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英美概况论文美国个人主义

英美概况论文美国个人主义
英美概况论文美国个人主义

浅析美国文化中的个人主义及其社会影响

摘要:在美国文化中,有一种早已形成的文化现象,那就是个人主义,个人主义构成了美国文化模式的基本特性和主要内容,是美国文化的核心。本文将从个人主义的含义、个人主义的本质以及个人主义对美国社会的影响三方面进行分析论述,从而有助于客观地了解美国文化中的个人主义传统。

关键词:个人主义;美国文化;含义;本质;积极影响;消极影响

一、个人主义的含义

英语中的个人主义与汉语中的个人主义不同。从汉语的角度来看,个人主义带有浓厚的贬义色彩,即一切从个人的所得利益出发,是赤裸裸的个人物质利益与个人权利的追求。然而英语中的个人主义的内涵却是积极的,肯定的,即认为个人价值至高无上,强调自我支配和自我控制,反对权威、宗教、国家、社会及其他任何干涉和阻挠个人发展的外在因素。同时,个人主义又是一种价值体系,一种人性理论,甚至成了对某种政治、经济、社会和宗教行为的一种态度和倾向。

二、个人主义的本质

美国文化中的个人主义,能真正表述美国思想。它源自清教主义的理性原则,源自清教主义对个人自主的追求,是一种典型的西方资本主义政治和社会哲学。

在英语世界里首先使用“个人主义”一词的是美国哲学家爱默生,他对个人主义大加渲染和推崇,认为它有益于个性的发展和社会的进步,其“没有政治者的政府才是牢不可破的政府”的观点,早已渗透到美国民众的思想意识之中。如今,美国成了个人主义价值观的典型代表,这种植根于早期殖民时期及在开拓边疆时期得到发扬光大的自立精神一直延续至今,成为美国精神的重要组成部分。基督精神,自由主义与个人主义共同构成美国文化的三大支柱。但代表美国文化模式基本特征的个人主义却是直接、真实地涵盖了美国思想。个人主义成了美国人的最高理想及社会理想和世界观。对美国人来说,个人主义等于其生命攸关的身份认同。在美国文化的发展过程中,它成了美国思想的起点和归宿,构成美国文化的精髓。

三、个人主义对美国社会的积极影响

个人主义的独立奋斗、开拓进取精神成为美国人的生命基调,是美国社会发展的内在驱动力,对美国物质文明和精神文明有巨大的推动力。美国社会突飞猛进的发展,其个人主义的价值取向和主体精神起到了主要的促进作用。

首先,个人主义对美国社会政治方面的影响,表现在它促进了美国近代民主制度的形成和发展。

1776年通过的《独立宣言》确立了美国建国的思想基础,即个人主义的政治和哲学。三权分立的模式是个人主义在美国政治中的直接表现。从历史根源上来说,三权分立学说是新兴的资产阶级为了保护自身利益、谋求国家权力的斗争武器,其理论基础是天赋人权、个人中心的个人主义思想。而《宪法》则进一步明确规定了公民基本自由和权利、代议制、两院制、联邦和地方权力划分等一系列重要原则的内容。个人主义思想的发展和演变最终促成了美国“民主”的形成:个人权利至高无上,政府的目的在于保护个人权利、实现个人的利益,政府的建立必须基于社会成员的同意,政府权威的合法性来自公民的同意。

随着美国资本主义的发展,个人主义一直是鼓舞人们、教育人们、动员人们的巨大精神力量,同样也不断督促着美国民主政治制度的不断完善。

其次,个人主义对美国社会经济方面的影响,表现在它促进了美国社会经济的极大繁荣。

美国个人主义的一个核心内容就是注重机会平等。从美国建国开始,人们就开始了对物质条件改善的不懈追求。亚当斯密把个人主义运用到经济领域,主张人在现实经济领域尽力追求私利,在道德领域关心他人,利己又利他。于是,人人都自由追求个人利益,整个社会在经济规律指引下走向繁荣。政府实行的旨在保证经济自由的一系列制度激发了个人追求物质财富的巨大动力,也使美国的资本主义经济充满了活力:发明创造层出不穷,科学

技术日新月异,工业化发展突飞猛进,外来移民纷纷涌入。在轰轰烈烈的西进运动中,个人主义精神焕发出前所未有的感召力,帮助千千万万的美国人实现了发家致富的梦想,也极大地促进了美国经济的发展。到1890年,美国国民生产总值跃居全球第一位,成为世界头号资本主义工业大国。

个人主义价值观促成了美国人的主动精神,使他们具有了较强的奋斗精神、竞争意识和创新精神,对美国社会经济发展起到了正面的推动作用。

最后,个人主义对美国社会文化方面的影响,表现在它促进了美国文化的多元与繁盛。

美国文化是围绕着“美国梦”而发展起来的,以不同种族和民族关系为基础,用个人主义思想贯穿起来的文化,其最鲜明的特征就是它的多元性。宗教信仰、人种、种族、性别要求、阶级、教育以及语言等方面的多元性既反映了美国文化的丰富内涵,也体现了统一的价值和精神。美国文化繁盛的标志就是大众文化的蓬勃发展,其中以大众传播媒介的影响为最大。美国的大众传播媒介绝大多数为私人所有,不受政府干预,因此成为公民了解国家事务的重要途径,同时也是代表大众声音的主要角色。

四、个人主义对美国社会的消极影响

随着社会的发展,个人主义也越来越暴露出其严重的局限性,甚至成了加剧社会矛盾和冲突的重要根源。

首先,个人主义导致了社会生活中的自由放纵、享乐主义盛行、极端利己主义膨胀。

一方面,个人主义对个性自由的过分张扬,迫使人只相信自己、依靠自己,甚至是唯我独尊,在现实中必然导致人与人之间疏远隔膜,缺乏融洽和心理的沟通;另一方面,个人主义和个体本位的极端发展,使得美国社会甚至出现了享乐主义、拜金主义、利己主义等异常形态,这样就把个人利益凌驾于一切之上,人与人之间只是一种赤裸裸的金钱关系,除了冷漠没有丝毫温情。并且时至今日,享乐主义仍然是美国人的生活观。

其次,个人主义导致了严重的贫富分化现象。

个人主义给美国经济的发展也造成了相当的危害。外表上的平等竞争造成了美国个人之间的财富分配事实上的极不平等,无条件的颂扬自由竞争造成美国社会财富的巨大悬殊,美国社会两极分化比以往更加激烈。同时,由于市场经济本身的自发性、盲目性,个人主义追逐一己之利能达到市场经济完善发展的说法在经济危机中宣布破产,以自由竞争为特征的原有资本主义秩序在经济危机中受到了猛烈冲击,美国的经济发展面临着巨大的考验。现在,美国已经成为西方国家中两极分化最严重的国家。

通过对美国文化中的个人主义的分析,我们了解到作为美国文化核心价值的个人主义具有双重性。追求个人发展,依靠个人奋斗去实现个人利益,倡导平等、自由、民主及尊重个人合法权利等积极内涵为整个美国社会的发展提供了强大的精神动力和文化导向,但极端的利己主义、享乐主义、放任的经济个人主义等消极内涵却给美国带来了严重的社会问题。在世界日趋一体化的今天,我们需辨证看待美国个人主义,在此基础上,去其糟粕,取其精华,为构建社会主义和谐社会创造良好的条件。

参考文献:

[1] 董小川;美国文化概论[M];北京人民出版社;2006

[2] 来安方;英美概况[M];河南人民出版社;2010

[3] 魏晓红;美国个人主义价值观的双重性研究[D];重庆文理学院学报(社会科学版);2010.9

[4] 陈曦;美国文化的精髓---个人主义[J];读与写杂志;2008.4

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