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英语语法总结大全

英语语法总结大全
英语语法总结大全

语法总结全集

名词和主谓一致

一、名词的分类

英语中名词主要可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。

1.可数名词

可数名词一般都有单复数。单数时,名词前可加不定冠词a/an;复数时,前面可加数词,名词本身要改成复数形式。

可数名词的复数有规则和不规则两种变化。规则的名词,只要在单数名词之后加“s”,“es”或去“y”加“ies”就行,如:an umbrella, twelve umbrellas;a factory, three factories。不规则的名词变化则要靠积累记忆,如:a mouse, ten mice;a policeman, six policemen。

有少数可数名词,如sheep,works(工厂),Chinese等,它们的单复数同形:a sheep, four sheep;a chemical works, five chemical works。

此外,还有一些可数名词只有复数形式,如clothes,trousers,cattle,police,people(人,人民)等。

英语名词中还有一些合成词,它们的复数形式有三种可能:1)后面的部分变成复数形式:grown-ups,boy students,grandchildren。2)前面的部分变成复数形式:passers-by,lookers-on,sons-in-law。3)前、后都变成复数形式:men doctors,women drivers。

2.不可数名词

不可数名词没有单复数的变化,前面也不能加a/an,或数词。但是我们可以用量词来表示不可数名词的数量,单复数表现在量词上,如:a piece of paper;two pieces of paper。

在有些情况下,不可数名词也可用a/an,表“一种”、“某种”的意思,如have a wonderful time,receive a good education,be made into a fine paper。

有时为了表示量大,不可数名词的后面也可加“s”,如sands,ashes,waters 等。

但是我们在学习不可数名词的时候,特别要记住英语中有一些名词,它们无论在什么情况下,前面都不能用a/an,后面也不可加“s”,如weather,information,等。

3.有的名词既可是可数名词,也可是不可数名词

英语中有相当一部分的名词,既可以是可数,也可以是不可数,它们的意义有时略有不同,有时则完全不同。如:difficulty, success, time, work,paper,glass,等。

4.用于表示可数与不可数名词的数量“多”“少”的常用词和词组

跟可数名词连用的如:few, a few, many。

跟不可数名词连用的如:little, a little, much。

可数与不可数都能用的是:a lot of , plenty of。

二、主谓一致

1.通常被看作单数的主语部分

1)不定式、动名词和主语从句。

eg.. To see is to believe.

Seeing is believing.

What he said was different from what he did.

2)表示“时间”“距离”“金钱数量”的名词。

eg. Twenty years is quite a long time.

10 kilometers doesn’t seem to be a long distance to Mira.

300 dollars is too much for this old coin.

3)数学式子。

eg. Two plus five is seven.

4)书报杂志、国家、单位的名字。

eg. The Times is published daily.

The United States is a big country.

5)前面用a kind of, a sort of或this kind of, this sort of等词组的名词。eg. This kind of tree(s) often grows well in warm weather.

6)代词either, neither作主语。

eg. Either of the plans is good.

Neither of them was carrying a weapon.

7)many a/ more than one 加单数名词,或one out of加复数名词作主语。eg. Many a young man has tried and failed.

More than one employee has been dismissed.

One out of ten thousand computers was infected with the virus.

2.通常被看作复数的主语部分

1)一些只有复数的名词如clothes, trousers, police等。

eg. These trousers are dirty.

但要注意比较:A new pair of trousers is what you need。

2)代词both作主语。

eg. Both of them have received high education.

3.需要进行分析才能确定的主语部分

1)代词all, some,作主语。

所代的名词是可数名词,就看作复数;是不可数名词,就看作单数。

eg. All is ready. (= Everything is ready.)

All are present. (= All the people/students... are present.)

2)a lot of, lots of, plenty of, some, any, 20% of, half of...等词组作主语。

所修饰的名词是可数名词,就看作复数;是不可数名词,就看作单数。eg. 70% of the surface of the earth is covered with water.

90% of the graduates from the high school go to university.

3)关系代词who, which, that作主语。

由先行词决定单、复数。

eg. The student who is talking with the principal is Tom.

The students who have chosen physics will have a test tomorrow.

但要注意one of ...与only one of...所修饰的先行词。

eg. He is one of the students in our class who have been to Beijing.

He is the only one of the students who has been to London.

4)一些表示集体意义的名词如family, team, class等。

当这些名词强调的是一个整体时,看作单数;当它们强调的是这个集体中的成员时,看作复数。

eg. Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.

My family are all early risers.

4.出现在句首,用连词或介词连接的两个名词或词组

1)用both...and...连接的两个名词看作复数。

Both Kate and Jean are football players.

2)用or, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also...连接的两个名词,由靠近动词的名词决定单复数。

Either you or I am to go.

Not only the students but also the teacher has to observe the rules.

3)用as well as, (together) with, like, besides, but, except等连接的两个名词,由第一个名词决定单复数。

eg. His eyebrows as well as his hair are now white.

No one but these two peasants has been there.

实际上这些都是介词短语提前,不是并列的主语。

4)用and连接的两个名词有几种情况:

a)看作复数。

eg. Tom and Mary are primary pupils.

b) 在有every ... and every ..., each ... and each ... 的时候;或用and连接的两个名词表示的是一件东西或一个人时,看作单数。

eg. Every boy and every girl in our country has the right to go to school.

Bread and butter is what he eats for breakfast every day.

高考真题试析:

01年23题

As a result of destroying the forests, a large ____ of desert ____ covered the land.

A. number; has

B. quantity; has

C. number; have

D. quantity; have

选B。因为第一格后的名词desert是不可数名词,所以A、C两项排除;又desert

做主语,谓语要用单数形式。

02年(春)26题

He is the only one of the students who ____ a winner of scholarship for three years.

A. is

B. are

C. have been

D. has been

选D。因为定语从句的先行词是由only one of修饰,所以应看成单数;另外后面有时间状语for three years,所以用现在完成时态。

03年28题

The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took ____ pictures of them.

A. many of

B. masses of

C. the number of

D. a large amount of

选B。空格后面的名词是复数,所以不可以选D,而many后不跟of用,所以A项排除;the number of的确是放在可数名词复数的前面,但意思是“......的数量”,不符合题意。

03年(春)28题

Where and when to go for the on-salary holiday ____ yet.

A. are not decided

B. have not been decided

C. is not being decided

D. has not been decided

选D。此句是不定式做主语,看成单数。而C项的时态不对,所以只有D。04年(春)30.题

No one in the department but Tom and I ____ that the director is going to resign. A. knows B. know C. have known D. am to know

选A。谓语动词应该跟no one一致,所以选A。

05年(春)28题

We have only a sofa, a table and a bed in our new apartment. We need to buy ____ more furniture.

A. any

B. many

C. little

D. some

选D。后面的名词是furniture,不可数。而且整句的意思是“要买些家具”,是肯定意义,所以选D。

05年(春)42题

Telephone messages for the manager ____ on her desk but she didn’t notice them.

A. were left

B. was left

C. was leaving

D. were leaving

选A。句子的主语是messages,是复数,另外它与动词“留(在桌上)”的关系是被动。

05年31题

Professor Smith, along with his assistants, ____ on the project day and night to meet the deadline.

A. work

B. working

C. is working

D. are working

选C。谓语的单复数跟Professor Smith一致,应该是单数。

动词的时态与语态

一、动词的时态

英语的动词可以有十六种变化,但现在常用的是十二种,其中有九种是高中学生必须掌握的,还有三种只要理解。现以动词do为例,十二种时态的形式列表如下:

(打星号的为理解项目)

1.一般现在时态

A)意义:现阶段经常反复发生的动作或现在的状态。

eg. He gets up at six every morning.

There is a big tree in the back yard.

B)常用的时间状语:always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, every day, once a week,等。

C)表示一种真理、自然规律等,在间接引语中也仍然用一般现在时态。eg. The scientist explained that the earth goes round the sun, but no one believed him then.

D)在时间、条件等状语从句中,代替将来时。

eg. If he is not busy, he will come to the party tomorrow.

E)注意第三人称单数时,动词后面要加“s”。

2.一般过去时态

A)意义:过去的动作或状态。注意,即使是刚刚发生的事情,时间非常短,也要用过去时态。如:Why! It’s you—Mary! I didn’t know you were here!

B)常用的时间状语:yesterday, last week, 3 years ago, just now, 等。

C)动词过去式的规则变化(加ed)和不规则变化。

3.一般将来时态

A)意义:将来要发生的动作或状态。

B)常用的时间状语:tomorrow, next moth, in two weeks, 等。

C)除了用shall/will之外的将来表达法:

a) is/am/are going to do,意为“打算、准备、马上就要”。

eg. It’s going to rain.

b) is/am/are to do,意为“(计划好/安排好)要......”

eg. The new underground railway is to be opened to traffic next year.

c)is/am/are about to do,意为“马上就要”。

eg. Hurry up! The plane is about to take off.

d) 某些动词(主要是一些表示位置移动的动词)可用一般现在时态或现在进行时态表示将来的动作。

eg. The train leaves for Beijing at 8:30 this evening.

He is going to London next week.

4.现在进行时态

A)意义:表示在说话的同时或最近一个阶段正在发生的动作。

B)常用的时间状语:now, these days, at present, at the moment, 等。

C)有时可以和always, constantly, forever等时间状语连用,表示说话人的某中特殊的感情。

eg. He is always thinking of others.

Mrs Smith is constantly quarrelling with her neighbours.

D)有些瞬间动词可以用进行时态表示“马上就要......”

eg. The old man is dying.

E)英语中有些表示状态、感觉、心理活动的动词没有进行时态,如know, understand, believe, like, love, see, hear, seem, 等等。

5.过去进行时态

A)意义:表示过去某个时刻正在做的动作。

B)常用的时间状语:this time yesterday, at 9:00 last night, 等。

C)有些动词(主要是一些表示位置移动等的动词和瞬间动词)的过去进行时态可以表示过去将来的意义。

eg. I was told that she was leaving for Australia the next morning.

*6.将来进行时态

A)意义:表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作。

B)常用的时间状语:this time tomorrow, at 9:00 next Sunday morning, 等。

eg. What will you be doing at 9:00 on June 7next year?

7.现在完成时态

A)意义:a. 表示过去某个时刻开始,一直持续到现在的动作或状态。(只有部分延续性动词,如live, work, study, 等可以表示这一意义)

eg. I have lived in Shanghai since I was born.

He has been married for half a year.

b. 表示过去做过的某一个动作对现在的影响。

eg. I have seen this film. It’s fantastic!

Jack is playing video games, because he has done his homework.

B)常用的时间状语:a. since 1990, for 9 years,等。

b. already, yet, just, now, this week, never, ever, so far, up till now, lately, in the past/last few years,等。

C)b组所表示的现在完成时态与过去时态的区别:虽然现在完成时态b组表示的动作也是发生在过去,但它强调的是与现在的关系,而过去时态只表示过

去发生的动作,叙述一个事实。试比较:

eg. 1) He went to Beijing two days ago.

He has gone to Beijing.

2) Henry lost his mobile phone yesterday, but found it later.

Henry has lost his mobile phone again.

D)瞬间动词要表示“一直到现在”,不能直接用“完成时态加for”的方式,必须用其他句型。

eg. 他离开上海已经三天了。

He has left Shanghai. He left three days ago.

He has been away from Shanghai for three days.

It is three days since he left Shanghai.

8.过去完成时态

A)意义:表示过去某个时刻之前所做的动作,即“过去的过去”。所以一般要用过去完成时态的话,句子中或上下文一定有一个过去时态的动作或时间状语做比较,才能用。

eg. He had learned English before he went to Canada.

B)常用的时间状语:by the end of last year等。

C)在用间接引语时,主句的动词是过去时态,用来替换直接引语中的过去时态或现在完成时态。

eg. He asked th e girl, “Where have you been?”

→ He asked the girl where she had been.

He said, “I cleaned the classroom yesterday.”

→ He said that he had cleaned the room the day before.

D)有些动词(如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等)的过去完成时态可表示过去事实上没有实现的希望、计划等。

eg. I had hoped to attend the party, but I was too busy.

*9.将来完成时态

A)意义:表示在将来某个时刻之前将会完成的动作。

B)常用的时间状语:by the end of next year等。

eg. You will have studied English for 10 years by the time you finish high school.

10.现在完成进行时态

A)意义:表示一个动作从过去开始,一直持续到现在。(同现在完成时态的第一种意义)

B)常用时间状语:since ..., for ..., so far, up till now 等。

C)现在完成进行时态与现在完成时态的比较:

只有现在完成时态的第一种意义的那些动词,它们的现在完成与现在完成进行两种时态表示的意义相同,可以互换使用。

eg. I have studied here for 3 years. = I have been studying here for 3 years.

而其他的一些动词,使用两种时态,意义就各不相同了。

试比较:The little boy has read the text.(小男孩已经读过课文了。)

The little boy has been reading the text.(小男孩一直在读课文。)试翻译:1)从上午九点开始我就一直在做功课。

I have been doing my homework since 9 in the morning.

2)今天的功课我已经做好了。

I have done today’s homework.

*11.过去完成进行时态

意义:表示从过去某一时间开始的动作一直持续了一段时间再结束。(结束的

时间点也在过去)

eg. He had been searching for the watch for a half hour when we came back. 12.过去将来时态

意义:表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或状态,一般多用在间接引语中。

eg. He told me that he would read the book a second time.

二、动词的语态

英语中的动词可分为及物动词和不及物动词,以及系动词。及物动词有主动语态和被动语态;不及物动词或动词词组(如happen, belong to, take place等)和系动词(如become, seem, sound, look, taste,等)没有被动语态。

1.以动词do为例,被动语态的各种时态的表达方式如下表:

各种时态在助动词be上表示,动作由过去分词体现。

2.注意在动词词组变被动的时候,原来词组中的介词或副词不要漏掉。

eg. The villagers took good care of the wounded soldier.

→ The soldier was taken good care of by the villagers.

3.有些动词既是及物动词,又是不及物动词,这些动词比较少用被动语态。eg. We begin our class at 8:00 every morning. → ? Our class is begun ... ?

Our class begins at 8:00 every morning.

4.有少数动词或动词词组可用主动形式,表示(从中文里我们所感觉的)被动意义。

eg. The book sells poorly.

His translation reads better than yours.

Who is to blame for the accident?

高考真题试析:

02年23题

He will have learned English for eight years by the time he ____ from the university next year.

A. will graduate

B. will have graduated

C. graduates B. is to graduate

选C。虽然句子的时间状语是next year,但是“他从大学毕业”是以by the time 引出的状语从句,在状语从句中,用现在时态代替将来时态。

02年24题

I feel it is your husband who ____ for the spoiled child.

A. is to blame

B. is going to blame

C. is to be blamed

D. should blame

选A。因为词组be to blame for这一词组用主动形式来表示中文中“该为某事受到责备”的被动意义。

02年29题

“Will you go skiing with me this winter vacation?” “It ____.”

A. all depend

B. all depends

C. is all depended

D. is all depending

选B。It all depends.是习惯说法,意思为“要看情况而定了”,不用将来时态,也不用被动语态。

I thought Jim would say something about his school report, but he ____ it.

A. doesn’t mention

B. hadn’t mentioned

C. didn’t mention

D. hasn’t mentioned

选C。从前面一句I though可以看出是过去时态,用but连接的两个并列句中的动作是发生在同一时间,所以后面的动词也应该是过去时态。

04年29题

The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their power ____ increased enormously ever since.

A. is

B. was

C. has been

D. had been

选C。因为句子的时间状语是ever since,意即“自从那时起”(“那时”指前面讲到的1945年),所以是现在完成时态。

04年30题

The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people ____ to eat more fruit and vegetables.

A. persuade

B. will persuade

C. be persuaded

D. are persuaded

选D。因为“人们”和“说服”是动宾关系,所以用被动语态。

05年30题

More than a dozen students in that school ____ abroad to study medicine last year.

A. sent

B. were sent C had sent D. had been sent

选B。因为学生是被送到国外学医的,所以要用被动语态,而句末时间状语表明要用过去时态。

06年27题

Send my regards to your lovely wife when you ____ home.

A. wrote

B. will write

C. have written

D. write

选D。这是祈使句中的状语从句的动词,所以用一般现在时态代替将来时态。

When he turned professional at the age of 11, Mike ____ to become a world champion by his coach and parents.

A. expected

B. was expecting

C. was expected

D. would be expected

选C。根据整个句子的意思,可以判断,是他的教练和父母期盼马克成为世界冠军,所以用被动语态,时间在他7岁的时候,显然是过去时态。

07年28.题

“Did you tidy your room?”

“No, I was going to tidy my room but I ____ visitors.”

A. had

B. have

C. have had

D. will have

选A。根据前面的疑问句,可判断谈论的是过去的事情,而且回答的前半句也说明了时态:“我正要打扫屋子,但我有客人来访了”是过去时态。

07年30题

With the help of high technology, more and more new substances ____ in the past years.

A. discovered

B. have discovered

C. had been discovered

D. have been discovered

选D。全句的时间状语是in the past years,是典型的现在完成时态的时间状语,而且“发现”与“新的物质材料”是动宾关系。

情态动词

一、can, may, must

根据意思与习惯用法,我们可以把can, may, must分成以下两组用法,方便学习与掌握。

1.第一组用法见下表(主要在初中的时候我们所掌握的):

a) can的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句:

eg. Computers can do a lot of things for us.

Money cannot buy everything.

Can you speak French?

I could run very fast when I was young.

b) can与be able to

can与be able to的意思相近,经常可以互换使用,但是be able to除了有一般现在与过去时态之外,还有将来、完成等时态,所以要表示将来能够或已经能够做什么事,就要用be able to。

eg. You will be able to communicate with foreigners fluently if you finish the course.

The baby has been able to one or two simple sentences.

在用过去式的时候,could与was able to的意思不同,could表示的是“当时能够做某事”的意思,而was/were able to表示的是“当时能够,并且成功地做到了”的意思。

试比较:

Einstein was able to flee Germany when Hitler came into power.

I could pass the examination, but I was too careless.

c) could在疑问句时用意表示请求,意义同can,是一种比较客气的表达方式。eg. Could you give me a hand?

B) may

a) may的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句:

eg. You may choose anyone here you like.

—May I leave now? —Yes, of course/Sure. Go ahead.

—No, you mustn’t. (注:口语中也能用cannot。)

I was told that the boss might come to the office before 9

b)mustn’t与may not.

mustn’t一般是说话人表示“不可以”或“禁止”,而may not一般是指按规定“不允许”的意思。试比较:

You mustn’t leave the bike here.

The sign on the wall reads, “Visitors may not feed the animals in the zoo.”c) may可放在句首,表示“祝愿”。

eg. May our friendship last forever.

d) might有时用在疑问句中,只是一种比may更客气一点,而非过去式。

eg. Might I have a few words with you, sir?

C) must

a) must的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句:

eg. Everyone must obey the rules.

—Must I finish the work today? —Yes, you must.

—No, you needn’t/don’t have to.

He told me he must/had to see a doctor tomorrow morning.

b) must与have to

用must更强调主观上“必须”,而have to 更强调客观上的“不得不”。

在间接引语中,主句动词是过去式时,用had to多,但must也可以用。

have to有现在、过去和将来三种时态。

c) must有时可以表示“偏偏”“非...不可”的意思。

eg. Why must you make such a mess when the visitors are coming?

2.第二组用法见下表:

a) can, may, must的第二种用法,是用来表示说话人的一种推测。其中may与must的区别其实是说话人对可能性大小所做判断的区别,觉得可能性大,就用must,可能性小,就用may。而can与may, must是肯定、否定、疑问分工的不同。

现在时举例:

—Can Tom be in the classroom?

—Yes, he must be there.

或—Yes, he may be there, but I’m not quite sure.

或—No, he can’t be there, because he hasn’t come to school today.

过去时举例:

I must have been asleep. I didn’t hear your footsteps.

David became angry at the meeting. He may have misunderstood what I meant.

James can’t have forgotten the examination yesterday. There must have been something wrong with him, I believe.

b)表示可能性的否定句中有时也可用may,但意思与cannot有所不同。may not 一般解释为“可能不”,而cannot解释为“不可能”

c)表示可能性,也可以用might和could,但并非may和can的过去式,而是表示说话人觉得可能性实在是比较小了,有虚拟的意味。跟may与can一样,might用在肯定句,could用在否定句和疑问句。might do的过去式是might have done,could的过去式是could have done。

eg. —Could it be Susan at the door?—Yes, it might be her.(现在口语中也可用could be回答)

*d) could have done也可以用在肯定句里,表示过去有这种可能,但事实上没有发生(虚拟语气的用法)。

eg. It was dangerous to do so. You could have killed yourself!

二、shall, will, would

1.用在一般疑问句中,表示征求对方的意见。第一、第三人称用shall,第二人称用will或would。

eg. Shall turn on the TV?

Shall my brother go with us?

Will/Would you do me a favour?

2.shall与第二、第三人称连用,用在肯定、否定句中,表示“命令、允诺、警告、威胁,及说话人的意愿和决心”。

eg. You shall do it at once!

He shall have the money when he finish his work on time.

You shall fail if you don’t work hard.

If Shylock breaks the law, everything he has shall be taken away from him.

初中英语语法知识点总结

英语语法大全 初中英语语法学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法: 1、词类:英语词类分十种: 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .

10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如:I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。 如:He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如: Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)

初中英语语法大全

初中英语语法大全 名词 一名词的定义:表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词。 二名词的分类: 名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。 2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。 3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。 4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。 注意 专有名词一般第一个字母要大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。 名词的种类 注意 物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目来计算,称为不可数名词。不可数名词前不能加冠词a或an来表示量。 (三)名词的数 1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式: 1.单数 英语中,如果我们要表示一本书、一只鸟、一棵树等概念时,要用名词的单数

形式,表示名词的单数,要在名词前加冠词a或an。 This is a desk . 这是一张书桌。 There is an orange on the table . 桌上有一个橘子。 an orange 一个橘子 an new orange (×)→ a new orange (○) 一个新橘子 a desk a old desk (×)→ an old desk (○) 一张旧课桌 关键字:初中英语语法大全初中英语语法总结初中英语语法辅导英语语法大全名词复数名词所有格复数冠词抽象名词 a和an的使用区别 a加在以辅音开头的名词前,如a book,a pen。 an加在以元音开头的名词前,如an egg,an apple。 注意 有时a,an后面紧接的不是单数名词,而是a (an) +形容词+单数名词的形式。 这时判断用a还是an来表示“一个”的概念时,要看形容词开头字母的发音,而不是看名词。 2.复数

完整版初中英语语法大全知识点总结

英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法: 1、词类:英语词类分十种: 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. :who, she, you, it . 主要用来代替名词。如): 2、代词(pron.3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如:I'm Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接 宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)

初二英语语法总结大全

初二期末英语必考的十二大语法点 一. 形容词/副词的比较级和最高级 1. 形容词/副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则 (1)单音节词和少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节单词,比较级在后面加-er,最高级在后面加-est。 ①单音节单词 small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest ②少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节单词 clever→cleverer→cleverest

narrow→narrower→narrowest (2)以不发音e结尾的单音节单词,比较级在原形后加-r,最高级在 原级后加-st。 large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest (3)以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节(即:辅音+元音+辅音)单词中,先双写末尾的辅音字母,比较级加-er,最高级加-est。 big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest (4)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,把y改为i,比较级加-er,最高级加-est。 easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest

busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest (5)其他双音节词和多音节词,比较级在前面加more,最高级在前面加most。 beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful different→more different→most different easily→more easily→most easily (6)有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的,必须熟记。 good→better→best well→better→best bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst old→older/elder→oldest/eldest many/much→more→most little→less→least far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest

初中英语语法总结(完整)

英语时态讲解 【注】构成时态的助动词be (is, am, are), have (has), shall, will 等需根据主语的变化来选择。时态是英语中一个重要的语法范畴,它表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态以及动作发生或存在的方式。动作发生的时间可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式,动作发生的方式可分为一般、完成、进行和完成进行四种形式。将时间形式和动作方式结合起来,就构成了以下 英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种,但是常考的或较常用的只有9种。要掌握英语的时态和语态,必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。 1、一般现在时 主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点;表示经常或习惯性的动作,句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语;表示客观规律和永恒真理等。 H e usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning. 他每天7点上班。 2、现在进行时 表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动:或表感情色彩,加强语气。与频率副词,如always,constantly,continually,again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩(赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等)。 We are having English class.

我们正在上英语课。 3、现在完成时 表示动作发生在过去,完成在过去,但强调与现在情况仍有联系,其结果或影响仍存在。 They have lived in Beijing for five years. 他们在北京已经住了5年了。 4.一般过去时 表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作,或过去习惯性动作,不强调对现在的影响,只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用,如:yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; He used to smoke a lot. 他过去抽烟比较厉害。 5. 过去进行时 表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。 Beijing was hosting the 29th Olympic Games in August 2008. 在2008年8月,北京正在举行29届奥运会。 6. 过去完成时 表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作,即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”,句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语,这种时态从来不孤立使用( before, after, by, up till ) They finished earlier than we had expected. 他们提前完成了(工作)。 7. 一般将来时 表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用。 I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我明天就要离开北京。 8、将来进行时 表将来某个时间正在发生的动作,或按计划一定会发生的事情。 I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。 9、将来完成时 表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情,时间状语非常明显。常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如:by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的副词从句。 By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot. 到下个月底,他步行将达到1000英里。 英语共有十六个时态、四个体。(注:四个体为——一般、进行、完成、完成进行。) 英语中的四个体相当于法语、西班牙语以及所有印欧语系罗曼语族中的式,如:直陈式,命令式等。

高考英语语法精华总结 代词的用法

代词用法 一、代词分类 人称代词物主代词反身代词指示代词不定代词疑问代词连接代词关系代词 I me my mine self this some who 名词从句定语从句 二、人称代词:谁主格宾格 并列人称代词的排列顺序:单数人称第二人称—第三人称—第一人称you,he and I 复数人称第一人称—第二人称—第三人称we,you and they 三、物主代词:表示所有关系谁的形容词性名词性my mine 形容词性物主代词与own连用表示强调I saw it with my own eyes. 用定冠词the代替形容词性物主代词表示身体的某个部位 Touch sb on the head hit sb on the nose strike sb in the face take/catch/pull sb by the arm/head on 表面的,很硬by 顺手牵羊in 内部的,软的部位 名词性物主代词做主语、表语、宾语 四、反身代词表示自己self(自己) 做同位语,表强调(自己,亲自),要重读在名词或代词之后或句末My mother made the shoes herself. 固定搭配:take care of oneself 保重enjoy oneself by oneself 单独地of oneself 自动地for oneself 给自己in oneself 本性、本身between ourselves 天知地知你知我知among themselves 在…之间help youself 五、指示代词这个那个这些那些this that these those 六、疑问代词who whom whose which what 谁介词之后用whom What which 前者指人,后者指物;which是在有限的范围内选择,而what泛指哪一类Which book do you like best? What books do you like best? 七、连接代词引导名词性从句,主语、宾语、表语和定语who, whom ,whose, what ,which Who will teach you English is still unknown. 八、关系代词引导定语从句,又在从句中担任某种成分:作用:1、引导定语从句,修饰一个名词或代词(即先行词), 2、代替先行词在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语或表语 九、不定代词不确定而笼统地表示某些人、某些事物的代词 Both either neither all none every(每一个,侧重整体) each(侧重个体) Other another every other line every other day (每隔) * Every student should study hard. Each student has a book.. (人手一本书) few a few little a little many much a lot lots of many a (第三人称单数) 相互代词each other one another 形容词性与名词性 Others another the other(两者中的另一个) the others some others

初中英语语法八大时态总结

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