建设滞后,现行的社会保障基金的筹集、管理与使用缺乏应有的法律保障,所制订的只是一些行政法规和部门规章,这种立法的低层次状况不仅导致我国社会保障法律规范的强制力低,而且也导致现行法律往往更多注重部门利益和地方利益,造成各部门之间立法的矛盾和各地方立法的不协调,最终导致各地社会保障的做法难以统一。 2.2.统筹层次低,覆盖面窄 目前我国社会保险费的统筹层次很低,虽然国家也要求各地区尽快实现省级统筹,但大部分地区落实到地市级统筹,还存在不少的县级统筹。我国各地区的自然资源、天然环境各不相同,经济基础也不一样,管理水平和人才条件也存在着一定差异,这些都决定着一个地区的经济发展水平,进而也决定着一个地区的资金筹措能力。目前,我国过低的社会保障资金的统筹层次直接影响了社会保障的良好运行,表现为:条件好的地方,较低的收费率即可满足当地的社会保障支出,条件差的地方,较高的收费率也无法满足当地的社会保障支出。

我国社会保障制度的演变与发展轨迹

我国社会保障制度的演变与发展轨迹 作为社会主义国家,中国从建国开始就非常关注社会保障问题,中华人民共和国第一部宪法(1954年)第93条规定:“中华人民共和国劳动者在年老、疾病或者丧失劳动能力的时候,有获得物质帮助的权利。国家举办社会保险,社会救济和群众卫生事业,并且逐步扩大这些设施,以保证劳动者享受这种权利。”但是,正如《世界人权宣言》所指出的那样,一个国家社会保障制度是受到国家的组织和资源情况制约的。新中国成立后50年来,实现宪法规定的社会保障权利经历了曲折的发展过程,大体上可以划分为五个阶段: 第一阶段 从1949年到1969年。新中国成立后,实行社会保障制度成了当时的基本国策。政务院于1950年发布施行《救济失业工人暂行办法》,对减轻工人生活困难,保护劳动力,帮助失业者就业、转业,特别是对恢复各国营、私营企业的生产,扩大经营范围以及创办新企业,起到了重要的作用。1951年,《中华人民共和国劳动保险条例》颁布施行。由于1951年劳动保险条例是在国家财政经济还没有全面恢复的困难情况下制定的,某些保险待遇较低,在实施范围上也只能采取重点试行的办法。随着国家财政经济状况逐步好转和大规模的经济建设全面展开,1953年1月2日政务院修订公布了《中华人民共和国劳动保险条例》,进一步扩大了劳动保险的覆盖范围,又提高了若干劳动保险的标准,到1956年已扩大到商业、外贸、粮食、供销社、金融、民航、石油、地质、水产等部门,部分集体企业参照执行,经济条件差的集体企业可以订立劳动合同。 1957年国家对原有的保障制度进行了修改,主要是放宽退休条件,适当提高了退休的待遇标准,并实行了企事业单位和国家机关职工统一的退休制度,从而解决了企业和机关职工退休办法不统一的矛盾。这段时期的养老保险,事业单位由人事部门管理,企业由劳动部门和工会共同管理。 这个阶段还修改、补充了干部和工人退休、退职的规定,加强了对女工的保护,在医疗保险中增加了对职业病的保障,进一步扩大了保障范围。 第二阶段 从1969年到1978年。由于文化大革命的开始,劳动保险管理机构被撤销。1969年2月,国家财政部规定国营企业一律停止提取劳动保险金,企业职工的退休金在营业外列支,劳动保险业务由各级劳动部门管理。这样,在整个70年代,社会化的劳动保险又被办成了“企业保险”。 第三阶段

社会保障国际比较简答题

1、社会保障的概念:社会保障的责任主体是国家和政府,并由它组织社会保障活动,以国家法律形式加以保证强制实施,但并不排斥社会成员之间的互助互济活动;是一种经常化的经济安全制度或收入安定的保障计划,以保持任何公民在收入中断或不能工作时,都能得到维持最基本生活的费用;社保对象是全体社会成员,其中以暂时或永久丧失劳动能力的人、失去工作机会的人和收入不能维持最低生活水平的人及其家庭为主要对象;实行社会保障的目的是要使生存发生困难的社会成员通过保障能够生存下去,不至于陷入困境,并通过竞争达到维护社会公平、缓解社会矛盾、保证社会稳定的目的。 2、社会保障的内涵:社会保障是国家主导的、共担社会风险的社会制度;是社会文明进步的产物;是市场经济的安全网;是具有福利性的再分配机制;是现代政府的重要职能;是公民的基本权利;是关乎国运、惠及民生的伟大事业。综上所述,应当全面理解与把握社会保障的多重含义,既要借鉴国际社会的有益经验,又要结合中国国情来认识和理解社会保障的基本内涵。 3、早期空想共产主义对社会保障制度的影响:较为全面、系统、深刻地显示了社会保障之光,他们的某些主张和建议对后来唤起人民为争取自由和民主而斗争,推动社会改革,建立健全社会保障制度的影响具有极其深刻的意义,对后来社会保障理论的形成起到了积极的作用。 4、马克思主义社会保障思想的主要内容:满足人的需要是人类社会生产活动的基本内在动因与目的;社会保障与两种再生产理论;国民收入再分配理论,社会保障基金的建立及通过再分配调节社会成员的收入;工人最好的保障是国家社会保障;社保是社会改革的配套机制、动力机制及社会稳定的重要因素之一。 5、社会保障制度产生的原因:产业革命是社保得以产生的前提条件;无产阶级的成长壮大和不懈斗争是催促社保产生的动力;各种进步的社会学说是社保制度产生的理论先导。 6、贝弗里奇报告确立的社保原则:福利措施应当不以损害资本增值和资本积累为宗旨,否则就会减少国民收入和社会福利;不论实行直接转移收入还是间接转移收入措施,都要防止懒惰和浪费,一般做到投资于福利事业的收益大于投资于机器的收益;反对实行无条件的补贴,认为最好的补贴是那种“能够激励工作和储蓄”的补贴,在实行补贴时应先确定受补贴者自己挣得生活费的能力再给予补贴。 7、为什么说社保制度改革应坚持公平优先,兼顾效率的原则?公平与效率是社保理论研究的核心问题。社保是为满足社会公平目标而提供的一种安全稳定机制,以弥补市场分配的缺陷。同时社保又对经济效率起着独特的作用,从人力资本的数量和质量两个方面来保障随经济发展必要的人力要素投入,从更宏观的意义上促进资源的有效配置。维护社会公平、保护弱势群体是社保制度建立与完善的基本原则。社保制度安排属于公共产品、公共资源在公共领域的分配。因此缓和社会不公平、创造并维护社会公平,是社保制度安排的基本出发点,也是社会保障政策实践的基本归宿。因此社保制度改革应坚持公平优先兼顾效率的原则,不应当是市场经济所奉行的优胜劣汰原则。社保不能实行“义务—权利”对等原则,理应对弱者、贫者予以优先补偿,使所有社会成员都能享受同等的最低生活保障,体现社会公平的意义。 8、社会保障的功能:政治功能-稳定社会;经济功能-促进经济;社会功能-安定生活;调节分配。 9、社保的目的:通过利益的再分配保障公民的基本生活需求,缓解社会矛盾,维持社会稳定,为社会经济发展提供安定的社会环境。 10、社保的普遍性原则:指社会分配的利益作为一种社会权利对所有的公民都是均等的。社保政策和项目是对社会所有成员共同面临的那些风险的回应,而不仅仅是对贫困者、残疾人或那些特殊群体所面临风险的回应。社保目的在于建立各种不同的保障项目,以便对风险做出社会反应,这种但应并不因贫富、性别或其它不同而有所区别;满足这些需求的公共制度或项

美容院常见的四种经营模式

美容院常见的四种经营模 式 Prepared on 22 November 2020

美容院常见的四种经营模式 市场上的美容院越来越多,这也表示竞争也越来越激烈,每一家美容院都会根据自己的周边环境、消费人群来拟定不一样的经营模式,当然,什么事都是有利有弊的,那么哪种模式最好呢下面就随心德睿拉小编一起来看看吧。 一、美容院连锁加盟 美容院从以前的个体已经发展到如今的连锁加盟,而且发展趋势也是不断提升,再加上投资金额不大,很多创业者都纷纷加入美容行业,连锁加盟存在很大优势,投资者只需要找好店面,从装修、培训到开业,都有总部的扶持,而且品牌的知名度更能为加盟商节省很多广告费,直接就可以用总部的品牌,更容易拓客。因此美容院加盟成为创业者的首选。关注心德睿拉,关注养生馆加盟。 二、专业会所 专业会所主要领先潮流,服务的客户都是高端客户,当然对于美容院的产品、设备、服务都有着极高的要求,当然利润也是相当可观的,开这种会所之前一定会精准定位,确保周边高档消费客户,虽然会所的利润可观,但是也会因为人才的局限很难扩大规模。 三、单一式美容院 单一式的美容院主要追求精致、小巧,美容院经营者会专攻某一项美容产品,比如做祛斑就做祛斑,不会再有别的,这种选择有利有弊,优势是:产品不在多,在于精,专门精通一款美容项目,更能赢得消费者的信任。劣势是:对于消费群体也更加局限,同时也受到地域、和当地经济水平的制约,因此,在选择开单一式美容院前,就要进行地址、人群消费需求进行调查。 四、家庭式美容院 家庭式美容院在最近几年大受欢迎,家庭式美容院主要讲究的就是温馨、舒适,一般都会设置在写字楼、高档居民区等地,里面的床位、美容师虽然不会太多,但整体设施都很完善,大多都是靠品牌口碑招揽顾客,所服务的顾客大多都是提前预约,给消费者独一无二的服务,这种家庭式美容院的消费者大多都是白领、富有的家庭主妇,因此、美容院的环境、服务都会有严格要求,属于上层消费。关注心德睿拉,关注养生馆加盟。

浅析当前我国社会保障制度存在的问题及对策

2012年第 3期 经济 SHI JIAO 视 角 摘 要:社会保障制度是现代社会必不可少的社会管理制度之一。本文简要地阐述了完善社会保障制度的意义, 说明了我国社会 保障的发展状况, 分析了我国社会保障制度存在的问题, 在此基础上提出了完善我国社会保障制度应采取的一些对策。 关键词:社会保障制度; 存在问题; 对策中图分类号:D632.1; F24文献标识码:A doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-3309(s .2012.03.45文章编号:1672-3309(2012 03-107-02

浅析当前我国社会保障制度存在的问题及对策 曹帅 (外交部亚洲司, 北京 100020 一、完善社会保障制度的意义 社会保障制度, 是指由国家依据一定的法律和法规, 为保证社会成员的基本生活权利而提供救助和补贴的一种制度。它的主要功能在于, 通过建立社会化为标志的生活安全网, 来消除市场过程中产生的社会不安定因素, 防止社会动荡。 社会保障制度作为一种社会经济制度,是社会发展和社会进步的产物, 是公共选择的结果, 也是现代化国家的重要标志之一。 随着我国改革开放的深入、经济体制改革的深化, 社会保障制度的作用越来越重要。建立完善的社会保障制度, 对于我国转变经济发展方式、国民经济的结构调整、产业的转型升级、健全国民经济的宏观调控体系、创新社会管理等方面都具有不可忽视的作用。 19世纪 80年代,世界上第一个完整的社会保障制 度在德国建立, 经过 100多年的发展, 它已成为现代国家一项不可或缺的社会经济制度。我国改革开放 30多年的实践证明,建立社会保障制度是社会主义制度的根本要求, 它是我国社会事业发展的重要组成部分, 是我国社会不断取得进步的重要标志。社保制度的建立和完善对于落实科学发展观、促进社会的进步与和谐有着不可替代的重要作用。 二、我国社会保障的发展状况 社会保障制度不断完善,各项社会保险覆盖范围继续扩大, 参保人数和基金规模持续增长。 2010年年末养老保险、医疗保险、失业保险、工伤保险和生育保

社会保障模式

由于影响因素的复杂性和各国具体国情的差异,决定了社会保障制度不可能像经济体制一样一种模式走向全球化。至今为止,世界上没有一套能够得到各国公认的最为合理的社会保障制度,一个国家的社会保障制度,也不可能完全输入照搬到另外一国。即使是经济体制乃至政治、社会制度等相同的国家,他们的社会保障制度也可能存在着巨大的差异。比如美国与英国,它们的经济体制、政治制度以及许多国际事务方面的主张都如出一辙,但两者的社会保障制度差异却是很大的,美国是以社会保险为主的就业保障国家,而英国却是世界上最早宣布建立普遍性福利制度的国家。所以说,在不同的国家,存在着社会保障制度共同规律制约下的不同社会保障模式。迄今为止,世界上一共形成过四种社会保障制度模式,分别是福利国家型保障模式、社会保险型保障模式、强制储蓄型保障模式以及现在已经成为历史的国家保险型保障模式,当然,现在有一个趋势,各个国家的社会保障模式都不再单一,而是走向混合型,即混合型保障模式。 福利国家型保障模式,代表国家时英国、瑞典,英国是福利国家的始作俑者,瑞典被称为福利国家的橱窗。英国的福利型保障制度建成于20世纪40年代末,福利国家的理论蓝图当时是由贝弗里奇等人完成的,贝弗里奇也因此被称为“福利国家之父”,福利国家建成的理论基础是福利经济学。福利国家的最大特色就是以公民权利为核心,确立了普遍性和保障全面性原则,它以国家为直接的责任主体,以国家为全体国民提供全面保障为基本内容。对福利国家的评价,我们应该在充分肯定它历史功绩的同时,也应该充分的、清醒的认识到这种模式是影响经济增长与国际竞争力并带来某些负面社会影响的一个重要致因。虽然说现在福利国家都在进行改革,但是西欧与北欧国家依然是福利国家这一根本格局并未改变。 社会保险型保障模式,这种模式以面向劳动者建立各种社会保险制度为核心,与福利国家模式相比,社会保险型模式的主要特点是建立政府、雇主与个人之间的责任共担机制,实现风险保障的互济性,而是强调受保障者权力与义务相结合,社会保险制度首先产生于德国,随后即在工业化国家产生了重大影响,接着几乎波及整个世界。 与福利国家模式和社会保险模式有着巨大区别的另一种社会保障模式,是新加坡等国家创造的公积金制度,它实质上是一种强制储蓄型保障模式: 三、强制储蓄模式 (一)代表国家:新加坡、智利 我们先看下新加坡社会保障制度建立的整个历程:新加坡之前是个殖民地国家,殖民地时期建立的社会保障主要是殖民者意志的体现,像新加坡选择社会保障制度模式的决定权就是当时的英国殖民者。第二次世界大战后,英国殖民者在新家坡首创公共援助计划,主要是赔偿或补偿战争中的受害者;其后公共援助计划逐步扩大到结核病患者及其家庭成员和判刑

中国社会保障制度发展历程.

中国大陆社会保障制度 框架:1、中国大陆社会保障制度的发展历程及其特点2、中国大陆社会保障模式 3、中国大陆社会会保障制度目前存在的问题及其对策 4、小组成员看法及启示 一、中国大陆社会保障制度发展历程及其特点 第一阶段:创建与调整阶段第二阶段:停滞阶段第三阶段:恢复与发展阶段 创建与调整阶段: 时间;新中国成立初期至1966年内容:两项主体,三项补充 两项主体: 1、企业职工的劳动保险 2、国家机关、事业单位的社会保障 三项补充: 1、农村社队集体保障 2、社会救济 3、对革命军人的优待和抚恤 停滞阶段: 时间:1966—1978年 内容: 1、各级组织、机关被撤销 2、各项制度被否定和废止,社会工作无法可依 3、社保变成企保 恢复与发展阶段 时间:1978年至今 内容; 开始恢复国家--单位保障制(是指计划经济年代,建立在“单位体制”上的“低工资高福利”的社会保障体系。职工作为单位人,生老病死全部费用都由财政和企业负担,个人基本上不用交纳任何费用。 正式进入国家-单位保障制向国家-社会保障制(现行的社会保障制度的转型时期,完成了国有企业改革服务的历史使命。 成为市场经济的主要支柱,国家---单位保障制与国家—社会保障制并存 二、中国大陆社会保障模式

--中国现阶段是一个二元经济结构的社会,二元经济结构表现为城乡对立,传统农业生产方式与现代工业生产方式的对立。实施这一既定目标的前提是社会保障法律制度的健全与完善。城乡社会保障一体化是中国社会保障法律制度的发展方向。 中国城镇的社会保障模式 城镇社会保障逐步形成了多元化的行为主体,个人是基础,单位负有缴费责任,社会承担补充和服务保障, 政府规范、组织社会保障。通过建立了多渠道的资金筹措方式,构成了法定的基本保险、企业的补充保险、互助保险和个人储蓄保险的多层次社会保障体系。在此基础上,逐步向社会保障社会化、一体化方向发展。 农村的社会保障模式 中国政府在农村地区推行过两项社会保障措施 ,即合作医疗和社会养老保险。农村合作医疗制度是随着农业互助合作化运动的兴起而逐步发展起来的,而社会养老保险也逐渐得到了政府有关部门的重视。现阶段,我国农村的养老形式根据担任主体的不同,主要有家庭养老、社区养老和社会养老三种形式。由此可以看出,农村的社会保障模式大部分是由国家和企业支助的,尽量保障农村村民的基本生活水平。 我国现行的社会保障体系存在的问题 1、制度不统一(按照《宪法》的精神和社会保障的原理,任何一个社会成员都享有社会保障的权利,但是现行的社会保障制度不同的项目在不同的社会成员中在制度安排上有较大的差别,一部分社会成员享有较高的社会保障,而另一部分的社会成员只能享受较低的社会保障水平,或者其保障待遇有较大的差别。这种差别主要表现在城乡之间、机关事业单位与企业和其他劳动者之间。在城乡之间,根据现行的社会保障制度,城镇劳动者一般享有政府提供的比较完整的社会化风险保障服务,而农村就没有这么多的保障,他们缺乏社会化的生育保障、就业保障、职业伤害保障、住房保障等。这几年推行的合作医疗制度的保障水平很低,社会养老险实际覆盖率和保障待遇也很低。在国家机关、事业单位、企业和其他劳动者之间,社会保障的待遇差别也很大。养老保障方面,国家机关和事业单位的退休人员的退休金一般是企业退休职工的养老金的两倍以上而在广大的农村,其保障水平和支持力度差距更是大。) 2、覆盖范围小(社会保险权是现代社会中劳动者的基本权益健全的社会保障制度应该是覆盖全体公民的,也就是说,社会保障制度没有排他性。虽然说五险的覆盖范围基本全面,可以说是“应保尽保,”但是仍有一大批劳动者的社会保险权益尚未实现。从全国来看,我国现行的社会保障资金的征集对象主要是国有、城镇集体企业及其职工三者缴费。但是仍有一部分的人参保率很低,他们是私营企业职工和个体工商户的雇工以及个体劳动者、灵活就业的人、外地农民工。原因主要是,制度设计不合理,现行的社会保障制度主要是适应国有企业的,二是,政府认识不到位,社会保险执法不够。) 3、资金管理隐患大(近年来,随着资金管理的不断加强,行政方面的风险有所降低,但是社会保险基金仍存在着管理主体不明、投资渠道单一、效率低下等问题。在通货膨胀的前提下,存在贬值的可能,且从长远来看,基金的增值能力和支付能力也令人担忧。我国的社保基金缺乏一个明确的投资运营管理主体。在我国现阶段,大部分省市的社保基金是县级统筹管理,基金结余基本只是存在银行。我国的社保基金在投资运营渠道单一的前提下,安全性有保证,但是在市场经济条件下很难规避通货膨胀的风险,存在贬值的可能,我国大部分省市的养老保险统筹账户和个人账户都是用的混合管理模式,个人账户很大程度上被弥补于统

残疾人社会保障制度国际比较

残疾人社会保障制度国际比较 摘要:残疾人是任何时期、任何国家都会面对的社会问题。残疾人社会保障制度的完善,是人类文明发展和社会进步的重要标志。随着经济和社会的发展,残疾人社会保障制度完善越来越受到我国乃至国际社会的关注。因为美国、英国和日本的残疾人社会保障制度代表了不同的福利制度类型。所以本文选取了这三个国家来分析,最后回归到我国,对我国的残疾人社会保障制度的现状提出建议,以期为我国的残疾人社会保障建设提供借鉴与参考。 关键词:残疾人;福利内容;国际比较 一、引言 (一)写作背景及目的 随着我国工业社会的发展,机械化生产、交通事故剧增等原因造成我国残疾人数量逐年攀升,使残疾人问题越来越突出,严重影响到我国和谐社会的建设。所以亟需建立完备的残疾人社会保障政策,为残疾人提供各种所需的福利项目,使残疾人能够更好地融入社会、参与社会,实现自己的人生价值。本文在分析了美国、英国和日本的残疾人社会保障政策之后,为我国残疾人社会保障项目的发展提出了建议。 二、对残疾人的法律支持 (一)美国的法制建设 美国是一个法制国家,为了保障残疾人的权利和自由制定了各个层次和领域的法律。这些法律形成了一个较为完整的体系,对于防止残疾人歧视、保护残疾人的合法权益发挥了重要作用。美国在法律中对于无障碍做了具体规定,其中包括环境、信息与交通的无障碍,从法律上保证了残疾人接受社会关照。

1968年,美国颁布《建筑障碍法(ABA)》,为确保这个法案的顺利实施,1973年成立联邦独立机构——无障碍委员会。 (二)英国的法治建设 二战之后,英国按照贝弗里奇报告建设福利国家,于1994年相继通过《残疾人(就业)法案》及《教育法案》,对残疾人就业及儿童特殊教育给予法律规定。1946年通过的《国家保障服务法案》及1948年通过的《国民互助法案》,分别对残疾人医疗服务和适用于残疾人的财政做了规定。2004年和2005年先后通过了《反残疾歧视法案》及2005年《反残疾歧视法案》,2006年通过的“残疾人平等计划”,将为残疾人创造平等机会视为所有机构和组织的法定责任。 (三)日本的法制建设 日本于1946年由其社会保障研究会提出了《社会保障法案》。1949 年以后制定并实施了《残疾人福利法》、《社会保障制度建议书》、《残疾人雇佣促进法》、《特殊儿童抚养补助金给予法》,规定了政府应给残疾人提供的福利性服务,强调了残疾人平等获得社会保障的权利,保障了残疾人就业并规定了残疾儿童可以领取的“扶助补助金”。 三、残疾人福利内容 (一)对残疾人的教育支持 1.美国的对残疾人各个阶段的教育支持 美国对残疾人的教育包括婴儿早期干预,学前教育服务以及高等教育服务等各个阶段的服务项目。美国1975年制定,2005年修订的《残疾人教育

五大加盟经营模式(最新整理)

五大加盟经营模式 在台湾相关法规中,明文规范加盟连锁体系的是公平交易法,此与中国大陆尚在立法阶段的「特许经营管理办法」最大的不同,是台湾的公平交易法旨在「维护交易秩序与消费者利益,确保公平竞争,促进经济之安定与繁荣(公平法第一条)」,亦即公平法规范的是所有事业,而 大陆的「特许经营管理办法」则是规范特许经营(加盟连锁体系)之专法。 依行政院公平交易委员会对加盟业主信息揭露之规范,对加盟总部与加盟者的定义如下:(一)加盟业主(franchisor):系指在加盟经营关系中提供商标、服务标志或经营技术等,协助 或指导加盟店经营之事业。 (二)加盟店(franchisee):为加盟经营关系中,接受加盟业主协助或指导之他事业。(三)加盟经营关系:系指一事业透过契约之方式,将商标、服务标志或经营技术等授权他事业使用,并协助或指导他事业之经营,而他事业对此支付一定对价之继续性关系。本条文说明中更进一步指出:我国实务上将加盟型态区分为自愿加盟、特许加盟及委托加盟三种类型。 另依国际加盟连锁协会(IFA/International Franchise Associations)对加盟(Franchise)的定义是:「总部与加盟店二者间持续的契约关系,依据契约总部必须提供一项特有的商业授权,加 上人员培训、组织架构、经营管理与商品之供销,加盟店则须付相对之报酬。」 日本加盟连锁协会(JFA)对加盟连锁的定义是:「总公司与加盟者缔结契约,将自己的店号、商标以及其他足以象征营业的物品和经营Know-how 授予对方,使其在同一企业形象下贩卖其 商品,而加盟店在获得上述权利的同时,相对地需付出一定的代价(金额)给总公司,在总公司的指导与援助下,经营事业的一种存续的关系。」 综上所述,可用以区分所谓的「加盟连锁」与「连锁加盟」两个名词间的差异,连锁经营可概分直营连锁与加盟连锁(图1-2),而「连锁加盟」一词泛指经营直营连锁与加盟连锁的业者或体系;本研究所定义之「台湾加盟连锁体系」,系指透过加盟(特许)所组成之连锁经营形态,且为台湾本土连锁品牌经营者。 图1-2 连锁经营型态 连锁加盟经营模式全介绍:

浅谈如何健全完善社会保障体系

浅谈如何健全完善社会保障体系社会保障问题是一个很重要的社会问题,也是全社会一直关注的热点问题,直接关系着亿万百姓的切身利益,关系到民生及社会的稳定和发展,同时也是当前全面落实科学发展观、构建社会主义和谐社会的重要内容。改革开放30多年来,我国在社会保障制度方面进行了一系列改革,取得了巨大的成绩,逐步建立起了与市场经济体制相适应,中央和地方分级负责的社会保障体系基本框架,为保障我国改革、发展、稳定的大局发挥了积极作用。但目前我国的社会保障制度仍然面临不少的问题,这为我国进一步建立健全社会保障体系、构建社会主义和谐社会提出了新的课题。 一、社会保障的基本概念和作用 所谓社会保障,是指社会成员在暂时或永久丧失工作能力、失去工作机会,或收入不能维持必要生活水平等状况时,获得由国家或社会提供的保障基金。健全和完善社会保障体系,就是要以社会保险、社会救助、社会福利为基础,以基本养老、基本医疗、最低生活保障制度为重点,以慈善事业、商业保险为补充,进而实现社会安定,人民安居乐业。社会保障的作用主要体现在以下三个方面: 一是“安全网”的作用。保障人民群众在年老、失业、工伤等情况下的基本收入和基本医疗不受影响,此外还保障无收入、低收入等群体有生活来源,以满足他们最基本的生存

需求。 二是“平衡器”的作用。社会保障制度具有收入再分配的功能,一方面可以消除社会群体就业机会的不均等;另一方面也可以缩小社会成员之间的贫富差距。 三是“助推器”的作用。完善的社会保障制度,使劳动群体的切身利益得到了保障,从而在一定程度上激发了劳动群体的积极性,推动了经济的发展,又可以平衡社会供需的总量,防止经济发展出现波动。 二、当前我国社会保障体系面临的问题 1.保障覆盖范围窄。我国虽已制定出社会保障体系,但是覆盖范围却很狭窄,特别是养老保险问题,目前也只有城镇的部分劳动者拥有社会保障,对于农村居民却未能覆盖到,这与我国经济发展及8亿农民养老的迫切需求很不适应。 2.立法滞后。社会主义市场经济应是法治经济,与社会主义市场经济相适应的社会保障制度也必然要求法制化。然而,我国到目前为止,还未颁布一部综合性的社会保障法律,社会保障费的征集、支付、运营都极不规范。滞后的社会保障国家立法势必对社会保障的覆盖面,保障程度等造成影响。 3.社会保障投入不足,保障水平明显低于实际需要;各地社会保障制度差异过大,难以建立统一的社会保障适度。 三、健全完善社会保障体系的对策建议

美容院常见的四种经营模式

美容院常见的四种经营 模式 Document number:WTWYT-WYWY-BTGTT-YTTYU-2018GT

美容院常见的四种经营模式 市场上的美容院越来越多,这也表示竞争也越来越激烈,每一家美容院都会根据自己的周边环境、消费人群来拟定不一样的经营模式,当然,什么事都是有利有弊的,那么哪种模式最好呢下面就随心德睿拉小编一起来看看吧。 一、美容院连锁加盟 美容院从以前的个体已经发展到如今的连锁加盟,而且发展趋势也是不断提升,再加上投资金额不大,很多创业者都纷纷加入美容行业,连锁加盟存在很大优势,投资者只需要找好店面,从装修、培训到开业,都有总部的扶持,而且品牌的知名度更能为加盟商节省很多广告费,直接就可以用总部的品牌,更容易拓客。因此美容院加盟成为创业者的首选。关注心德睿拉,关注养生馆加盟。 二、专业会所 专业会所主要领先潮流,服务的客户都是高端客户,当然对于美容院的产品、设备、服务都有着极高的要求,当然利润也是相当可观的,开这种会所之前一定会精准定位,确保周边高档消费客户,虽然会所的利润可观,但是也会因为人才的局限很难扩大规模。 三、单一式美容院 单一式的美容院主要追求精致、小巧,美容院经营者会专攻某一项美容产品,比如做祛斑就做祛斑,不会再有别的,这种选择有利有弊,优势是:产品不在多,在于精,专门精通一款美容项目,更能赢得消费者的信任。劣势是:对于消费群体也更加局限,同时也受到地域、和当地经济水平的制约,因此,在选择开单一式美容院前,就要进行地址、人群消费需求进行调查。 四、家庭式美容院 家庭式美容院在最近几年大受欢迎,家庭式美容院主要讲究的就是温馨、舒适,一般都会设置在写字楼、高档居民区等地,里面的床位、美容师虽然不会太多,但整体设施都很完善,大多都是靠品牌口碑招揽顾客,所服务的顾客大多都是提前预约,给消费者独一无二的服务,这种家庭式美容院的消费者大多都是白领、富有的家庭主妇,因此、美容院的环境、服务都会有严格要求,属于上层消费。关注心德睿拉,关注养生馆加盟。

我国当前社会保障制度存在的问题及完善措施论文 杨佳敏

浅谈我国当前社会保障制度存在问题及完善对策 引言(绪论) (1) 一、当前我国社会保障制度现状 (2) 1.1新型的社会保障的整体框架基本形成 (2) 1.2我国的社会保障制度取得突破性进展但也面临严峻形势 (2) 二、现有社会保障制度存在的弊端 (2) 2.1.社会保障法制不健全 (2) 2.2.统筹层次低,覆盖面窄 (3) 2.3.管理体制及社会基金管理存在很多漏洞,基础薄,妨碍因素多 (3) 三、完善现有社会保障制度的措施 3.1.加快社会保障的立法进程 (4) 3.2.以扩大覆盖面为重点,加快完善城镇社会保险体系 (5) 3.3.加大对社会保障的资金投入,增收节支 (5) 3.4.完善社保基金的管理,加强社会保险经办机构的能力建设 (5) 3.5.逐步建立农村社会保障制度 (6) 3.6.开展社会保障理论和战略研究,为制度和机制创新提供支持 (6) 结论 (9) 参考文献 (10) 摘要:社会保障体系是经济发展的推进器,也是社会和谐的稳定器。当前我国无论城市还是农村社会保障制度都存在着一些问题,主要表现在:社会保障制度残缺不全,保障项目较小,发展模式不够清楚;政府投入少,保障范围窄,覆盖面小,保障水平低,管理不够科学和规范;农民无力承担农村社保费用,自觉参与社保的意识薄弱。这些问题都碍于社会保障功能的正常发挥,要解决这些问题,政府必须承担起主要责任,加大对城市和农村社保的投入,尤其是对农村的社保投入;要加快发展农村经济,夯实农民参加社保的经济基础;大力宣传社会保障制度,使群众充分认识到该制度的优越性,提高群众社会保障意识;要加强社会保障立法,完善社会保障的法律体系,使各项社保工作有法可依;完善公共财政, 促进我国社会保障制度建设。 伴随着我国社会主义市场经济体制结构的调整,社会保障体系有待进一步健全与完善。,建立与之相适应的社会保障制度。本文从社会保障制度当前的现状入手,分析了我国社会保障制度存在的问题,并提出了如何完善当今的社会保障体系的措施。 关键词:社会保障存在问题完善措施

管理学社会保障制度的管理模式选择研究其它

管理学社会保障制度的管 理模式选择研究其它 Final revision on November 26, 2020

中国社会保障制度的管理模式选择研究_其它管理论文-毕业论文 作者:未知 下载前请注意: 1:本文档是版权归原作者所有,下载之前请确认。 2:如果不晓得侵犯了你的利益,请立刻告知,我将立刻做出处理 3:可以淘宝交易,七折 时间:2010-06-10 21:05:36 摘要:古今中外的社会保障实践证明,高效而有序的管理是社会保障制度健康、可持续发展的前提和基础。因此,选择适合我国国情的管理模式是建立新型社会保障制度的关键。在总结文官制与新公共管理的利弊,分析我国社会保障制度管理现状的基础上,提出了以完善文官制为前提,吸收新公共管理的精髓,适度发展企业化运作的社会保障管理机构的新型社会保障管理模式。 关键词:文官制;新公共管理;管理模式 1 引言作为一个后发国家,中国在现代化进程中,要在经济领域实现计划经济的市场化和自由化、自然经济的货币化与市场化;在政治领域实现集权制度的民主化;在社会发展领域实现农业社会的工业化、工业社会的信息化;在行政管理领域,则要承受改革传统行政模式逐步实现文官化和为应对全球化挑战而推行新公共管理的双重压力。那么,作为行政管理重要组成部分的社会保障制度的管理到底应采用何种模式呢 2 中国社会保障制度的管理模式现状中国社会保障制度的管理模式经历了一个由乱到治、由分散到统一的发展过程。1998年3月,九届人大一次会议审议通过了《国务院机构改革方案》,新的一届中央政府中,在原劳动部的基础上代写论文组建劳动与社会保障部,把人事部,民政部,卫生部及原国务院医疗制度改革办公室管理的有关社会保险事务划归劳动与社会保障部统一管理。1998年4月1日,劳动与社会保障部正式成立,并在此基础上建立了新的由政府统一集中管理的社会保障管理体制。即由中央政府设立劳动与社会保障部,下辖养老保险司、医疗保险司、失业保险司、农村社会保险司和社保基金监督司;在省级政府设立社会保障厅,在市级单位设立社会保障局,实行统一政策、统一制度、统一标准、统一表格,经费统收统支。管理机构包括行政管理机构和业务管理机构两个部分,也就是说劳动与社会保障部除了要承担政策法规的制定,社保基金的监督等责任之外,还要负责社会保障的业务管理,包括受保人的登记和审查;保障基金的筹集、计算和支付;保障基金的使用、调剂和运营等责任。因此,中国社会保障制度的管理模式在经历1998年的行政体制改革后,基本确立起以劳动与

加盟商管理制度

加盟商管理制度 本着携手双赢,互惠互利的理念,为了明确蒙自市中天太阳能电力有限公司与加盟商之间各自的责任、权力和利益的问题,特制定本管理制度。 一、加盟商资格 1、有意致力于红河州分布式光伏电站行业,拥有良好的商业信誉度和个人品质, 并且认同蒙自市中天太阳能电力有限公司的品牌文化和企业价值观; 2、有必要的资金实力、较好的经营管理能力和可持续开发市场的能力; 3、有强烈的品牌意识、服务理念和主动配合公司总部规范化管理理念; 4、缴纳代理费2万元,保证金3万元,货款10万元,开店费用加盟商承担。 二、加盟流程

三、加盟政策 1、筹备支持:公司将向加盟商提供有价值的开店评估,包括投资预算、营运成本、业绩预估、利润回报、选择评估等前期开店的市场可行性评估,降低投资风险;参与当地市场调查;进行专卖店地段评估;市场竞争环境等系列可行性分析,确保品牌成功导入; 2、装修支持:公司从选址开始,从图纸测绘、效果模拟、装修要求、施工注意等各个方面,从全局到细节,给予专业的指导与帮助,提供细致的服务,公司将在终端正常运营后给予装修补贴; 3、培训支持:公司将向加盟商及其员工提供专业的产品知识、陈列技能、专卖店管理的各项培训工作,并在开业期间及后期管理,定期与不定期给予提供各类专业培训支持。

4、产品支持:公司将结合店铺的实际情况,给予产品方面配货指导、价格指导、库存指导等;公司在不同季节、不同节假日、周年庆等时节提供丰富多彩的促销产品、礼品供加盟商选择,以达到促销的效果。 5、营销支持:公司结合当地的消费实情及店铺的销售情况,策划全年的营销方案,包括开业、节日、换季等不同的时节、春秋两次大型促销等营销方案,帮助加盟商把握市场动态及销售契机,提高销售业绩; 6、巡店支持:公司派市场督导定期进行专业的店铺陈列指导和帮助,提升店铺的视觉效果,维护品牌形象,帮助加盟商分析解决终端实际遇到的问题; 7、广告支持:公司将在全国范围内定期投放品牌推广广告,提高品牌知名度、美誉度; 8、物流支持:公司将为客户提供最合适的物流配送方式,为加盟商的货品安全、准时到达提供最有效地保障; 9、零库存支持:商品在3个月内在不影响第二次销售的情况下可100%调换; 10、激励机制:加盟商在完成约定的销售指标任务,公司将给予加盟商相应比例的返点作为奖励。 四、加盟商职责 1、遵守本制度的有关规定,并服从公司的统一规划及管理,接受公司的日常督查; 2、在加盟合同约定区域内积极宣传和推广分布式光伏电站品牌,并积极开发拓展市场; 3、加盟商是公司在加盟区域内渠道、市场、客服的主体,承担销售、服务等事项;

浅谈社会保障制度

浅谈社会保障制度 摘要: 社会保障制度是以国家或政府为主体,依据法律规定,通过国民收入再分配,对公民在暂时或永久失去劳动能力以及由于各种原因生活发生困难时给予物质帮助,保障其基本生活的制度。我国社会保障制度经过20多年的探索实践和不断发展,取得了很大成绩,为我国经济建设和社会稳定发挥了积极作用。完善的社会保障制度有利于维护社会的稳定,是完善社会主义市场经济体制的客观的要求,也是构建和谐社会的重要内容。但由于我国人口众多,加上社会保障制度起步较晚,我国目前的社会保障制度很不完善。本文具体论述了现阶段我国社会保障制度的出现的问题、解决对策,同时分析借鉴欧洲社会保障制度发展的先进经验,以及完善的社会保障制度的重要性。 关键词:保障制度不完善对策借鉴意义 第六次全国人口普查数据中,有一点非常引人注目,那就是老年人口增加得特别快:60岁以上人口已占总人口的13.26%,65岁以上人口占8.87%,同2000年第五次全国人口普查相比,60岁以上人口的比重上升2.93个百分点,65岁以上人口的比重上升1.91个百分点。中国是世界上惟一一个老年人口超过1亿的国家,而且每年还以3.2%的速度增长。预计到2018年,老年人口将约占总人口的1/6,2025年将占1/5,2050年将占到1/3。 中国的人口老龄化还有一个自身的特点,那就是“未富先老”。由于实行计划生育政策和健康水平提高,中国仅用了18年的时间,就完成了发达国家几十年甚至上百年才达到的人口年龄结构的转变。发达国家进入老龄社会时人均国内生产总值一般都在5000美元以上,有的超过了1万美元。中国进入老龄化社会时人均国内生产总值仅为840美元,目前人均国内生产总值不到4000美元。 根据第六次全国人口普查数据,居住在乡村的人口占总人口的50.32%,农村居民为6.74亿人,按农村老年人口比重18.3%计算,农村地区60岁以上老年人口为1.23亿人。也就是说,还有7300万以上的农村老年人没有养老金。由此可见,我国社会保障制度的完善亟待解决。 (一)我国社会保障制度出现的问题 目前我国的社会保障制度还很不完善,主要表现在以下几个方面:

《财政与金融》(第四版)PPT及教学参考资料 社会保险制度的发展历史

社会保险制度的发展历史 社会保障制度在西方有上百年的历史,已经成为现代文明社会的重要标志。目前,世界上已经有170多个国家和地区建立了社会保障制度。社会保障制度包括社会保险制度、社会福利制度、社会救济制度等,其核心是社会保险制度。 国外社会保险制度的发展 1、萌芽阶段 代表国家是英国。16世纪前后,以英国为首的欧洲各国进入工业化早期,伴随着圈地运动后,农民被迫离开土地,部分沦为流民,无家可归,社会矛盾突出,政府被迫考虑救济贫民问题。 1601年,英国政府颁布伊丽莎白《济贫法》(也称旧《济贫法》),标志着社会保险制度的萌芽。这是人类历史上第一部社会保险法规,规定政府有义务对贫民进行救助,保障其基本生存权利。旧《济贫法》确认国家负有救济贫民问题的责任,并形成了一种社会救助制度,但是救助对象有限,救助水平是低层次的。

代表国家是德国。德国统一后,统治阶级极欲进行对外扩张,但当时国内矛盾重重,劳资关系恶化,产业工人风险突出。当时德国的铁血首相俾斯麦颁布了三项法案:1883年颁布了《疾病保险法》,1884年颁布了《工伤事故保险》,1889年颁布了《老年和残障保险法》,从而完成了当时世界上第一份比 较完备的工人社会保障计划,建立了社会保险制度。这三项法案受到工人普遍欢迎,有力促进了德国经济的发展。 德国的现代社会保险制度从性质上看,是通过立法的形式明确了保障对象的权利 与义务,从内容上涵盖了疾病、工伤和老年这三项劳动者所面临的最主要的社会风险,从体制上明确了权利与义务相统一,以交费作为享受保险的条件,保险费用多方共同负担等现代社会保障制度所具备的基本原则。因此这种社会保险制度比社会救济制度更 具现代意义,成为现代社会保障制度诞生的标志。此后世界上许多国家都分别建立起现代社会保险制度。

中国社会保险制度存在的主要问题

我国社会保险制度存在的主要问题 我国从1985年起在全国推行社会保险制度。15年来,社会保险制度改革已经从养老保险推向失业、工伤、生育、医疗等各个领域,构建起了国家、企业、个人三者相互承担责任的关系,在社会保险方面改变了企业主导的状况,逐步建立起以社会主导全方位、多层次的社会保险新模式。虽然我国社会保险制度改革从全面起步到现在仅有十五年的时间,但却取得明显的成效。就整体而言,在建设过程仍然存在许多问题。具体有: 一是现行社会保险制度难以渡过人口老龄化高峰 随着中国计划生育政策的成功实施和全民人口意识的不断增强,妇女的生育不断下降,人口年龄结构呈老龄化趋势。 1999年中国60岁以上人口占总人口的比例为7%,到2003年,这一比例已经上升到10.59%以上.按照国际标准,60岁以上人口占总人口的10%,即进入人口老龄化社会来衡量,中国已经进入了老龄化社会,面临着白发浪潮的冲击。这就迫切要求建立新型的具有中国特色的社会保险制度,以应付人口老龄化带来的压力。发达国家的老龄化是建立在工业高度发达的基础上,工业化所积累的财富为老龄化问题的缓解提供了雄厚的物质基础和保险,如美国1935年建立社会保险体系,当时还没有进入老龄化社会;日本进入老龄化社

会时人均国民收入已经达到1689美元,有较充裕的财力建立养老保险制度。而中国的老龄化是计划生育政策成功运用的结果,超前于经济和社会发展的阶段。中国在人均GDP也不过800美元的情况下,却面临着比发达国家还要严重的老龄化问题。从我国人口金字塔所显示的发展趋势看,至少到2030年之前,人口老化的压力都不会减弱。因此必须充分认识人口老龄化始终是我国社会保险制度改革和社会保险事业建设的一个客观背景,必须把当前的紧迫问题和长远的重大问题结合起来统筹兼顾、超前规划,采取积极的应对措施,构筑具有中国特色的新型养老保险体系。 二是社会转型中的高失业问题,也向中国的社会保险制度提出了严峻的挑战 中国在向市场经济过渡的过程中,随着产业结构调整和改革力度的加大,失业人数不断上升。据国家计委宏观经济研究院报告,我国目前城镇登记失业人口已经达到1.2亿多人。同时,国有企业和政府机构改革和事业单位的改革将进一步向社会释放大量冗员。如果我国的经济体制转轨能够在21世纪前10年基本完成,以1998年为起点,这期间国有企业应完成战略性改组和下岗分流任务,预计将向社会释放1/3以上的冗员,大致在3000万到3500万人。同期国家行政机关的改革要分流约400万人,事业单位的冗员按1/3估算,也有近1000万人。考虑到下岗分流人员中约有20%因年龄可

相关文档
相关文档 最新文档