2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二真题及答案

2018 年考研英语(二)试题及参考答案Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3 .

In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of

Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested. Student ' s willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked.

Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified, another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified 7 left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would 8 subsequent experiments reproduced, this effect with other stimuli 9 the sound of finger nails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.

The drive to_10_is deeply rooted in humans. Much the same as the basic drives for_11_or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago Curiosity is often considered a good instinct-it can _12_New Scientific advances, for instance-but sometimes such_13_can backfire, the insight that curiosity can drive you to do _14_things is a profound one.

Unhealthy curiosity is possible to 15 , however, in a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on one ' s curiosity ahead of time can

help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. ” Thinking about long-term 20 is key

to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity. Hsee says “ in other words, don' t read online comments ” .

1. [A]Protect [B] resolve [C] discuss [D] ignore

2. [A]refuse [B] wait [C] regret [D] seek

3. [A]hurt [B] last [C]mislead [D] rise

4. [A]alert [B] tie [C] treat [D] expose

5. [A]message [B] review [C] trial [D] concept

6．[A] remove [B] weaken [C] interrupt [D] deliver

7．[A]when [B] if [C] though [D] unless

8．[A] continue [B] happen [C] disappear [D] change

9．[A] rather than [B] regardless of [C] such as [D] owing to

10．[A] discover [B] forgive [C] forget [D] disagree

11．[A] pay [B] marriage [C] schooling [D] food

12．[A] lead to [B]rest on [C] learn from [D] begin with

13．[A] withdrawal [B] persistence [C] inquiry [D] diligence

14．[A] self-reliant [B] self-destructive [C] self-evident [D] self-deceptive

15．[A] define [B] resist [C]replace [D] trace

16．[A] overlook [B] predict [C] design [D] conceal

17．[A] remember [B] promise [C] choose [D] pretend

18．[A] relief [B] plan [C] duty [D] outcome

19．[A] why [B] whether [C] where [D] how

20．[A] consequences [B] investments [C] strategies [D] limitations

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.

Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical. Whendid it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike chain?

As Koziatek knows, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.

But he ' s also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. Schools in the family of vocational education “have that stereotype...that it 's for kids who can ' t make it academically, ”

he says.

On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America ' s evolution. Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was. The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new principle. We want more for our kids, and rightfully so.

But the headlong push into bachelor ' s degrees for all - and the subtle

devaluing of anything less - misses an important point: That' s not the only thing

the American economy need. Yes, a bachelor ' s degree opens more doors. But even now, 54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs, such as construction and high-skill manufacturing. But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.

In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face. There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren ' t equipped to

do them. Koziatek ' s Manchester school of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.

Koziatek ' s school is a wake-up call. Wheneducation becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nation ' s diversity of gifts.

21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students ' lack of .

[A] practical ability

[B] academic training

[C] pioneering spirit

[D] mechanical memorization

22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who .

[A] have a stereotyped mind

[B] have no career motivation

[C] are not academically successful

[D] are financially disadvantaged

23. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates .

[A] used to have big financial concerns

[B] used to have more job opportunities

[C] are reluctant to work in manufacturing

[D] are entitled to more educational privileges

24. The headlong push into bachelor's degrees for all .

[A] helps create a lot of middle-skill jobs

[B] may narrow the gap in working-class jobs

[C] is expected to yield a better-trained workforce

[D] indicates the overvaluing of higher education

25. The author's attitude toward Koziatek ' s school can be described as .

[A] supportive

[B] tolerant

[C] disappointed

[D] cautious

Text 2

While fossil fuels —still generate roughly 85 percent of the world ' s energy

supply, it ' s clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.

Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.

In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration.

President Trump has underlined fossil fuels —especially coal —as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state ' s electricity generation —and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.

The question “What happens when the wind doesn ' t blow or the sun doesn ' t shine? ” has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.

The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.

While there ' s a long way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking.

The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up—perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change. What Washington does —or doesn' t do —to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.

26. The word “ plummeting ” (Line 3, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to .

[A] stabilizing

[B] changing

[C] falling

[D] rising

27. According to Paragraph 3, the use of renewable energy in America .

[A] is progressing notably

[B] is as extensive as in Europe

[C] faces many challenges

[D] has proved to be impractical

28. It can be learned that in Iowa, .

[A] wind is a widely used energy source

[B] wind energy has replaced fossil fuels

[C] tech giants are investing in clean energy

[D] there is a shortage of clean energy supply

29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5&6？

[A] Its application has boosted battery storage.

[B] It is commonly used in car manufacturing.

[C] Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.

[D] Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.

30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy __ .

[A] will bring the USA closer to other countries.

[B] will accelerate global environmental change.

[C] is not really encouraged by the USA government.

[D] is not competitive enough with regard to its cost.

Text 3

The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing-Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for ＄l3.5bn,but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesn't have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users' friendships and social lives.

Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Therea May's enemies are currently plotting? It may be that the value of

Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.

Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power. But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of Change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don't pay for them. The users of their Services are not their customers. That would be the people who buy advertising from them-and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.

The product they're selling is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to date for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew the produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield. Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammeout of our inboxes. It doesn't feel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit.

31. According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its .

[A] digital products

[B] user information

[C] physical assets

[D] quality service

32. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may .

[A] worsen political disputes

[B] mess up customer records

[C] pose a risk to Facebook users

[D] mislead the European commission

33. According to the author, competition law .

[A] should sever the new market powers

[B] may worsen the economic imbalance

[C] should not provide just one legal solution

[D] cannot keep pace with the changing market

34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because .

[A] they are not defined as customers

[B] they are not financially reliable

[C] the services are generally digital

[D] the services are paid for by advertisers

35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate .

[A] a win-win business model between digital giants

[B] a typical competition pattern among digital giants

[C] the benefits provided for digital giants ' customers

[D] the relationship between digital giants and their users

Text 4

To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Cal Newport, author of Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World, recommends building a habit of “ deep work ” -the ability to focus without distraction.

There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work- be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task; developing a daily ritual; or taking a “ journalistic ” approach to seizing moment of deep work when you can throughout

the day. Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.

Newport also recommends “ deep scheduling ” to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time. “ At any given point, I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next mouth. Once on the calendar, I protect this time like I would a doctor 's appointment or important meeting ” , he writes.

Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you priorities your day —in particular how we craft our to-do lists. Tim Harford,

author of Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities

and goals in much more detail, day by day.

While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students .Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective, while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.

In order to make the most of our focus and energy, we also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, “ be lazy ”.

“Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is as indispensable to the brain as vitamin D is to the body …” [idleness]is, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work done, ” he argues.

Srini Pillay, an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counterintuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the may our brains operate. When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task, they tend to be more efficient.

“What people don' t realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain, ” says Pillay.

36. The key to mastering the art of deep work is to .

[A] keep to your focus time

[B] list your immediate tasks

[C] make specific daily plans

[D] seize every minute to work

37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that .

[A] distractions may actually increase efficiency.

[B] daily schedules are indispensable to studying

[C] students are hardly motivated by monthly goals

[D] detailed plans may not be as fruitful as expected

38. According to Newport, idleness is .

[A] a desirable mental state for busy people.

考研英语二答案解析

2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题解析 Section I Use of English 1.【答案】A(However) 【解析】空前作者讲到“鉴于电子货币的优势,你也许会认为,我们将快速步入非现金社会,实现完全电子支付。”而空后说“真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来”这两句话语义是转折的，因此答案A。B. moreover表递进C. therefore 表结果D. Otherwise表对比 2.【答案】D (around) 【解析】由空格所在句的“but”得知，句子前后是转折关系。事实上,这样的预测已经二十年了,但迄今还没有实现。A. off 停止B. back 返回C. over 结束，与后文均不构成转折，故答案选D. around出现。 3.【答案】B (concept) 【解析】空格所在的句子意思为例如, 1975年《商业周刊》预测电子支付手段不久将“彻底改变货币本身的____”将四个选项带入，能够彻底改变的对象只能是金钱的概念(定义)，而A“力量”,C“历史”,D“角色”，语义都不恰当，并且如果选择role的话，应该是复数roles, 因为是金钱的作用不止一个，故答案选B。 4.【答案】D (reverse) 【解析】空格填入的动词跟前面的动词revolutionize (变革)意思上应该是同义替换的，要选择含有变革，彻底改变意思的词汇，四个选项中A. reward 奖励B. 抵抗C. resume 重新开始，继续，都不合适，只有D选项reverse“颠覆”最为贴切，本句译为“电子支付方式不久将改变货币的定义,并将在数年后颠覆货币本身。” 5.【答案】C (slow) 【解析】根据前面的句意得知，早在1975年就预测了无现金社会将到来，而实际上作者讲到“真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来”，因此也得出这种变革是一个缓慢的过程，故答案选择C。A. silent沉寂的，B. sudden突然的，D. steady稳定不变的。 6.【答案】B (against) 【解析】上一段末句提出本段的论点，即人们进入无现金时代的速度缓慢的原因。因此本段应围绕纸币系统不会消失来阐述。而且由句首的Although得知，空格所在句与前一句是转折关系。尽管电子支付手段可能比纸币支付方式更加高效，然而以下几个方面解释了纸币系统“不会”消失的原因，故答案选B，work against妨碍，对…产生消极影响。A. work for 为…而工作C. work with 与…共事，对…起作用D. work on 从事…工作，对…起作用，都不合适。 7.【答案】B (expensive) 【解析】本句陈述的原因都是关于上句提到的传统支付方式的优点，即推广电子支付方式不利之处。所以根据这个基调，得出选项productive不对，最后根据空后的内容推理出消极意思的选项expensive，其他选项意思放到空格处不合理，imaginative，意思是“虚构的、富于想象力的”;sensitive，意思是“敏感的、容易受伤的”。故本题正确答案为B。 8.【答案】D(dominant) 【解析】空格所在句译为...使得电子货币成为____支付方式，将四个选项带入，C, D是比较恰当的，再结合本文章的主旨，应该选择“占主导地位的，支配地位”这层意思的D 选项。A. similar 相似的B. original原始的，独创的,都不合适。 9.【答案】B (provide) 【解析】纸质支票支付能够____收据,这是和电子支付相比的一大优势，A. collect 收集收据，C. copy 复印收据，D. print打印收据都和实际生活不符合。应该是B. provide提供

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