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句子结构和成分分析

句子结构和成分分析
句子结构和成分分析

第一讲英语的句子结构和成分

主讲张燮

一. 主谓结构(主语+不及物动词)

1.The sun is shining

2.They talked for half an hour.

3.The pen writes well.

*主语:可以做主语的有名词(boy. fire. apple等),代词(I, you ,it. she等),数词(two, thirteen),动词不定式(to learn English, to take a taxi),动词ing形式(playing football, watching TV)以及从句(what he did, That he is from Sichuan).

#不能做主语的是:动词及动词短语(do, do some cooking, listen to the radio),介词短语(by bike, in the classroom.)学生常见错误如:

1.Do something is better than do nothing.

2.In the classroom have three boys.

3.By bike is good for health.

4.Listen to the music make me happy.

*不及物动词(vi)指该动词不能跟宾语,也就是说该动词后没有宾语.(如上例)。常见的不及物动词有(go, come, arrive, sleep, fall, appear, get. look, turn等)。如:1.We go work every day. 2.My mother arrived Chengdu yesterday.

3she often looks me.

如果不及物动词后面跟宾语必须加介词过渡,转化为介词宾语。

1.we go to work every day.

2.My mother arrived in Chengdu yesterday.

3.She often looks at me.

*谓语:由动词构成,位于主语之后。谓语的动词可分为实义动词(come, see, run, teach, think, find, eat)、系动词(is, am, are/was, were,)、情态动词(can, may, should, must, ought to, shall)、助动词(do, did, does/has, have, had).

#实义动词可单独做谓语,系动词+表语组成谓语。情态动词+动词原形一起构成谓语。助动词+动词原形构成谓语。如;

1.He works in a factory.(实义动词)

2.I taught English in the school two years ago.(实义动词)

3.I felt cold(系+表)。

4.We can speak English.(情+实)。

5.She didn’t do her homework last week.(助+实)。

6.They were working in the field.(助+实)

二.主谓宾结构

1.Tom speaks English.

2.He bought a car.

3.They have finished the job.

4.My daughter is reading a book.

*宾语:及物动词所作用的对象,一般有名词、代词、数词、不定式、动词ing 形式担任。如:

1.He is doing his homework.( 名词)

2.They did nothing this morning.(代词)

3.She wants to go home.(不定式)

4.we enjoy playing tennis(动词ing).

注意:有一些动词有两个宾语,即双宾语。如:tell, give,pass, bring,show等,指人的是间接宾语,指物的是直接宾语。(主+谓+宾+宾)

如;1.Mr. Brown teaches us English.

2.My mother told me a story.

3.Sandy, please pass me the newspaper.

三.主系表结构

*系动词除了be动词外,有些动词常充当系动词

become,turn,get,feel,taste,smell,sound,stay,remain,keep,seem,prove appear, go, look .*表语是指系动词后的成分,即系动词后就是表语。很多词和短语甚至句子都可以做表语。如:

1,。She is a teacher.(名词)

2.The food tastes delicious.(形容词)

3.We will be seventeen next year.(数词)

4.They are in the classroom.(介词短语)。

5.My job is to sell newspapers. (不定式)。

6.The radio is broken.(动词ed 形式)

7.The movie was moving .(动词ing)

8.The question is why he did n’t attend the party last night.(表语从句)

特别注意:(1)副词是不能作表语的。这是改错题中的常考点。如:

1.The weather was wonderfully.

2.She got angrily.

3.The music sounded sweetly.

4.Peter looks sadly.

(2)系动词没有被动语态,这也是改错题的常考点。

1. The plan was sounded reasonable

2.The material is felt soft

3.Ten years later, his theory was proved true.

4.The food is smelt bad.

四:主+谓+间宾+直宾

有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,如give ,pass,bring,show。这两个宾语通常一个指人,为间接宾语;一个指物,为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为:动词+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语。

如:He give me a cup of tea.

强调直接宾语顺序为:动词+ 直接宾语+介词+ 间接宾语。如:

Show this house to Mr. Smith.

若直接宾语为人称代词:只能说:动词+ 代词直接宾语+介词+ 间接宾语。如:Bring it to me, please. (不能说Bring me it, please。)

注意:常跟双宾语的及物动词有:

(需借助to的)allow, bring, , give, grant, hand, ,lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, , promise, read, refuse, , , sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等

(需借助for的)bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint,

play(演奏),save, sing, spare等

He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary.

= He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.

She gave John a book.= She bought a book for m

五:主+谓+宾+宾补

*宾补位于宾语后,是对宾语进行补充说明的,宾语是什么或做什么。宾语和宾补之间是主系或主谓关系。它们一起构成复合宾语。

1.We elected her chairman.

2.We should keep the classroom clean.

3.I want him to come.

4.She heard him singing.

五.There be 结构

这个结构表存在,“ ….地方…有”。

1.There are 56 students in our class.

2.There was a lecture in the hall last night.

3.There will be a football match between class two and class five next Monday.

注意:此句型有时可用live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等词代替be动词。

1.There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain

2.There lies a book on the desk.

3.There stands a tree on the hill.

学生使用误区:there be和have/ has 混用

如:1.There has a book on the desk.

2.There has a meeting this evening.

常可用there be句型的一些习作练习:

1. 下周五我们学校将举办一场歌唱比赛。

2. 今天晚上将有一场电影。

3.过去几年中国发生了多次地震。。

4. 森林火灾之后,山上到处都是死鸟。

5.街道两边矗立着许多高楼大夏

六.宾语从句

宾语从句放在动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。谓语动词、介词、。有些形容词(afraid ,sure ,glad等)之后也可以带宾语从句如:1.I know that he is from the USA.

2. I don’t know if / whether he will come on time.

3 .He told me what he wanted.

4 .He told us that he felt ill.

5 .I know he has returned.

七. 形式主语

一、It 用作形式主语

当不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句在某个句子中作主语时,为保持句子结构前后平衡,避免头重脚轻,因此常用it作形式主语置于句首,而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用,本身无词义。

1.It is wrong to tell a lie.

2.It is no use arguing about it.

3.It is uncertain who will come.

It 作形式主语的常见句型:

① It + be + 形容词+ to do sth. / doing / that ….

e.g. It is very important to learn a foreign language.

(学一门外语非常重要。)

It is useless crying over the spilt milk.

(覆水难收。)

② It + be +名词词组+ doing / that ….

e.g. It is no good telling lies.

It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film yesterday.

(你昨天没看成那部电影真遗憾。)

It is a truth that there would be no new China without the Communist Party.

③ It + be + 过去分词+ that ….

该句型常见动词有:say, hope, think, suppose, expect, report, know, believe, decide, etc.

e.g. It is said that they have invented a new type of computer. )

It is believed that China will become one of the strongest countries in the world.。)

It was reported that more than 170 thousand people died in the 2004 tsunami.

It appears that Tom might change his mind.

(4)It + takes + (sb.) + some time + to do sth.

这是一个表示“(某人)花多少时间干某事”的句型,其中it是形式主语,代替后面的不定式(to do sth.),句型中的sb.也可以省略。

1. It took me some time to read the reading materials.

2.It took him fourteen hours to go to New Zealand from Shanghai by plane.

(从上海乘飞机去新西兰花了他14小时。):

十年前,我的家乡又小,又旧,又穷。大多数都是农民,工厂很少,人们食不果腹,日子过的很苦。现在,家乡发生了很多变化,人们找到各种挣钱的方式。高楼林立,公路宽敞干净。人们乘车或开车上班。很多人使用手机和电脑,交流更方便,人们过着幸福的日子。

句子结构与成分易错大盘点

外研版英语句子结构与成分易错大盘点 一、句子结构与成分 1.You may know all the words on the right, but which of the following carries meaning? A. A friend self is a second. B. A second is self a friend. C. A friend is a second self. D. Self a second is a friend. 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意:你可能知道右面所有的单词,但是下列哪个句子是有意义的?second,第二个;friend,朋友;self,你自己;a,不定冠词表示数量一;C为正确选项,意为:朋友是另一个自己。故选C。 【点评】考查连词成句。先确定句意,根据语法知识将词连接成句。 2.Which of the following sentences is correct? A. He came in and sat down. B. We all like . C. When we met. He didn't say hello. D. We went out, headed for the bus stop. 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】句意:下面那个句子是正确的。A是简单句,came和sat是并列谓语,都是一般过去式,所以A正确。B中的符号不符合英语习惯,在英语中没有书名号,表示书名时通常用斜体字形式。C句的标点符号是错误的,把met后的句号改为逗号才符合复合句的定义。D句中headed前应加上and或者将headed改为heading构成伴随状语。因此选A。 【点评】考查句法知识。 3.John calls his dog Eddie. The structure of the sentence is _______. A. S+V+O B. S+V+P C. S+V+IO+DO D. S+V+DO+OC 【答案】D 【解析】【分析】句意:约翰叫他的狗Eddie.这个句子的结构是_____________.根据句子可知这个句子的结构是:主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语。故答案为D。 【点评】考查句子成分。牢记句子成分。 4.Choose the correct structure(结构) of this sentence "He lent me a book." A. S+V+O B. S+V+IO+DO C. S+V+P D. S+V+DO+OC 【答案】B

句子成分分析

句子成分分析 (一)知识要点 1什么是句子 句子是由词或词组构成的,是具有一定语调并表达一个完整意思的语言运用单位。根据用途和语气,句子可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。根据结构可分为单句和复句。我们今天要研究的是单句,要给它划分成分。 2.句子成分的名称及符号 名称:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。 符号:主语= 谓语—宾 语? 定语()状语[ ] 补语< > ①句子的基本成分是:主语、谓语、宾语。 补充成分是:定语、状语、补语。 ②主语部分和谓语部分之间可用II划开。 3.(1)划分句子成分,首先要研究主语、谓语、宾语。 主语:是谓语陈述的对象,指明说的是“什么人”或“什么事 物”。 谓语:是陈述主语,说明主语的,说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”。 宾语:在动词后面,表示动作、行为所涉及的人或事物,回答“谁”或“什么” 一类问题。 句子一般有两种情况:写人、写物(写事、写物)。分析句子时,首先判断是人”还是“写物”。 ①.写人格式:“谁”+ “干什 么” (主语) (谓 语) (宾语) 例:杨亚II写字 主谓宾 注意:处理复杂的单句时,要抓主干。 例:一中的杨亚丨在课桌上写着毛笔 字。 主谓宾②.写物 格式:“什么事”或“什么物” + “怎么样”

(主语)(谓语、宾语) 例:猫II捉鱼 主谓宾 例:一只小猫II在盆边捉了一条大鱼 主谓宾 注意:“是”为典型的动词,一般是“谓语”。 例如:他II是学生 主谓宾 (2).划分句子成分,还要抓住枝干(定语、状语、补语)定语:在句子中起着修饰、限制主语或宾语中心语的作用。 状语:修饰、限制谓语中心语,一般在谓语中心语前面,有的在句子最前面,交待时间、地点、范围、情况等。 补语:对谓语中心语起补充说明作用,一般放在谓语中心语之后。 例:画眉唱歌 这是一个把主语中心语、谓语中心语、宾语中心语单提出的句子。原句是“两只美丽的画眉高兴地唱一首歌。” ①?(两只美丽的)画眉 “两只美丽”是“画眉”--主语中心语的修饰部分,叫“定语”。 ②.[高兴]地唱 谓语中心语“唱”前边的修饰、限制成分--“高兴”为“状语”。 ③.(一首)歌 宾语中心语“歌”前的修饰、限制部分--“一首”为“定语”。 ④?歌唱得v好〉 修饰、限制谓语中心语“唱”,并放在它后面的部分--“好”为“补语”。 4?划分句子的口诀: (1)句子成分要划对,(2)纵观全局找主 谓。(3)主前定状谓后补,(4)谓前只有状地位。(5)“的”定“地”状“得”后补,(6)宾语只受谓支配。 示例及练习部分 划分句子成分练习 1、鲁班是我国古代春秋时期一位著名的建筑工匠。 答案:(鲁班)主语(是)谓语(我国古代春秋时期一位著名的建筑)定语(工匠)宾语。

(完整版)英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解

一、英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解: (一)句子成分 1.主语(subject): 句子说明的人或事物。 主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、主语从句和短语等来担任。 The sun rises in the east.(名词) He likes dancing. (代词) Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. (动名词) To see is to believe. (不定式) What he needs is a book. (主语从句) It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. (It形式主语,主语从句是真正主语) 找出下列句中的主语: Jane is good at playing the piano.(名词) She went out in a hurry.(代词) Four plus four is eight.(数词) To see is to believe.(不定式) Smoking is bad for health.(动名词) The young should respect the old.(名词化的形容词)What he has said is true. (句子) 2.谓语(predicate): 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。 简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成 I saw the flag on the top of the hill? He looked after two orphans. 复合谓语:由情态动词或助动词+动词; He can speak English well. She doesn’t seem to like dancing. 找出下列句中的谓语(注:只有动词才可作谓语。): 1. We love China. 2. We have finished reading this book. 3. He can speak English. 4. She seems tired. 3.表语(predicative): 系动词之后的成分,表示主语的性质、状态和特征。

初中语文句子成分分析三图教你看懂句子结构

初中语文句子成分分析,三图教你看懂句子结构 从句法结构的关系意义出发,对句子作成分功能或作用分析的方法叫句子成分分析法,即用各种方法标出基本成分(主语、谓语、宾语)和次要成分(状语、补语)。 句子成分有六种——主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。 汉语句子成分口诀: 主谓宾、定状补,主干枝叶分清楚。 定语必居主宾前,谓前为状谓后补。 状语有时位主前,逗号分开心有数。 图解三大类句子 1、常用语句 2、兼语语句 (前谓语为使令性动词) 3、主观语句 (谓语为感官心理方面的动词) 注明 主干成份——主语、谓语、宾语; 附加成份——定语、状语、补语。

主语“”标注,谓语“__”标注,宾语“波浪线”标注;定语“()”标注,状语“【】”标注,补语“< >”标注。 下面我们进行一一分析: 一、主语 多表示人或事物,是句子里被陈述的对象,在句首能回答“谁”或者“什么”等问题。可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。例如:(1)今天晚上‖特别冷。 主语(偏正短语)谓语 (2) [明天这个时候],我们‖就可以走出戈壁滩了。 状语(时间)主语(代词)谓语 以动作、性状或事情做陈述的对象的主语句。例如: (1)笑‖是具有多重意义的语言。 主语(动词)谓语 (2)公正廉洁‖是公职人员行为的准则。 主语(形容词联合短语)谓语 二、谓语

是用来陈述主语的,能回答主语“怎么样”或“是什么”等问题。谓语可以由动词来担任,一般放在主语的后面。 (1)动词性词语经常做谓语。例如: 他‖[只]答应了<一声>。 主语谓语(状语+动词+补语) 南海一中‖留下<过>(许多人)的梦。 主语谓语(动词+补语+定语+宾语) 我‖[最近]去<了><一趟>北京。 主语谓语(状+动+补+宾) (2)形容词性词语也经常做谓语。例如:太阳‖热烘烘的。 主语谓语(形容词+的) 人参这种植物,‖娇嫩<极了>。 主语谓语(形容词+补语) 说话‖[要]简洁<些>。 主语谓语(状语+形容词+补语) (3)主谓短语做谓语。例如: 这件事‖大家都赞成。

英语句子结构分析报告讲解

定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分; 主要成分:主语和谓语 次要成分:表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语 I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday . 主语谓语定语宾语同位语状语 ㈠主语(subject) 句子说明的人或事物 Jane is good at playing the piano.(名词) She went out in a hurry.(代词) Four plus four is eight.(数词) To see is to believe.(不定式) Smoking is bad for health.(动名词) The young should respect the old.(名词化的形容词) What he has said is true. (句子) 找出下列句中的主语:1、The sun rises in the east. 2、Twenty years is a short time in history. 3、The poor are now living in the shelter. 4、Seeing is believing. 5、To see is to believe. 6、He likes dancing.

7、What he needs is a book. 8、It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. ㈡谓语 说明主语的动作、状态和特征 简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成 I saw the flag on the top of the hill? He looked after two orphans. 复合谓语:由情态动词或助动词+动词; He can speak English well. She doesn’t seem to like dancing. 找出下列句中的谓语(注:只有动词才可作谓语。): 1. We love China. 2. We have finished reading this book. 3. He can speak English. 4. She seems tired. (三)宾语动作的对象或承受者——及物动词或介词的宾语Show your passport, please. (名词) She didn't say anything. (代词) How many do you want? - I want two. (数词) They sent the injured to hospital. (名词化的形容词) They asked to see my passport. (不定式) I enjoy working with you. (动名词) Did you write down what he said? (句子)

句子成分和句子结构讲解有答案精品

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句子结构与成分过关测试

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日骋教育教辅讲义 学生姓名:就读学校:教材版本:总课次: 任课教师:敖财芹补习科目:课程分班:上课时间: 课题: 句子成分 一、主语(subject): 句子说明的人或事物。 The sun rises in the east. (名词) He likes dancing. (代词) Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. (动名词) To see is to believe. (不定式) It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. (It形式主语,主语从句是真正主语) 二、谓语(predicate):说明主语的动作、状态和特征。 We study English. He is asleep. 三、表语(predicative):系动词之后的成分,表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher.(名词) Seventy-four! You don’t look it.(代词) Five and five is ten. (数词) He is asleep.(形容词) The picture is on the wall.(介词短语) My watch is gone / missing / lost.(形容词化的分词)

不定式) The question is whether they will come.(表语从句) 常见的系动词有: be, sound(听起来),look(看起来),feel(摸起来),smell(闻起来),taste(尝、吃起来),remain(保持,仍是),feel(感觉) …. It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange. Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin. The food smells delicious. The food tastes good. The door remains open. Now I feel tired. 三、宾语: 1)动作的承受者——动宾 I like China.(名词) He hates you.(代词) How many do you need? We need two. (数词) We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. (动名词) I hope to see you again. (不定式) Did you write down what he said?(宾语从句) 2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词——介宾 Are you afraid of the snake?

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