当前位置：文档库 › 英语综合复习资料

英语综合复习资料

科技英语综合复习资料

考试题型：1. 阅读理解，占40分；2. 选择题，20分；3. 完形填空20分；4. 翻译，20分。Part I Reading Comprehension

Directions:There are twelve passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.

Passage One

If you have a credit card, you can buy a car, eat a dinner, take a trip, and even get a haircut by charging the cost to your account. In this way you can pay for purchases a month or two later, without any extra charge. Or you may choose to spread out your payments over several months and pay only part of the total amount each month. If you do this, the credit card company or the bank who sponsors the credit card will add a small service charge to your total bill. This is very convenient for the customer. With the credit card in your wallet or purse, you don’t have to carry much cash. This saves your trips to the bank to cash checks or withdraw cash. Also, if you carry credit cards instead of a lot of cash, you don’t have to be concerned about losing your money through carelessness or theft. The card user only has to worry about paying the final bill. This of course can be a problem if you charge more than you can pay for.

Credit cards are a big business. Americans spend $16 billion a year on cards and there are already 590 million of them in circulation. Many banks sponsor their own credit companies and issue cards free to their customers. Other credit companies charge their members annual dues. The stores that accept credit cards must pay a small fee to the credit card company — a percentage of purchase price of the merchandise or service. In return, the credit card company promptly pays the store for the merchandise or service. Credit card companies make a profit from the fees they charge the store and also from the fees collected from customers who pay for their charges in monthly installments.However, credit card companies sometimes have problems collecting overdue payments from unreliable customers. Also, the use of stolen, lost, or counterfeit credit cards by criminals has become a big headache for the credit card company that is responsible for the goods and services illegally charged to its customers’ account.

Yet, in many ways, the big loser in the credit card system is not the credit card company, the store, or the card user, but rather the general customer. The store makes up for the fees it pays to the credit card company by increasing prices for goods and services. Stores may have more sales if they accept cards, but the added cost to the store when credit cards are accepted instead of cash, is actually passed on to all customers in higher prices. In this way the cash customer suffers for the convenience the credit card customer enjoys.

Many feel that it will only be a matter of time before credit cards completely replace cash and checks for both individuals and businesses. In such a credit card economy there would be only one ―super-credit-card-bank-company‖and each individual would be given his or her card. Each person’s Social Security number would be used as the card number. Firms would use their Federal Identification number. Thus, every individual would be able to pay for everything by credit card —newspapers, cab fares, donations, tools, theater admissions, tuition, children’s allowances, everything. All salary payments would be credited to each individual’s account with the

―super-credit-card-bank-company‖which would pay one’s bills, deduct state and federal taxes, and deposit what’s left — if anything — into a savings account. Just think of the convenience of getting rid of cash and checks and even eliminating loose change. No need, then, to worry as before, when you wanted to buy a newspaper and you only had a $20 bill.

However, with a complete credit card economy, there would still be the problem of thefts of cards, forging of card and lost cards, so the credit card is really not that practical. Something else is needed that is small, always with us, cannot be forged, and easily identifies our account. The answer is your thumbprint; everyone’s thumbprint would be recorded with his or her Social Security number.

1. The first paragraph mainly tells us ______.

A. how the credit card company works

B. how the credit card company pays the bank

C. the advantages of the credit card

D. the disadvantages of the credit card

2. According to Paragraph 1, if you have a credit card, you will have to pay a small service charge

to ______.

A. the credit card company

B. the store where you purchase goods

C. the bank where you deposit money

D. other customers

3. From Paragraph 3 we know that the big loser in the credit card system is ______.

A. the general customer

B. the store

C. the card user

D. the credit card company

4. The author thinks that credit cards ______.

A. will completely disappear in the future

B. will completely replace cash and checks for both individuals and businesses quickly

C. will completely replace cash and checks for both individuals and businesses sooner or later

D. will not replace cash and checks because there is a matter of time

5. From the author’s point of view, the credit card is ______.

A. perfect and practical

B. not easily forged

C. still faced with some problems and not so practical

D. more practical than one’s thumbprint

Passage Two

Some people argue that the pressure on international sportsmen and sports women kill the essence of sports -- the pursuit of personal excellence. Children kick a football around for fun. When they get older and play for local school teams, they become competitive but they still enjoy playing. The individual representing his country cannot afford to think about enjoying himself; he has to think only about winning. He is responsible for an entire nation's hopes, dream and reputation. A good example is the football World Cup. Football is the world's most important sport. It is even more important now that the United States is seriously taking it up. Winning the World Cup is perhaps the summit of international sporting success. Mention "Argentina‖ to someone and the chances are that he'll think of football. In a sense, winning the World Cup "put Argentina on the map".

Sports fans and supporters get quite irrational about the World Cup. People in England felt that their country was somehow important after they won in 1966. Last year thousands of Scots sold their cars, and even their houses, and spent all their money traveling to Argentina, where the finals were played.

So, am I arguing that international competition kills the idea of sport? Certainly not! Do the Argentinians really believe that because eleven of their men proved the most skillful at football, their nation is in every sense better than all others? Not really. But it's nice to know that you won, and that in one way at least your country is best.

1. What’s the author’s main purpose in the passage ?

A) To prove that football is the world's most important sport.

B) To show that Argentina is better than all others.

C) To compare Scotland with Argentina.

D) To explain the role of sport.

2. In the second paragraph, the word ―summit‖ means ______.

A) highest point B) mountain top

C) award D) summary

3. According to the passage, Argentina is world-famous because of its ______.

A) large number of sports fans and supporters

B) success in the football World Cup

C) obvious position on the map

D) excellence at all important sports

4. According to the passage, if a sportsman only thinks about winning, he will ______.

A) fail to succeed B) be successful

C) lose enjoyment D) be irrational

5. What is the author's attitude towards international games?

A) Nations that meet on a football field are unlikely to meet on a battlefield.

B) Nations that won football World Cup are regarded best in all aspects.

C) Nations that win in international games prove best on the sports field at least.

D) Nations that give much attention to international competitions are world-famous in many

ways.

Passage Three

As evidence that the earth’s atmosphere is warming continues to accumulate, scientists are making slow progress toward an answer to the big question raised by the evidence: How much of the warming is due to human activity and how much to natural causes?

The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the group of scientists widely considered the most authoritative voice on the subject, has already concluded that there is a ―discernible human influence‖ on the global climate. Now the panel is deep into another of its periodic full-scale scientific assessments of global climate change.

Some experts on the problem say the human imprint on climate is becoming clearer, and may even have been the dominant factor in the global warming of recent decades. Not everyone agrees and virtually all experts say that in any case, a reliable estimate of the human imprint’s magnitude still remains some distance off.

A number of influences, both natural and man-made, cause the planet’s temperature to vary. The natural ones include changes in solar radiation, and sulfate droplets called aerosols cast aloft by erupting volcanoes, which cool the atmosphere by reflecting sunlight.

The human influence stems mostly from emissions of waste industrial gases like carbon dioxide, which trap heat in the atmosphere, and sulfate aerosols from industrial smokestacks.

Human factors appeared to be playing a part, but no judgment has been made on whether that part was big, small or in between.

One recent piece of evidence suggesting a strong human influence, which seems like to carry some weight with the intergovernmental panel, appeared recently in the journal Nature. Scientists analyzed the global climate record of the last century in an effort to isolate and quantify the major factors producing the century’s rise of about 1 degree Fahrenheit in the Earth’s average surface temperature.

The research team found that in the earlier part of the century, the rise could be explained either by an increase in solar radiation or a combination of stronger solar radiation and heat-trapping greenhouse gases emitted by industrial economies. But they found that after the mid-1970s, when abo ut half the century’s warming took place, that warming resulted largely from the greenhouse gases. Other researchers have lately come to a similar conclusion.

―The study represents another jigsaw puzzle piece,‖ said one expert. ―There is still a long way to go in completing the puzzle,‖ he said, ―but we are beginning to see the smile on the face of the Mona Lisa, I think —or perhaps it should be a frown.‖

Meanwhile, though, evidence of warming and its effects continues to mount. Earlier this year, scientists at the University of Massachusetts and the University of Arizona reconstructed the average annual surface temperature trend of the Northern Hemisphere for the last 1000 years. While cautioning that margin of error was large enough for render data from the early centuries untrustworthy, they found that 20th century was the warmest of the millennium.

This and other analyses have found that the warmest years of all occurred in the 1990s, with 1998 the warmest on record. El Nino, the great pool of warm water in the tropical Pacific Ocean that from time to time heats the atmosphere and disrupts weather patterns, was responsible for some of the 1998 heating. An analysis, however, has shown that when El Nino’s effects are filtered out of the global temperature record statistically, 1998 still ranks as the warmest year.

Two studies reported in Nature last month suggest that the warming is being reflected in patterns of wildlife behavior and distribution. In one study, 13 scientists analyzed distribution patterns of 35 species, their range of habitat had shifted northward by 35 to 240 kilometers coincidentally with Europe’s warming trend.

In the other study, some British scientists analyzed the nesting habits of 20 species of birds in Britain. They found that, again coincident with a recent warming trend, the birds were laying their eggs earlier in the spring. This is the latest in a series of studies indicating that meteorological spring is coming earlier in the Northern Hemisphere[5]. Some have also shown that fall is coming later.

A third study in Nature reported, on the basis of bubbles of atmospheric gas contained in ice cores extracted from the Antarctic ice sheet, that present-day atmospheric levels of heating-trapping carbon dioxide were higher than at any other time in the last 420000 years. At 360 parts per million, they are 20 percent higher than in any previous warm period between ice ages and double the typical concentrations during an ice age.

1. The earth’s atmosphere is warming, ______.

A. mainly because of human factor

B. mainly because of natural causes

C. the reason of which is completely unknown

D. which is being studied by scientists

2. Maybe sulfate aerosols are all caused by ______.

A. erupting volcanoes

B. industrial smokestacks

C. both A and B

D. none of the above

3. Which of the following is TRUE?

A. About half of the 20th century’s rise in average global climate resulted mostly from the

greenhouse gases.

B. Half of the 20th century warming took place in the last thirty years.

C. The 20th century is the warmest in the last one thousand years.

D. All of the above.

4. The global climate rise in the earlier part of the 20th century is due to ______.

A. an increase in solar radiation only

B. greenhouse gases

C. eruption of volcanoes

D. either an increase in solar radiation or a combination of stronger solar radiation and

greenhouse effect

5. According to the study of bubbles of atmospheric gas contained in ice cores extracted from the Antarctic ice sheet, we can infer that ______.

A. present-day climate is the warmest in history

B. present-day climate is 20 percent hotter than that of the last 420 000 years

C. present-day climate is twice hotter than that of an ice age

D. in 1998 the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere are the highest on record

Passage Four

The current energy security system was created in response to the 1973 Arab oil embargo to ensure coordination among the industrialized countries in the event of a disruption in supply, encourage collaboration on energy policies, and deter any future use of an ―oil weapon‖by exporters. Its key elements are the Paris-based International Energy Agency (IEA), whose members are the industrialized countries; strategic stockpiles of oil, including the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserves; continued monitoring and analysis of energy markets and policies; and energy conservation and coordinated emergency sharing of supplies in the event of a disruption. The emergency system was set up to offset major disruptions that threatened the global economy and stability, not to manage prices and the commodity cycle. Since the system’s inception in the 1970s, a coordinated emergency drawdown of strategic stockpiles has occurred only twice: on the eve of the Gulf War in 1991 and in the autumn of 2005 after Hurricane Katrina.

Experience has shown that to maintain energy security countries must abide by several principles. The first and most familiar is what Churchill urged more than 90 years ago:

diversification of supply. Multiplying one’s supply sources reduces the impact of a disruption in supply from one source by providing alternatives, serving the interests of both consumers and producers, for whom stable markets are a prime concern. But diversification is not enough. A second principle is resilience, a ―security margin‖in the energy supply system that provides a buffer against shocks and facilitates recovery after disruptions. Resilience can come from many factors, including sufficient spare production capacity, strategic reserves, backup supplies of equipment, adequate storage capacity along the supply chain, and the stockpiling of critical parts for electric power production and distribution, as well as carefully conceived plans for responding to disruptions that may affect large regions. Hence the third principle: recognizing the reality of integration. There is only one oil market, a complex and worldwide system that moves and consumes about 86 million barrels of oil every day. For all consumers, security resides in the stability of this market. Secession is not an option.

A fourth principle is the importance of information. High-quality information underpins well-functioning markets. On an international level, the IEA has led the way in improving the flow of information about world markets and energy prospects. That work is being complemented by the new International Energy Forum, which will seek to integrate information from producers and consumers. Information is no less crucial in a crisis, when consumer panics can be instigated by a mixture of actual disruptions, rumors, and fear. In such situations, governments and the private sector should collaborate to counter panics with high-quality, timely information.

As important as these principles are, the past several years have highlighted the need to expand the concept of energy security in two critical dimensions: the recognition of globalization of the energy security system, which can be achieved especially by engaging China and India, and the acknowledgement of the fact that the entire energy supply chain needs to be protected.

1. The energy security system was established for the following long-term purpose EXCEPT ______.

A. protecting profits of industrialized countries during Arab oil embargo

B. making effective coordination among those industrialized countries

C. promoting cooperation in making policies about energy

D. preventing oil exporters from using oil as a weapon against other countries

2. Which of the following statements about International Energy Agency is NOT true?

A. Its headquarter is located in Paris.

B. Its members include developed and developing countries.

C. It monitors and analyzes the energy market and policies.

D. It makes great efforts to save energy and deal with oil disruption.

3. The first and foremost thing that both consumers and producers are concerned about is ______.

A. various supply sources

B. stable energy markets

C. the largest profits

D. reasonable prices

4. Integration, the third principle to maintain energy security, means to ______.

A. recognize the reality of energy shortage

B. guarantee the stability of energy market

C. realize the unity of the worldwide market

D. protect one’s independent interests

5. The main purpose of this passage is to ______.

A. convince readers that energy security is important

B. introduce the major energy organizations of U.S.

C. inform readers what the energy security system is like

D. present principles for ensuring energy security

Passage Five

Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree. In many American universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasting for one semester. A typical course consists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks; while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester. Normally a student would expect to take four years attending two semesters each year. It is possible to spread the period of work for the degree over a longer period. It is also possible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course, though this is not in fact done as a regular practice.

For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs. Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities. Any student who is thought to have broken the rules, for example, by cheating has to appear before a student court. With the enormous numbers of students, the operation of the system does involve a certain amount of activity. A student who has held one of these positions of authority is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in his career.

The Internet seems to have just arrived, so how can we possibly imagine what will replace it? In truth, early versions of the Net have been around since the 1960s and 70s, but only after the mid-1990s did it begin to have a serious public impact. Since 1994, the population of users has grown from about 13 million to more than 300 million around the world.

What will the Internet be like 20 years from now?

Like the rest of infrastructure, the Internet will eventually seem to disappear by becoming widespread. Most access will probably be via high-speed, low-power radio links. Most handheld, fixed and mobile appliances will be Internet enabled. This trend is already discernible in the form of Internet-enabled cell phones and personal digital assistants. Like the servants of centuries past, our household helpers will chatter with one another and with the outside help.

So many appliances, vehicles and buildings will be online by 2020 that it seems likely there will be more things on the Internet than people. Internet-enabled cars and airplanes are coming online, and smart houses are being built every day. Eventually, programmable devices will become so cheap that we will embed them in the cardboard boxes into which we put other things for storage or shipping. These passive ―computers‖ will be activated as they pass sensors and will be able to both emit and absorb information. Such innovations will facilitate increasingly automatic manufacturing, inventory control, shipping and distribution. Checkout at the grocery store will be fully automatic, as will payment via your digital wallet.

The advent of programmable, mini-scale machines will extend the Internet to things with the size of molecules that can be injected under the skin, leading to Internet-enabled people. Such devices, together with Internet-enabled sensors embedded in clothing, will avoid a hospital stay for medical patients who would otherwise be there only for observation. The speech processor used today in cochlear implants for the hearing impaired could easily be connected to the Internet; listening to Internet radio could soon be a direct computer-to-brain experience!

The Internet will undergo substantial alteration as optical technologies allow the transmission of many trillions of bits per second on each Internet’s fiber-optic backbone network. The core of the network will remain optical, and the edges will use a mix of access technologies, ranging from radio and infrared to optical fiber and the old twisted-pair copper telephone lines.By then, the Internet will have been extended, by means of an interplanetary Internet backbone, to operate in outer space.

How will this pervasive Internet access affect our daily lives? More and more of the world’s information will be accessible instantly and from virtually anywhere. In an emergency, our health records will be available for remote medical consultation with specialists and perhaps even remote surgery. More and more devices will have access to the global positioning system, increasing the value of geographically indexed databases. Using GPS with speech-understanding software that is emerging today, we will be able to get directions from our Internet as easily as we once got them at a filling station.

Is there any downside to a society suffused with information and the tools to process it?

Privacy will come at a premium. Enormous quantities of data about our daily affairs will flow across the Internet, working to make our lives easier. Despite our preference for giving up privacy in exchange for convenience, our experiences online may make us yearn for the anonymity of the past. Who should have access to our medical records and our financial information, and how will that access be controlled? Will we be able to search and use the vast information stored online without leaving trails across the Net? How will business transactions be taxed, and in what jurisdictions will disputed electronic transactions be resolved? How will intellectual property be protected? How will we prove that contracts were signed on a certain date, or that their terms and conditions have not been electronically altered? There are technical answers for many of these questions, but some will require international agreements before they can be resolved.

Perhaps even more daunting, in the face of Internet-wide virus attacks, is the realization that we will depend in larger and larger measure on the network’s functioning reliably. Making this system of millions of networks robust is a challenge for the present generation of Internet engineers. But I am an optimist and believe we are going to live in a world abundant with information and with the tools needed to use it wisely.

1. The main idea the author tries to convey is that ______.

A. the Internet has already arrived

B. the Internet began to have a serious impact in 1990s

C. the Internet is getting more and more popular

D. the Internet is developing fast ever since its appearance

2. The Internet might seem to disappear because most access to the Internet is probably realized by ______.

A. high-speed, low-power radio links

B. handheld mobile appliances

C. internet-enabled cell phones

D. personal digital assistants

3. The Internet will have a significant change thanks to optical technology, which ______.

A. will make the Internet access more flexible

B. will make the Internet transmission more rapidly

C. will make the Internet communication more convenient

D. will make the Internet more useful in our life

4. The primary concern of online experience is ______.

A. privacy

B. convenience

C. pricing

D. conflict

5. The author’s attitude toward the future of the Internet is ______.

A. doubtful

B. cheerful

C. biased

D. depressed

Passage Six

I spent some of the most exciting days of my life wor king on the eastern shores of Kenya’s Lake Turkana, searching for the fossilized remains of our early ancestors. We did not always find what we wanted, but every day there was much more to discover than the traces of our own predecessors. The fossils, some quite complete, others mere fragments, spoke of another world in which the ancestors of many of today’s African mammals roamed in the rich grassland and forest fringes between 1.5 million and 2 million years ago. The environment was not too different from the wetter grasslands of Africa today, but it was full of amazing animals that are now long extinct.

One in particular I would have loved to see alive was a short-necked giraffe relative that had huge ―antlers‖, some with a span across the horns of clos e to almost 3 meters. There were buffalo-size antelopes with massive curving horns, carnivores that must have looked like saber-toothed lions, two distinct species of hippo and at least two types of elephants. We may never know the full extent of this incredible mammalian diversity, but there were probably more than twice as many species a million years ago as there are today.

That was true not just for Africa. The fossil record tells the same story everywhere. Most of life’s experiments have ended in ext inction. It is estimated that more than 95% of the species that have existed over the past 600 million years are gone.

So, should we be concerned about the current spasm of extinction, which has been accelerated by the inexorable expansion of agriculture and industry? Is it necessary to try to slow down a process that has been going on forever?

I believe it is. We know that the well-being of human race is tied to the well-being of many other species, and we can’t be sure which species are most important to our own survival.

But dealing with the extinction crisis is no simple matter, since much of the world’s biodiversity resides in its poorest nations, especially in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Can such countries justify setting aside national parks and nature reserves where human encroachment and even access is forbidden? Is it legitimate to spend large sums of money to save some species —

be it an elephant or an orchid —in a nation in which a sizable percentage of the people are living below the poverty line?

Such questions make me uneasy about promoting wildlife conservation in impoverished nations. Nonetheless, I believe that we can —and should —do a great deal. It’s a matter of changing priorities. Plenty of money is available for scientific field studies and conferences on endangering species. But what about boots and vehicles for park personnel who protect wildlife from poachers? What about development aid to give local people economic alternatives to cutting forests and plowing over the land? That kind of funding is difficult to come by.

People in poor countries should not be asked to choose between their own short-term survival and long-term environmental needs. If their governments are willing to protect the environment, the money needed should come from international sources. To me, the choice is clear. Either the more affluent world helps now or the world as a whole will lose out.

Of course, we must be careful not to allow the establishment of slush funds or rely on short-term, haphazard handouts that the world would probably go to waste. We need a permanent global endowment devoted to wildlife protection, funded primarily by the governments of the industrial nations and international aid agencies. The principal could remain invested in the donor nations as the interest flowed steadily into conservation efforts.

How to use those funds would be a matter of endless debate. Should local communities be entitled to set the agenda, or should outside experts take control? Should limited hunting be allowed in parks, or should they be put off limits? Mistakes will be made, the landscape will keep changing, and species will still be lost, but the difficulty of the task should not lead us to abandon hope. Many of the planet’s natural habitats are gone forever, bur many others can be saved and in time restored.

A major challenge for the 21st century is to preserve as much of our natural estate as possible. Let us resist with all our efforts any moves to reduce the amount of wild land available for wild species. And let us call upon the world’s richest nations to provide the money to make that possible. That would not be a contribution to charity; it would be an investment in the future of humanity —and all life on Earth.

1. The purpose of the author’s work on the eastern shores of Lake Turkana was ______.

A. to discover the fossil history of African mammals

B. to search for the traces of the extinct animal species

C. to discover the fossils of human being’s predecessors

D. to study the fragments of the fossils of the ancestors of African mammals

2. The following is true EXCEPT ______.

A. The welfare of the human species is bound up with that of the other species.

B. Human development in agriculture and industry speeds up the process of distinction of some

species.

C. Fossil history suggests that 95% of the species will be a failure in their struggles for survival.

D. The process of the extinction of species seems to be going on ceaselessly.

3. To which of the following would the author probably say ―No‖?

A. Should we be concerned about the extinction of the species, which has been accelerated by

the expansion of agriculture and industry?

B. Should a nation, most of whose people are still living below the poverty line, spend large

sums of money to preserve species?

C. Is it necessary to provide woodcutters in poverty-stricken nations with the economic

alternatives to making a living on cutting down trees?

D. Is it necessary to change our priorities and provide more equipment and support for wildlife

protection personnel?

4. The author’s main purpose of writing this article is ______.

A. to champion a global fund mainly from the affluent nations and international efforts to

preserve the wildlife

B. to warn the rich nations against the losing out in protecting the global environment

C. to persuade the impoverished people to sacrifice their short-term benefit for long-term

protection of the biodiversity

D. to take into account the difficulty of wildlife protection and stop endless debate

5. The author’s attitude towards preserving the natural habitats is ______.

A. uncertain

B. positive

C. hopeless

D. uneasy

Passage Seven

All managers, regardless of their level, must have three basic kinds of managerial skills: conceptual skills, ―people‖ skills, and technical skills. Each of these can be developed. They are not inborn.

A manager with conceptual skills can see the firm as system —a complex of parts that interact with and depend on one another. The manager also sees how the firm relates to its environment. These managers are creative and analytical. They identify and solve problems and come up with new approaches to the management process. Conceptual skills are crucial for long-range planning and therefore are more important at the upper level of management than at the lower and middle levels.

People skills are human relations skills. They include communication, motivation, and leadership skills. These are the most important of all managerial skills at all levels of management. They determine how well a manager interacts with superiors and subordinates. A manager with good people skills gets along and works well with people at all levels in the firm. People skills are especially important in human resource management.

Technical skills involve a manager’s ability to understand and use techniques, methods, equipment, and procedures—in other words, to understand how things operate. These skills are more important at the lower management level than at the upper and middle levels. Foremen, for example, must know how to operate the machinery their subordinates use. As a manager moves up the management hierarchy, technical skills become less important than conceptual and people skills.

Technical skills are the hardest to transfer from one industry to another. Conceptual and people skills are more transferable. It is important to understand, however, that all three kinds of skills need constant updating to be effective.

Managerial work means performing management functions: planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling. Dividing managerial work into these functions helps us understand it.

These functions, however, are not performed separately. In the real world, they are performed at the same time and are interdependent.

Planning is the management function of preparing a firm to cope with the future. It involves setting the firm’s objectives over a period of time and deciding on methods to achieve these objectives.

There are two types of planning: strategic planning and operational planning. Strategic planning is concerned with a firm’s long-range future and its overall strategy of growth. Top-level managers are responsible for this type of planning.

Operational planning is planning for the day-to-day survival of the firm. Such planning is necessary to implement strategic plans. Middle-and lower-level managers engage mainly in this type of planning.

Organizing is the management function of coordinating people, tasks (or activities), and resources so that a firm can accomplish its objectives. An organization is the structure formed by the process of organizing.

According to the systems concept, a firm consists of a network of interrelationships among its various departments. Each department is a subsystem of the firm. When a firm accepts its social responsibility, it views itself as a subsystem of the larger socioeconomic system.

The more the workers view the firm as a system, the less their actions will conflict.

Staffing is the management function of recruiting, selecting, training, and promoting personnel to fill both managerial and nonmanagerial positions in a firm. The quality of its personnel is a firm’s single most important asset.

Directing is the management function of encouraging subordinates to work toward achieving company objectives. It sometimes is called leading, guiding, motivating, or actuating.

Four basic concepts relate to the directing function. They are: (1) participation, (2) communication, (3) motivation, and (4) leadership.

Controlling is the management function of monitoring operations to see if the firm is achieving its goals. Controlling involves: (1) setting standards of performance, (2) measuring actual performance against the standards, and (3) taking corrective action when significant deviations exist.

First, there must be a standard —a definite idea of what one wants to accomplish.

Second, a manager measures actual performance and compares it to the standard. In some jobs only quantitative results (number of units produced) are important. In other jobs qualitative results (quality of the units produced) are the basis of comparison.

The final element of control is taking corrective action. It is desirable to detect deviations from standards quickly. The longer corrective action takes, the more it will cost.

1. Managers must have the following basic managerial skills EXCEPT ______.

A. technical skills

B. participation skills

C. conceptual skills

D. people skills

2. Which of the following is NOT the author’s opinion of the manager with conceptual skills?

A. A manager with conceptual skills sees the firm as a complex and interactive system.

B. A manager with conceptual skills comes up with new approaches to the management process.

C. A manager with conceptual skills is creative and analytical.

D. A manager with conceptual skills knows the firm is independent of its environment.

3. The most important of all managerial skills at all levels of management is ______.

A. people skills

B. conceptual skills

C. organizing skills

D. technical skills

4. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the text?

A. Technical skills are the hardest to transfer from one industry to another.

B. Management functions are not performed separately but performed at the same time.

C. Technical skills are more important at the upper management level than at the lower and

middle levels.

D. There are two types of planning: strategic planning and operational planning.

5. Middle-and lower-level managers engage mainly in ______.

A. strategic planning

B. operational planning

C. organizing skills

D. directing skills

Passage Eight

What will the Internet be like 20 years from now?

How will this pervasive Internet access affect our daily lives? More and more o f the world’s information will be accessible instantly and from virtually anywhere. In an emergency, our health records will be available for remote medical consultation with specialists and perhaps even remote surgery. More and more devices will have access to the global positioning system, increasing the value of geographically indexed databases. Using GPS with speech-understanding software that is emerging today, we will be able to get directions from our Internet as easily as we once got them at a filling station.

Is there any downside to a society suffused with information and the tools to process it?

1. The main idea the author tries to convey is that ______.

A. the Internet has already arrived

B. the Internet began to have a serious impact in 1990s

C. the Internet is getting more and more popular

D. the Internet is developing fast ever since its appearance

2. The Internet might seem to disappear because most access to the Internet is probably realized by ______.

A. high-speed, low-power radio links

B. handheld mobile appliances

C. internet-enabled cell phones

D. personal digital assistants

3. The Internet will have a significant change thanks to optical technology, which ______.

A. will make the Internet access more flexible

B. will make the Internet transmission more rapidly

C. will make the Internet communication more convenient

D. will make the Internet more useful in our life

4. The primary concern of online experience is ______.

A. privacy

B. convenience

C. pricing

D. conflict

5. The author’s attitude toward the future of the Internet is ______.

A. doubtful

B. cheerful

C. biased

D. depressed

Passage Nine

During the century the petroleum industry has risen from being relatively small through the stage of being one of many large industries, to a position where whole economies are profoundly influenced by the need for and price of petroleum products. The origins of the industry lie in the product itself.

Petroleum is believed to be produced naturally from dead animals and vegetable matter at the bottoms of shallow seas and swamps. When tiny plants and animals die in the sea, they become trapped in mud and sand. This sediment of mud, sand, and dead organisms slowly becomes thicker and thicker. In a million years, it may become thousands of feet deep. Such layers of sediment are very heavy, and the lower layers are compressed so much that they turn into rock layers. During this time, some of the body tissue of the entrapped organisms is changed into a viscous, sticky liquid that is a mixture of many thousands of different substances. This liquid is called ―petroleum‖ or ―crude oil‖.

In its widest sense, petroleum embraces all hydrocarbons (compounds of hydrogen and carbon) occurring in the earth. In its narrower, commercial sense, petroleum is usually restricted to the liquid deposits known as crude oil, the gaseous ones being known as natural gas and the solid ones as bitumen or asphalt.

Crude oil and gas are the raw materials of the petroleum industry. It is the business of the industry to find them, to retrieve them from the earth on-shore and off-shore, to manufacture useful products from them and to sell the products in the markets of the world.

The twentieth century might be described as preeminently the age of petroleum. Although oil was first commercially exploited on any scale in the late nineteenth century, the twentieth century has seen the development of oil into ―the biggest business‖, the growth of large-scale international petrochemical industry, and the rise of natural gas as a prime source of energy.

In the twentieth century oil and gas is dominant in the total pattern of energy consumption. From this it can be seen that whereas coal, which in the early decades made by far the major contribution, has simply maintained its world production level, oil and natural gas have been the fuels that have met the vastly increased demand for energy as industrialization and world economic development have proceeded.

It is true that the share of oil and gas in the total energy spectrum today shows signs of diminishing. Even so it seems certain that until the year 2010, and probably far beyond, they will continue to play the major role in meeting world requirements.

Customer demand has propelled this growth. The exceptional versatility of crude oil as a base material for the manufacture of a very wide range of products, the convenience and cleanliness in use of oil and gas, their ease of transportation and storage, their relative cheapness since the 1940s, their particular efficiency for such special purposes as providing energy for transportation, raw material for lubricants, and feedstock for the petrochemical industry ... these factors have powerfully stimulated growth and given petroleum major importance in the economies of producer and consumer countries alike.

This enormous expansion has meant that producer countries have become heavily reliant on oil for national revenue and foreign exchange. Venezuela, for example, has for decades relied on

oil exports for more than 90 percent of its foreign exchange. In most consumer countries, oil has also dominated national economies, as a major component of imports and thus substantially affecting balances of payments. Crude oil price increases have significantly contributed to the growth of inflation, and with it recession and mass unemployment. Oil and gas have also provided finance ministers worldwide with a convenient vehicle for tax collecting. Today, virtually everyone in society is affected by the availability and price of oil and gas: directly in terms of domestic use and family transportation; indirectly in relation to jobs and to many other aspects of national economies, whether they are buoyant or in difficulty.

1. What is mainly dealt with in this passage?

A. The development of petroleum in the near future.

B. The general information on petroleum.

C. The history of petroleum industry.

D. The function of petroleum in the modern world.

2. According to the author, the following statements concerning the petroleum industry are true EXCEPT ______.

A. The petroleum industry has originated from the petroleum product itself.

B. The petroleum industry has influenced the economies of a country.

C. The petroleum industry has developed very slowly.

D. The petroleum industry has got a very important position.

3. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A. When tiny plants and animals die in the sea, they become trapped in mud and sand.

B. Petroleum is believed to be produced at the bottoms of deep seas and swamps.

C. The lower layers of sediment are compressed so much that they turn into rock layers.

D. Some of the body tissue of the entrapped organisms is changed into a viscous, sticky liquid.

4. In its widest sense, by petroleum we mean ______.

A. all hydrocarbons occurring in the earth

B. the liquid deposits known as crude oil

C. the gaseous deposits known as natural gas

D. the solid deposits known as asphalt

5. Petroleum was first explored, developed and made profit in commerce______.

A. in the first half of the 19th century

B. at the beginning of the 20th century

C. in the late 20th century

D. in the second half of the 19th century

Passage Ten

Whether work should be placed among the cause of happiness or among the cause of unhappiness may perhaps be regarded as a doubtful question. There is certainly much work which is exceedingly weary and an excess of work is always very painful. I think, however, that provided work is not excessive in amount, even the dullest work is to most people less painful than idleness. There are in work all grades, from mere relief of boredom up to the profoundest delight, according to the nature of the work and the abilities of the worker. Most of the work that most people have to do is not in itself interesting, but even such work has certain great advantages.

To begin with, it fills a good many hours of the day without the need of deciding what one shall do. Most people, when they are left free to fill their own time according to their own choice,

are at a loss to think of anything sufficiently pleasant to be worth doing. And whatever they decide on, they are troubled by the feeling that something else would have been pleasanter. To be able to fill leisure intelligently is the last product of civilization, and at present very few people have reached this level. Moreover the exercise of choice is in itself tiresome. Except to people with unusual initiative it is positively agreeable to be told what to do at each hour of the day, provided the orders are not too unpleasant.

The second advantage of most paid work and of some unpaid work is that it gives chances of success and opportunities for ambition. In most work success is measured by income. The desire that men feel to increase their income is quite as much as a desire for success as the extra comforts that a higher income can acquire. However dull work may be, it becomes bearable if it is a means of building up a reputation, whether in the world at large or only in one’s own circle.

1. What is the author’s opinion about work?

A) Work is very tiresome, especially when too excessive.

B) Work is a cause of greater delight of life.

C) Work can at least give relief from boredom.

D) Work can keep rich people busy as if they were poor.

2. Who is the happiest person according to the author?

A) A man who works moderately.

B) A man who works to the extreme.

C) A man who has nothing to do.

D) A man who has many choices.

3. In the author’s opinion, what is the last product of civilization?

A) To work to some extent.

B) To be free from hard work.

C) To make wise use of leisure.

D) To keep oneself busy with trifles (琐事).

4. According to the passage, to be told to do something is generally ______.

A) acceptable B) respectable

C) insulting D) admiring

5. As put by the author, most of the work that most people have to do is ______.

A) not interesting but very rewarding

B) exceedingly dull and always painful

C) delightful but time consuming

D) not worth doing and bearable at all

Part II Vocabulary and Structure

Directions:Choose the best answer from the four choices to complete each of the sentences and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

1. According to Chinese traditions, unmarried girls are ______ to stay out at night.

A) prevented B) prohibited

C) objected D) forbidden

2. The only way to solve the problem is to ______ the effect of fluctuations, and this therefore must be the first objective of a computerized system.

A. get out

B. iron out

C. agree to

D. rely on

3. The opposing political party is getting ready to ______ a powerful attack on the government.

A. intend

B. imprint

C. cast

D. mount

4. He was so shy that he was always ______ to shrink up whenever attention was focused on him.

A. attending

B. intending

C. tending

D. pretending

5. Before you started to ______, make sure the road is clear ahead of you; otherwise it might lead

to an accident.

A. overwork

B. overtake

C. overhear

D. oversee

6. ______ for your laziness, you could have finished the work by now.

A) If not had been it B) Hadn’t been it

C) Had it not been D) If it had been

7.Another comforting fact is that only 14 per cent of our household income is spent on our mortgages ______ 40 per cent in the late 1980s.

A. combined with

B. dealt with

C. compared with

D. replaced with

8. Petroleum will become harder and harder, and more and more expensive to find, and the future ______ greater geological understanding, improved technology, and continued investment.

A. turns on

B. looks upon

C. takes on

D. depends upon

9. This information is interpreted and translated into the best place to drill a well that will ______

a trap below the surface of the ground and thereby enable the well to test the trap’s content.

A. circle

B. penetrate

C. make

D. trace

10. For the time being, Philips could not say when such a product as this might be ______ available, however.

A. vertically

B. commercially

C. horizontally

D. rapidly

11. Success in establishing a good night-time routine leads to increased confidence and happiness all round, making all the hard work well ______ the effort.

A. worth

B. worthwhile

C. legal

D. worthy

12. There seems to be something wrong with the computer but we hope to _______ it right before

too long.

A. correct

B. put

C. sort

D. cope

13. The world’s oil supply is not inexhaustible. If the reserves ______, the situation will become

extremely critical.

A. put out

B. come out

C. get out

D. run out

14. No plan for the future will be acceptable unless it ______ poverty and unemployment.

A. abolishes

B. abuses

C. compels

D. commits

15. Their government always looks at problems from the financial viewpoint, and the social

______ is never considered.

A. inspect

B. prospect

C. aspect

D. respect

16. The success of study or work experience abroad is closely ______ the level of support students

receive both before and during their time in the host member state.

A. linked in

B. linked to

C. associated with

D. joined to

17. The oil spillage in the Gulf was of such _______ that its effects will last for decades.

A. magnificence

B. maintenance

C. magnitude

D. manipulation

18. The longer the economic decline is allowed to go on the more difficult it will be to ______ it.

A. underline

B. upset

C. resume

D. reverse

19. The committee has made some recommendations, but it is _______ the President to make the

final decision.

A. rest with

B. apt to

C. up to

D. in accord with

20. The International Whaling Commission warns that if nothing is done to save the whales now

the species will soon be _______.

A. imitated

B. intimated

C. contaminated

D. exterminated

21. Every year we say we’ll spend less at Christmas, and every year it still _______.

A. keeps under control

B. comes to the end

C. gets out of hand

D. goes beyond reach

22. ______ is no reason for discharging her.

A) Because she was a few minutes late

B) Owing to a few minutes being late

C) The fact that she was a few minutes late

D) Being a few minutes late

23. As telecommunications and networking technologies greatly improve, it is more ______

people to access others through e-mail, telephone and mobile phones.

A. convenient for

B. responsible for

C. capable of

D. aware of

24. The newly built auditorium has a seating ______ of 40 000.

A) ability B) capacity

C) capability D) faculty

25. He thinks he knows English well, but ______, he speaks very poorly.

A) as a result B) as a rule

C) as a whole D) as a matter of fact

26. The cost may be lower than we first thought, but ______ it will still be quite substantial.

A. in no case

B. in any case

C. in case of

D. in case

27. The following year, ______ victories in local elections strengthened the Conservatives’

position.

A. a series of

B. a link of

C. a pattern of

D. a connection of

28. One’s appearance does not always ______ with his quality, so don’t judge people by looks.

A. compare

B. coincide

C. collide

D. content

29. It is difficult to ______ work as it is sometimes mixed together with labor by most people.

A. define

B. describe

C. decide

D. design

30. Parents should make their children to realize that studying is happy but not ______ them to do

what they don’t like.

A. make

B. compel

C. drive

D. enable

31. Coal can be ______ into gas with the help of the modern technology.

A. yield

B. converted

C. overcame

D. reverted

32. We need to ______our speech when we are supposed to speak in public.

A. modify

B. outweigh

C. respond

D. exceed

33. The government has ______ the parents to work with teachers in the education of their

children.

A. put off

B. set aside

C. called on

D. tied up

34. The inquiry heard that tobacco smuggling into the UK was seriously affecting the profits of

______ importers.

A. permanent

B. intelligent

C. extinct

D. legitimate

35. I went along thinking of nothing ______, only looking at things around me.

A. in doubt

B. in harmony

C. in particular

D. in brief

36. She was ______ with intelligence, sense, and perception, but no athletic skill whatever.

A. enrolled

B. endowed

C. engaged

D. enabled

37. When we find the stolen vehicle we shall, of course, make sure that it is ______ to its rightful

owner.

A. resumed

B. reserved

C. restored

D. revised

38. The present wave of strikes ______ from discontent among the lower-paid.

A. stems

B. traps

C. raises

D. ranges

《大学英语1》课程综合复习资料

《大学英语1》课程综合复习资料 I. Use of English 1. — Write to me when you get home. — OK, I _______. A) must B) should C) will D) can 2. ― I hope I am not interrupting your work. ― ________________. A) Oh，that’s all right. B) O.K. Let’s start again. C) Please go on with your work. D) It’s hard to say. 3. —let me introduce myself. I am Tom. — _______. A) What a pleasure B) It's pleasure C) I'm very pleased D) Pleased to meet you 4. — Could you pass me the salt and pepper? — _______. A) Sorry， I didn't know what you mean. B) Ok， here you are. C) No， I won't. D) I don't know. 5. —Why haven’t you bought any butter? — I _________ to but I forgot about it.

A) liked B) wished C) meant D) expected 6. —“Where is Mary?” — “She ____ to school.” A) will go B) has been C) has gone D) went 7. — Have you finished your housework____? — Yes. I have____ finishe A) yet， already B) already， yet C) ever， never D) still， just 8. — How are you? — ________ A) I am quite good. B) I am very sorry. C) How are you? D) Fine， thank you. 9. — I usually go there by train. — Why not _______ by boat for a change? A) try to go B) try going C) try go D) go to try

大学英语综合教程1练习答案

Unit 1 Growing Up Part II Language Focus V ocabulary Ⅰ. 1. 1. respectable 2. agony 3. put…down 4. sequence 5. hold back 6. distribute 7. off and on 8. vivid 9. associate 10. finally 11. turn in 12. tackle 2. 1. has been assigned to the newspaper’s Paris office. 2. was so extraordinary that I didn’t know whether to believe him or not. 3. a clear image of how she would look in twenty years’time. 4. gave the command the soldiers opened fire. 5. buying bikes we’ll keep turning them out.

3. 1. reputation, rigid, to inspire 2. and tedious, What’s more, out of date ideas 3. compose, career, avoid showing, hardly hold back Ⅱ. 1. composed 2. severe 3. agony 4. extraordinary 5. recall 6. command 7. was violating 8. anticipate Ⅲ. 1. at 2. for 3. of 4. with 5. as 6. about 7. to 8. in, in 9. from

大学英语综合教程4复习资料

词汇 1. Throughout history, many people have attempted to find the __A___ secret to success, but relatively few have actually done it. a. elusive b. evasive c. illusory d. eloquent 2. It was hard for Cynthia to remain uninvolved with the controversy since she is such a __C___ part of the company. a. visibility b. risible c. visible d. visibly 3. "Officer Clarke, in the best interest of the case, please consider absolutely everything to be at your __B___." a. dispose b. disposal c. disposing d. disposed 4. The mountain climbers demonstrated a(n) __D___ feat of selflessness when they turned around to help an injured stranger. a. advantageous b. gorgeous c. outrageous d. courageous 5. Many movie stars are notorious for wearing excessive amounts of expensive __A___. a. jewellery b. jewels c. jewelers d. jewelling 6. Her novel successfully __C___ an entire generation of young women to believe they could be whatever they wanted. a. emboldened b. embittered c. empowered d. embroidered 7. I'm not really a __B___ of pop culture trends, so can you explain that reference to me? a. flower b. follower c. fellow d. fallowing 8. We just moved into town so we're still a little __D___. a. unsettling b. settlers c. settled d. unsettled 9. The movie is fantastic, but you'll need to __B___ your disbelief toward the end. a. upend b. suspend c. depend d. misspend 10. Don't __A___ Jack's determination to do whatever it takes to win. a. underestimate b. overestimate c. estimate d. misestimate 11. As judge, I __A___ over this courtroom and have the final say on all matters. a. preside b. reside c. presume d. resume 12. Please stay back! This is a __C___ area! a. constricted b. districted c. restricted d. unrestricted

《大学英语1》期末考试综合复习资料

《大学英语1》期末考试综合复习资料 I. Use of English(20%)—交际英语，共10道选择题，每题2分，共20 分。 II.Reading Comprehension (40%)—阅读理解，4篇文章，共20道选择题，每题2分，共40分。 III.Vocabulary and Structure(30%)—词汇与语法，共30道选择题，每题1分，共30分。 IV.Cloze Test (10%)—完形填空，共10道选择题，每题1分，共10分 I. Use of English (10×2) Directions:In this part there are 10 incomplete dialogues. For each dialogue there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the dialogue. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 1. —Excuse me, could you please tell me how to get to the railway station? —____________ A. No, I couldn’t. B. Sorry, I don’t know. I’m new here. C. I couldn’t tell you. D. You can’t ask me. 2. — What day is today? — _____________. A. Today is March 24. B. Today is not bad. C. Today is sunny D. Today is Saturday 3. —How do you do? Glad to see you. — _________________________ A. How are you? Me too. B. How do you do? Glad to meet you. C. I am fine, thank you. And you? D. Nice, how are you? 4. —I’m sorry. Bob’s not in his office. — _________ A. Can you take a message for me? B. Are you sure for that? C. Would you like to leave a message? D. Can you phone me?

新视野大学英语综合训练阅读。1到6章整理。

1.V alentine’s Day probably....ever since. (BCADA) 1.to trace back 2.they would’t concentrate 3.Refused to obey 4.496 AD 5.to show our 2.Having raised eight children....can provide. (BABCD) 1. How to show 2.may by a famous 3.he had a 4.material wealth does 5.to give them 3.In the 1990s...of their class (CABCD) 1.The devaluation 2.prove the trend 3.reducing in 4.people can’t 5.The Devaluation 4.We received your letter....such trip (BABCC) 1.To express the difficulties 2.they advertise 3.we can’t afford 4.may not 5.the sales agent 5.In the future....says Leon (BABDA) 1.people with the 2.they may lose money 3.Scientists want 4.To illustrate 5.What’s Best 6.Criticism has been....own games (BDDCA) 1.Parents of 2.Because they have seen 3.To promise 4.Fewer referees would 5.Abusing. 7.Only about 15....of obesity (ADCDA) 1.people do not 2.He is one 3.Stretching at work 4.Extreme fatness 5.Ten minutes to 8.Y ou may recall....J.J.Budd (BBCAD) 1.a company 2.he wants new 3.Raj Rammanvihal works 4.familiar with 5.a formal letter 9.Fifteen-year-old...learn now (DAABC) 1.kept so that 2.they fail to 3.A list of the result 4.academic achievement 5. a teacher in 10.Most Americans will....and responsible? (ADDCD) 1.Positive 2.admission 3.helps students both 4.To ensure that 5.School that offer 11.A study issued...shared responsibility (BCDBA) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6d802421.html,mitment to 2.enter school 3.60--80% 4.making young people 5.Social environment 12.When i was four....be impossible (CDCCB) 1.kept him away 2.attended classes 3.be different 4.to give a 5.knowledge from outside 13Bin Ben is one of....a guide (CBACD) 1.a light 2.Coins a 3.the old 4.1924 5.Undamaged 14.John Colter was....mud holes (DADBC) 1.Y ellowstone Park 2.Moran and 3.for more 4.was once not 5.The History 15.One day Walt ....the future” (CCBCB) 1.Building a 2.improved the 3.Its spot 4.Fantasyland 5.Disneyland 16.At sixteen Ron....the book (DACBC) 1.Ron was 2.he wanted 3.The job 4.four 5.he knew 17.When faced with.....international scale (BBCBB) 1.A good death means 2.Never say 3.Tube feeding 4.to adapt 5.Death is 18.On Mother’s Day....of dying (AACAD) 1.she wanted 2.to do something 3.Mom had 4.not busy 5.as the tablecloth 19.While caring for.... Their lives. (CDBBD) 1.Women provide 2.volunteer assistance 3.tain family 4.people who 5.to talk to 20.On the morning ....our grief. (CBADB) 1.someone bombed 2.angels in 3.There was 4.He was elbowed 5. We should 21.With so many scientists...the study (BCADD) 1.The possible 2.the former 3.focusing on 4.are the 5.Freed and Lin’s stress 22.Engineering design aims....so important. (BABCD) 1.Some factors 2.pulled down 3.Building ..reconstructed 4.effect of 5.rivers and

小学英语总复习资料(新版PEP)

新版PEP小学英语毕业总复习资料汇总大全 (三至六年级) 目录新版PEP三年级上册英语三会单词表 (2) 新版PEP三年级下册英语三会单词表 (3) 新版PEP四年级上册英语三会单词表 (4) 新版PEP四年级下册英语三会单词表 (5) 新版PEP五年级上册英语四会单词表 (7) 新版PEP五年级上册英语四会单词表 (9) 新版PEP六年级上册英语四会单词表 (11) 新版PEP六年级下册英语四会单词表 (12) 小学英语人名翻译汇总 (14) 新版PEP小学英语四会句子(句型)汇总 (15) 新版PEP四年级英语四会句子(句型)汇总 (15) 新版PEP五年级英语四会句子(句型)汇总 (16) 新版PEP六年级英语四会句子(句型)汇总 (20) 小学英语主要句型归类 (22) 一、询问姓名、年龄 (22) 二、询问颜色 (23) 三、询问数量或价钱 (23) 四、询问时间或日期 (24) 五、询问方位或地方 (25) 六、询问想吃的东西 (25) 七、询问天气状况 (26) 八、询问身体状况或情绪 (26) 九、询问职业、身份或人物 (27) 十、询问兴趣、喜好 (28) 十一、询问平时一般或通常做的事情 (28) 十二、询问正在做的事情 (29) 十三、询问将要做的事情 (29)

新版PEP三年级上册英语三会单词表 Unit 1 pen 钢笔pencil 铅笔pencil-case 铅笔盒ruler 尺子eraser 橡皮crayon 蜡笔book 书bag 书包sharpener 卷笔刀school 学校 Unit 2 head 头face 脸nose 鼻子mouth 嘴eye 眼睛ear 耳朵arm 胳膊finger 手指leg腿foot 脚body 身体 Unit3 red 红色的yellow 黄色的green 绿色的blue 蓝色的purple 紫色的white 白色的black 黑色的orange 橙色的pink 粉色的brown 棕色的 Unit 4 cat 猫dog 狗monkey 猴子panda 熊猫rabbit 兔子duck 鸭子pig 猪bird 鸟bear 熊elephant 大象mouse 老鼠squirrel 松鼠 Unit 5 cake 蛋糕bread 面包hot dog 热狗hamburger 汉堡包chicken 鸡肉 French fries 炸薯条Coke 可乐juice 果汁milk 牛奶water 水tea 茶coffee 咖啡

综合英语二复习资料

综合英语2词型转换１. Many foreign words and phrases have enriched the English language. (rich) ２. They were the most notable pioneers in translation. (note) ３. There is an overhead fan in his room. (head) ４. Some advertisements are misleading. (lead) ５. We should adopt effective measure to preserve the eyesight of the adolescents. (effect) 6. She was paying a big price for her stupidity. (stupid) 7. His performance in the sports meet was not good. (perform) 8. He was wounded in the brutal war. (brute) 9. They are busy with preparing for the evening gathering. (gather) 10. The animals grew restlessly as if in anticipation of an earthquake. (rest) 11. I think the tendency to give children many toys and clothes is quite common in American families. (tend) 12. The children will feel unloved if they don’t have the same playthings their friends have. (love) 13. It is unreasonable for children to ask their parents for too many things. (reason) 14. You can judge his feeling from his facial expressions. (face) 15. He left the house without my awareness. (aware) 16. Hughie thought the model should have a percentage. (percent) 17. Now he was unemployed and stayed at home. (employ) 18. He was a man with great wealth. (wealthy) 19. In the relationship with others, you will notice some annoying habits. (annoy) 20. For some people, it may take several days to readjust, depending on the length of time they were away. (adjust) 21. The plan was set up to give expert advice to first time house buyers. (advise)

新版新目标大学英语综合教程1综合训练选择题答案

A love marriage, however, does not necessarily result in much sharing of interests and responsibilities. A magnificent monument has been erected in Tian An Men Square in honor of the people ' s heroes. A racing car is an extraordinary feat of engineering. Accumulated en ergy un der the earth must be released in one form or ano ther, for example, an earthquake. Although he had looked through all the reference material on the subject, he still found it hard to un dersta nd this point and her explanation only added to his confusion. Ano ther team of scie ntists has come up with con flict ing evide nee. Believing the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus could fall off the edge of the earth. But the other factor that we shouldn ' t forget is thealriek off U.S. immigration policy. Compared with wester ners, the Orie ntals use less butter. They prefer the very healthful pea nut oil. Con trary to popular belief, moderate exercise actually decreases your appetite. Corin thia n colu mn is the most highly decorated of the five classical types. Do not toss the salad until you are ready to serve. Dr. Jones emphasizes exercise in addition to a change in diet. During the process, great care has to be taken to protect the delicate silk from damage. Eati ng too much fat can con tribute to heart disease and cause high blood pressure. Every one in the party can see Ed and Roger are competi ng for Alice ' s atte nti on. Figures showed customer complaints had soared to record levels and profits were falling. Having decided to rent a flat, we set about con tact ing all the accommodati on age ncies in the city. He admits that more work needs to be done to validate the strategy, and ensure that it ' s safe. He is a mathematical genius . He is optimistic about his chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics next year. He might let someth ing slip in a mome nt of weak ness. He told the magaz ine in an exclusive in terview: "enas miepn&bim drink. ” He was jealous of no body ' s achieveme nts. he wrote an article criticizing the Greek poet and won prestige and a scholarship. His retail bus in ess in the city expa nded rapidly betwee n the wars. I caught a glimpse of the taxi before it disappeared around the corner of the street. I chose to work abroad to improve my career prospect . I felt I couldn ' t cope with the situation and wacfeeisperate need of some reassuranee. I hate people who reveal the end of a film th at you haven ' t seen before. I have kept that portrait where I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London. I think it ' s tiimeeIsted in a new computer. I want to buy a new tie to go with this brow n suit. I will defer to Mr. Walters on this point I wish I could put the clock back and relive my schooldays; I regret not having tried harder and passed mere exams. If you hear such a rumor, in vestigate it thoroughly. If you say anything to Jane, she ' csilikeey tovith a bitter remark. In no country other than Britain, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day. In the wife ' s eyes,commitment to their marriage life is far from perfect. Intensive efforts are being made to resolve the dispute. It did not take the police long time to bring out the truth. it is our consistent policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means It is predicted that heavy rains are threate ning to flood the area in a few days. It soon developed that what she loved was not my person but my wealth.

小学英语综合复习资料

认读单词四年级上册 Unit One 许多的many 我们的our 同学classmate 看一看have a look 座位seat 在…旁边near 什么what 在…里面in 我们we 有have has 新的new 去go 哪里where 打扫clean 好主意good idea 好吧all right 干得好good job 你you 看见see 我宾格me 看…… look at Unit Two 颜色colour 胖的fat 可以may 当然可以sure 给你here you are 太多了too many 重的heavy 对不起sorry Unit Three 喜欢like 中国的Chinese 照片photo 他he 他的his 她she 她的her 名字name 对的right Unit Four 这里here 他们they 钥匙key 打开open 请please 在…上面on 不,不是no Unit Five 吃have 晚餐dinner 饥饿的hungry 为,给for 谢谢你thank you 帮助help 传递pass 准备好的ready 尝试try 随便吃help yourself 展示show 使用use Unit Six 人people 成员member 只有only 小狗puppy 来come 谁who 看上去look 年轻的young 四年级下册 Unit One 第一first 层楼floor 欢迎welcome 我们的our 很多的many 客人visitor 那里there 班级class 午餐lunch 这边this way 美丽的beautiful 第二second 顶好的cool Unit Two 结束over 去操场go to the 现在now 再多一会儿just a minute 回家go home 小孩子kid 跑run 抓紧hurry Unit Three

全新版大学英语(第二版)综合教程2课后练习答案(含翻译题)

Key to Exercises of College En glish Book 2 Unit 1 ★ Text A Vocabulary 1. I. 1) in sert 2) on occasi on 3) in vestigate 4) In retrospect 5) in itial 6) phe nomena 7) attached 8) make up for 9) is awaiting 10) not …in the least 11) promote 12) emerged 2. 1) There is a striking contrast between the standards of living in the n orth of the country and the south. 2) Natural fiber is said to be superior to syn thetic fiber. 3) The city ' importance as a financial center has evolved slowly. 4) His n ati on ality is not releva nt to whether he is a good lawyer. 5) The poems by a little-k nown sixtee nth-ce ntury Italia n poet have found their way into some En glish magaz in es. 3. 1) be picked up, can 'accomplish, am exaggerati ng 2) somewhat, performa nce, have n eglected, they apply to 3) assist, On the other hand, are valid, a superior

小学英语总复习资料完整版

小学期间重要词汇：学习用品(school things):pen钢笔pencil铅笔pencil-box铅笔盒ruler尺子book书bag包schoolbag书包eraser 橡皮crayon 蜡笔comic book漫画书postcard明信片newspaper报纸storybook故事书notebook笔记本Chinese book语文书English book英语书math book数学书magazine杂志dictionary词典人体(body):foot脚head头face脸hair头发nose鼻子mouth嘴eye眼睛ear 耳朵arm手臂hand手finger手指leg腿tail尾巴颜色(colours):red红blue蓝yellow黄green绿white白black黑pink粉红purple紫orange橙brown棕动物(animals):cat猫dog狗pig猪duck鸭rabbit兔horse马elephant大象ant蚂蚁fish鱼bird鸟snake蛇mouse老鼠（mice 复数）monkey猴panda 熊猫bear熊lion狮子tiger老虎fox狐狸zebra斑马deer鹿giraffe长颈鹿goose鹅hen母鸡turkey火鸡lamb小羊sheep绵羊goat山羊cow奶牛人物(people):friend朋友boy男孩girl女孩mother(mum)母亲father(dad)父亲sister姐妹brother兄弟uncle叔叔;舅舅aunt姑姑man男人woman女人Mr.先生Miss小姐lady女士;小姐parents父母grandparents祖父母grandma/grandmother(外)祖母grandpa/grandfather(外)祖父cousin堂(表)兄弟;堂(表)姐妹son儿子daughter女儿baby婴儿kid小孩classmate同学pen pal笔友tourist旅行者people人物robot机器人职业(jobs):teacher教师student学生doctor医生nurse护士cook 厨师driver 司机farmer农民singer歌唱家writer作家actor男演员actress女演员artist画

牛津小学英语总复习资料

一、大写字母的运用 1.句首第一个字母大写。 2.人名、国名、节日名、语言名、组织名等专有名词的首字母大写。 3.星期、月份的首字母大写。 4.特指的学校、政府、党派、委员会或涉及具体人名的称呼或职位，首字母大写。 5.某些特殊词汇、缩略词、标志语、特殊用语等，首字母大写或全大写。 6.句中要强调的部分通常全大写。 7.诗的每一行首字母要大写。二、与字母发音相同的单词如：Bb-bee, Cc-see/sea, Rr-are, Tt-tea, Ii-I/eye, Oo-oh, Uu-you, Yy-why. 三、缩略形式如：I’m = I am, you’re = you are, she’s = she is/she has, won’t=will not, can’t =can not, isn’t=is not, let's = let us. 四、同音异形词如：to/too/two, their/there, right/write, pair/pear, four/for, know/no, sun/son. 五、反义词如：day-night, come-go, yes-no, up-down, big-small. short-long\tall,fat-thin,low-high, slow-fast, 六、名词复数的变化规则 1.一般情况下，直接加s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds. 2.以s，x，sh，ch结尾，加es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, watch-watches. 3.以辅音字母加y结尾，变y为i, 再加es，如：family-families, hobby-hobbies. 4.以f或fe结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加es，如：thief-thieves, knife-knives. 5.以o结尾，加es，如：mango-mangoes. 加s，如：radio-radios，photo-photos. 6.不规则变化，如：man-men, woman-women, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth.