专业八级写作
专业八级写作：关于准备和语言质量的问题
(2011-02-23 13:27:51)
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王兆飞
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作者：王兆飞高校英语专业八级考试大纲写作部分规定：写作部分设一题，20分，要求能根
据所给题目及要求撰写各类体裁
文章，文章长度约400个单词，能做到内容充实、语言通顺、用词恰当、表达得体。真题在Directions的最后会告知考生：“Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks”。考试时间45分钟。
就字数时间比来看，专八作文难度介于雅思和托福之间；就写作体裁来看，迄今为止，历年真题考的都是议论文；就出题形式来看，都是给出背景和题目的写作；就写作内容来看，考到的基本上都是考生比较熟悉的关于大学生的话题或社会常见话题。而且文章结构一律规定为三部分：introduction, body 和conclusion. 从这些方面看，专八写作对于学习英语专业达到三年或四年的学生来说并不是特别难的事。但每年仍有为数不少的考生失利，令人惋惜。
笔者认为，要考好专八作文，应从以下几个方面入手。
首先，必须对以上提到的对作文部分的要求做到充分了解，按照要求写作。有些同学由于轻视，只根据考试前自己看到的一些其他考试的英语写作模版（如大学英语六级或研究生入学考试英语写作模版）来对付八级，结果与考试要求的文章结构和字数不符，造成严重失分。
其次，必须在考前的一段时间做严格的限时应试练习，以保证在考场上时间比较紧张的情况下发挥出自己真正的水平。通过练习，主要是提高自己两个方面的素质：
一是进行逻辑思维的素质。与大学英语四、六级、考研以及专业四级考试不同，专八写作要求的字数更多，更体现思维的深度和广度，因此必须通过练习来促使自己提高逻辑思维的速度和质量。我固然会在课堂上教给大家一些常见的思维方法，如分类法、反证法、举例法、因果法等等，但更具体的素材需要大家平时去积累。
另外，有关英语语言的素质。有些同学不愁没话说，思维也很有广度和深度，但英语语言还是存在问题。这里面有一部分同学是重视不够，忽视了语法问题，出现了不少诸如单复数、冠词、词性等语法错误，甚至还有标点符号错误。而更多的同学是由于缺乏写作练习，在用词和造句方面做得不够好。作为代表我国英语技能教育最高水平的考试，专八肯定会比国内其他英语考试更加重视语言的质量。其实也很简单，就是用词和造句的准确性和多样性。这里的用词准确既包括词义准确，也包括搭配准确，还包括词语的感情色彩和正式程度的准确；造句的多样是指多种英语句式的灵活运用。这要求同学们平时一定要多做辨析词义、熟记搭配的工作，并且模仿优秀的文章进行写作。
语言质量是阅卷人判分的主要依据，一定要做到“少出错，多出彩”。
少出错，即少犯语法和拼写错误。常见的语法错误有句子结构叠置、简单句连用、时态错误、主谓单复数不一致、代词不一致、冠词缺失、词性错误等。这些错误是导致作文低分的主要原因，写作的时候一定要谨慎。平时可以通过自改、互改、对照范文等方式来发现和改正这些错误。
多出彩，即多用些闪光的词句。具体来说有两个方面，一是准确，一是多样。词的准确要通过平时的词义辨析和收集搭配来做到，在考场上没有太大的发挥余地。而词句的多样是大有可为的，即不要总用哪一个词或哪一种句型，应该有所变化，向阅卷人展示自己的词汇量和句式之丰富。这里举两个例子。表示“认为”的时候不要老用“think”，根据上下文可以替换为believe, hold, deem, reckon, maintain, argue, claim, assert, contend, advocate, assume, suppose等等。还有句式方面，不要老用主动句，可以考虑使用被动句，如Some people believe that we should work out severer laws to tackle this problem. 可以改为It is believed that severer laws should be worked out to tackle this problem. 还有，不必老用肯定句，可以考虑换为双重否定句。如：Whenever
you pick up a newspaper, you will always find advertisements. 可以改为It is impossible to pick up a newspaper without finding advertisements. 另外，还可以将多个简单句或并列分句改为由介词词组作状语或插入语的复杂简单句。如：Plastic surgery is the brainchild of modern medical science. It is a seemingly shortcut to beauty and has been employed by many as a means to change their destiny. 可改为：As the brainchild of modern medical science, plastic surgery, a seemingly shortcut to beauty, has been employed by many as a means to change their destiny. 最后，还可以将由人称作主语的句子改为由事物作主语的无灵主语句。如：We can also learn English well at home. 可改为：A good command of English is also accessible at home.
其实这些单词或句型大家都见过，只不过在考场写作时要有“多样化”的意识。可以说，不要总用第一反应的词句，而应该give it a second thought，用第二甚至第三反应的说法。
专业八级人文知识与改错冲刺篇
(2011-02-23 13:23:11)
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2011
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新东方
黄培辰
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分类：专四专八
北京新东方学校黄培辰
人文知识
八级考试在即，现将八级考试人文改错部分的一些学习心得整理如下，供广大考生参考。
一、概况部分的数字考点比较偏。注意用一些技巧处理这些数字，如百年战争的时间是1337年至1453年，玫瑰战争的时间是1455年至1485年，就可以这么背：1337-1453+2+30，由于百年百年战争之后就是玫瑰战争，两者的间隔只有两年时间，而玫瑰战争的时间长达三十年，就可以用上述的办法把两个数字联系在一起，自然地从上一组时间背到下一组时间。
二、文学作品多，用口诀：比如说托马斯哈代的作品多，背不下来的同学可以这么处理“托马斯哈代在绿荫下（Under the Greenwood Tree）,远离疯狂的人群（Far From the Maddening Crowd）, 还乡（Return of the Native）, 通过市长（The Mayor of Casterbridge）认识了苔丝(Tess of the D’urbervilles)和无名的裘德(Jude the Obscure)，这几部书的书名翻译分别为：Under the Greenwood Tree：绿荫下、Far from the Madding Crowd：远离尘嚣、The Return of the Native还乡、The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长、Tess of the D’urbervilles德伯家的苔丝、Jude the Obscure无名的裘德，但是八级考试是选择填空，一不考填空、二不考书名翻译，这种情况下，印象深刻是最为重要的。毕竟背Tess比背D’urbervilles印象更深刻吧？这样到了考试时，如果涉及到和较难书名的考题，只要还记得几个关键词汇，也能判断出正确选项。
三、语言学概论要理解概念：理解概念但是不见得背诵概念，考试的时候不考解词，所以对于概念的理解很重要，有的时候只要找到关键词，然后确定答案。比如说形态学主要以研究单词的内在结构，所以答案中最有可能出现的词汇是structure,或者internal structure，这样的话就可以把morph这个词和structure这个词直接建立联想，注意寻找和structure有关的词汇也就是正确答案了。
改错
语法改错部分注意一些搭配用法。比如in spite of和despite，这些词汇如果拿出来填空，那么肯定很多同学看得出来，可是现在是放在句子里面，能不能意识到就是两回事了，经常弄反。再比如说，虚拟语气If it had not been for…, he would (not) have done….，这个句子结构中最容易考到的就是那个not, 如
果在考题中写If it had not been for confidence, Liu Xiang could have won his first title in 2004.这句话就是错误的，因为没有not, 句子就成了“如果不是因为信心，刘翔本来会在2004年获得冠军。”，这样就把意思正好说反了。类似的考法还包括result in/result from，主被动的还包括has (been) done/have (been)done，都是比较隐蔽的考法，值得最后再看一看。
专业八级阅读题目分类解析
作者张国帅
根据《高校英语专业八级考试大纲》的规定,阅读理解的测试要求分为以下就几项：1.能读懂一般英美报刊杂志上的社论和书评。2.能读懂有一定难度的历史传记和文学作品。3.能理解所读材料的主旨大意；能理解字面意义和隐含意义；能根据所读材料进行判断和推理；能分析所读材料的思想观点、语编结构、语言特点和修辞手法。4. 能在阅读中根据需要自觉调整阅读速度和阅读技巧。5.考试时间是30分钟。由此可见，八级考试对考生的要求还是非常高的。我们在英语专业八级测试的成绩统计中可以发现:虽然考生的阅读能力明显高于其他的能力,但也存在一定的问题,主要是: (1) 部分考生的单词、词组以及语法的基本功还不过关，对阅读理解做成不应该的影响；(2) 考生的衔接能力不强; (3) 没有足够的推理和判断能力; (4) 阅读技能掌握不够,运用上下文解决问题能力不强,整体理解力有待提高。为了解决这些问题我们有必要了解一下阅读的一些基本层面。目前比较公认的将阅读理解的过程分为四个层次:
(1) 字面理解(literal comprehension) ,主要是指读者可以理解文章的单词和句型,回想文章大意、细节、事件发生的时间、地点、顺序和人物之间的关系、对比、人物特性和因果关系等等。
(2)推断性理解(inferential comprehension) ,主要是指读者根据字面意思推断出字里行间的隐含意思,包括作者的意图和观点等。
(3) 评价性理解(evaluative comprehension) ,主要是指读者根据
自己的原则和观点对文章进行分析和评价。(4) 欣赏性理解
(appreciative comprehension) ,指读者最终对文章的写作技巧、思
想水平等做出评价。
从上面的分类我们不难看出字面理解属于浅层理解,它依靠读者的语言知识即可完成。而推断性理解属于深层理解,它要依靠读者的语言能力和阅读技巧来完成。评价性理解和欣赏性理解属于理解的最高境界,指读者能根据文章的结构进行分
析和逻辑判断,从字里行间推测出作者隐含的意义和作者的观点。读者凭借自己的阅读经验和评判原则,分析、评价文章的优劣、信息的真实性、事件的可能性和结论的合理性等,并表明自己的态度。结合阅读过程的这四个不同层面，八级考试的阅读题型一般分为五类，即细节题、主旨题、推断题、词义题和评价题。
1.细节题是根据文章的内容、信息进行提问的。譬如以what, which, when, where, why 等开头的问题。一般而言需要根据题干中的关键词在文章中找到相关语句，然后再结合上下文对这些语句进行进一步的分析。以2007年真题中的TEXT A 为例：本文主要阐释了威尔士在英联邦中的地位的逐渐改善。该篇文章第一题为细节题。
According to the passage, devolution was mainly meant to
A. maintain the present status among the nations.
B. reduce legislative powers of England.
C. create a better state of equality among the nations.
D. grand more say to all the nations in the union.
根据该词所在的句子：The idea behind devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom. 这里的意思是，权力下放是为了使英国的各个地区之间能够重建平衡，所以应该选C选项。再比如2007年TEXT C 的第三个小题。
Richard’ s behavior as death approached showed
A. bravery and self-control
B. wisdom and correctness
C. devotion and romance
D. chivalry and charity
根据文章第三段对查理死前情况的描述，我们可以看出他能够勇敢而平静得面对死亡，将财产分给好友或者是馈赠给慈善机构，而且原谅了射杀他的弓箭手。所以D选项是正确选项。解此题的关键在于对于单词chivalry(骑士精神)的掌握。
2.主旨题。该种题型主要考察文章的大意、作品基调、作者态度和目的等。出题形式通常为：“What does the passage mainly discuss?”, “Which of the following is the more appropriate tile for the passage?”。
3.推断题。推断题是根据作者暗示的信息和观点或者是某段/某句的言外之意而提出的问题。这类问题不仅要求考生读懂相关的文章内容，还要求考生能够做出正确的推论。以2007真题中的TEXT A 为例：文章第五小题
According to Dyfan Jones, what has changed is
A. people’s mentality
B. pop culture
C. tow n’s appearance
D. possibilities for the people
我们可以通过文章最后一段的内容：…is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago. “We used to think: We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s changing. ” 推导出来威尔士人心态的变化。所以A应该是正确选项。
再比如，2007年的TEXT C 的第三篇文章的第四个小题：
The point of the last short paragraph is that Richard was
A. cheated by his own successor.
B. determined to take revenge on his enemies.
C. more generous to his enemies than his successors.
D. unable to influence the behavior of his successor
文章倒数第二段提到查理不仅原谅了射伤他的人而且还赠给他一些财物。文章最后却告诉我们，查理去世后，放箭的人受剥皮酷刑而死，由此我们可以推断出查理与他的继任者相比对敌人更加的宽容大度。所以，C选项为正确选项。
4. 词义题。此种题型用于测试考生对具体词义或指代关系的识别能力。其题干类型经常为：“The word ‘attribute’ in line means…”/ “What does the underlined phrase in line 38 refer to… ” 我们以2007年真题第一篇文章的第二个小题为例：
The word “centrifugal” in the second paragraph means
A. separatist
B. conventional
C. feudal
D. political
该词所在的句子是：…to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union. 从中我们可以看出，“centrifugal” 与“union”相对。所以A为正确选项。
5.评价题。此题型用于测试考生对文章风格、写作手法等的分析能力。题干经常为：“What kind of writing technique does the writer use in the passage to…”/ “What are the ways the writer uses to create the gloomy impression in the passage?”
以2007年TEXT B 为例，该篇文章的第三个小题：
What is the role of the 4th and 5th paragraphs in the development of the topic?
A. To show how Kuwaiti women enjoy themselves.
B. To describe how women work and study in Kuwait.
C. To offer supporting evidence to the preceding paragraphs.
D. To provide a contrast to the preceding paragraphs.
文章的第二、三段主要谈科威特妇女没有选举权。第四、五段着重论述科威特的妇女与其他海湾国家的妇女相比，已经享有了很大的自由。消极方面和积极方面的对比使我们选择D为正确选项。
再比如2007年真题的第三篇文章的第六个小题。
The relation between the first and second paragraphs is that
A. each presents one side of the picture
B. the first generalizes, the second gives examples.
C. the second is the logical result of the first
D. both present Richard’s virtues and faults
通过阅读文章可知第一段描述的是查理酷爱战争；第二段描述的是查理虽说骁勇善战，但他不残暴而且仁慈慷慨。由此可知，这两段话分别从不同的角度对查理的性格特点作了描述。所以选择A项为正确选项。专业八级翻译中主语的确定
(2011-02-23 13:18:30)
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翻译
专业八级
唐静
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2011
教育
分类：专四专八
专业八级汉英翻译中主语的确定
北京新东方学校唐静
一、翻译中的一个悖论
英语专业八级考试，可以说是我国组织的英语考试中最难的一级考试。而专业八级考试中的翻译，则无疑是所有题型中最难，考察最全面的题型。因为翻译不仅仅要考察学生对不同文体的把握，还要考察学生对英语和汉语两种语言的驾驭能力。就英语专业八级的翻译题型来说，既有英译汉，又有汉译英。
那么，英汉翻译和汉英翻译，哪一个更难？大多数人会答曰：汉英翻译更难。显然，这看起来是一种合理的提问的方法，其实并非如此。英汉翻译和汉英翻译，没有哪一个更难和不难的问题，只是因人而异，视个人的英语水平和翻译水平而定。那么，为什么大多数中国人会有一种明显的“汉英翻译比英汉翻译更难”的感觉呢？有回答这个问题，我们有必要了解一下翻译的过程。
其实，无论是英汉翻译，还是汉英翻译，就翻译的过程而言，只有两个：一是对原文的理解，二是用译文来表达。弄明白理解和表达这两个过程，我们就可以清楚的看到，为什么大多数人会有一种“汉英翻译更难”的论调了。
首先，有必要考查一下英汉翻译的过程。如果做英汉翻译的话，我们第一步需要理解英语，然后再把理解到的英语表达成为汉语就可以了。因为英语毕竟是我们的外语，所以大多数人认为，我们不懂英语是正常的。所以，无论英译汉这个过程汇总，英语有多难或者有多简单都没有关系，我们可以查阅英语词典得出比较正确的译文。然后，换过来，汉译英则不一样了。那些认为汉译英更难的人就认为，明明我们认识汉语，却不能用地道的英语来翻译，所以，汉译英很难做。但是，如果我们这样来想，在英译汉的过程中，我们连第一步（理解英语）可能都无法完成；而汉译英的话，好歹我们能完成翻译的第一步（理解汉语原文）。没有人能否认我们中国人，看不懂汉语吧？
二、专八汉英翻译中主语的确定
1．翻译的单位
在翻译中，最小的翻译单位是什么？是篇章吗？是段落吗？是句子吗？是单词吗？甚至是音节吗？这是一个翻译理论家长期以来争论不休的一个话题。现在大多数翻译家、翻译理论家和翻译实践家都趋向于以篇章或者是整个问题为基本的翻译单位。但是，对于初学翻译的人来说，或者那些根本没有掌握翻译的人，要去应付一个翻译考试的时候，笔者认为，句子可能是最好的翻译单位。
什么是句子？或者具体说来，在汉英翻译中，要把汉语翻译成英语，究竟什么是英语的句子？
柯林斯词典对英语句子的定义是这样的：A sentence is a group of words which, when they are written down, begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark. Most sentences contain a subject and a verb.具体说来，英语的句子可以这样来定义：一个句子就是一组词，在书面语中，每一个句子首词的第一个字母大写，句末用句号、问号或者感叹号；大多数句子有主语和谓语。
根据英语句子的定义，我们可以清楚的知道，英语的句子中，大多数句子都有主语和谓语。那么汉英翻译，只要我们能把汉语转变成为准确通顺的英语，就需要搭建英语的主语和谓语等句式结构。而英语本身语法非常严谨，逻辑非常严密的
特点，所以，在汉英翻译中，主语的确定就是成功构建英语句式结构的关键，也是保证英语译文和汉语原文功能对等的关键。
2．确定汉语原文的主语为英语译文的主语
1) 把汉语原文中的主语直接翻译成英语充当译文的主语，这是一种最简单、最可靠的对应方法，也是我们做汉英翻译“定主语”的时候首先应该考虑的方法。如：
例1．中国民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切……。（06年试题）
The Chinese nation has never believed in hum supremacy.
例2．古来一切由成就的人，都很严肃地对待自己的生命。（05年试题）
Throughout the ages, all people of accomplishment take their lives seriously.
以上两个例子中，汉语句子的主语是名词，由于名词在英语句子中可以直接充当主语，所以在翻译的时候可以直接对应下来，确定这个名词为译文的主语。
2) 汉语和英语都有一个共同的特点，就是代词可以充当主语，所以，我们当然还可以直接选用汉语原文中的代词来充当英语译文的主语。如：
例3．在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。（04年试题）
We should not be too romantic in interpersonal relations.
例4．得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道，一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿觉打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。（03年试题）、
Before I was taken ill, I had been a spoiled child of my parents, getting things my way in the family. Once isolated and confined to a small house
on the slope of the garden, I suddenly found myself in disfavour and my wings clipped.
3) 在汉语中，除了上述名词和代词可以作主语之外，动词也可以直接充当主语，英语的动词原形则不能。可是，我们非常清楚的知道，英语中的动名词或者动词不定式形式则可以充当主语。所以，如果我们要确定汉语的动词主语来充当英语译文的主语时，必须要使用这个动词的动名词形式或者不定式形式。如：
例5．帮助真正的穷人，要比仅仅缩小贫富
差距更有价值。帮助下层社会的人重新回到社会主流中来，符合所有人的利益。
Helping the truly poor is much worthier than merely narrowing inequalities. And helping the lower class rejoin mainstream of society is in the interests of all.
例6．推进现代化建设、完成祖国统一、维
护世界和平与促进共同发展，是中国人民在新世纪的三大历史任务。
To continue to propel the modernization drive, to achieve reunification of the motherland, and to safeguard world peace and promote common development are the three historical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.
3．重新确定主语
由于汉语和英语两种语言存在着较的的差异，有时候，确定汉语句子的主语为英语译文句子主语的时候，常常会导致英语句子的逻辑比较混乱，而不能直接对应。所以，这时候，就有必要从原句中挑出其他词来，充当英语译文的主语。
1）确定汉语原文的宾语为英语译文的主语
宾语是动作所及的对象，常常是人或者物。在翻译中，我们可以选择汉语原文的宾语来充当英语译文的主语。但是，在这种情况下，一般需要用英语的被动句式来翻译。如：
例7．伟大艺术的美学鉴赏和伟大的科学观
念的理解都需要智慧。
Wisdom is required both in appreciating great artistic works and in understanding great scientific concepts.
说明：在这个例子中，我们可以看到，汉语的主语太长，如果直接用汉语原文的主语来充当英语译文的主语，就显得有点头重脚轻。这个时候，我们就可以利用“英语句子多用被动句”的特点，确定汉语原文的宾语“智慧”来充当英语译文的主语。
例8．为了保证国民经济持续、快速、健康地发展，我们必须加快国有企业的改革步伐。
The speed of reform of state-owned enterprises must be accelerated (stepped up) to ensure sustained, rapid and sound development of the national economy.
说明：在这个例子中，汉语原文的主语应该是“我们”。但是，这个我们属于泛指的，不专门针对某一个人或者某几个人。当然，一方面，我们可以采用选取汉语原文的“我们”来充当英语译文的主语，而把这个句子的译文安排为“We must accelerate…”这样一个结构。但是，直接选用汉语原文的宾语“国有企业的改革步伐”来充当英语译文的主语，并且不提出这个泛指的主语“我们”，更适合英语的表达方式。
例9．目前在中国正进行着一场意义深远的社会和经济改革。
At present, a sweeping and profound social and economic reform is being carried out in China.
说明：在这个例子中，汉语是一个无主句。显然，一方面，我们可以确定汉语的宾语为英语的主语，使用英语的被动结构来翻译，避免了需要去找一个动作发出者来充当主语的情况。
以上例子清楚的说明，选择汉语原文的宾语充当译文主语的情况下，通常是需要用英语的被动结构来翻译的。但是，并不是说所有确定汉语原文宾语为译文主语的情况都一定要用被动结构来翻译。如：
例10．中国的饮食方式正在发生许多变化。
Many changes are taking place in China's diet style.
说明：我们可以看到，上面这个例子中，汉语原文的主语是“中国的饮食方式”，谓语是“发生”，宾语是“许多变化”。当一旦确定了宾语“许多变化”为英语译文主语的时候，这个英语译文的逻辑结构就可以直接用主动结构：Many changes are taking place…。因为在英语中，“变化”与动词“发生”的搭配是符合逻辑，而不能说“变化被发生”。
2）确定汉语原文主语中心词的修饰语来充当英语译文的主语
有时候，汉语主语中心词的修饰语可能是整个句子的突出部分。在翻译的时候，为了正确传达原文中突出的信息，我们就可以把主语中心词前面的修饰语确定为英语译文的主语。如：
例11．中国的饮食文化具有悠久的历史。
China has a long history in her diet culture.
说明：在这个例子中，汉语的主语是“中国的饮食文化”，其主语中心词是“文化”。如果确定“文化”为英语译文的主语，则原来汉语句子只能生硬的转化为“文化具有历史”这样的英语结构。所以我们可以把主语中心词前面的修饰语“中国”确定为英语译文的主语，这样一来，整个句子的逻辑结构就非常清楚，突出了“中国在饮食文化方面具有悠久的历史”这个信息。
例12．他的身材魁梧，生一副大长方脸，嘴巴阔大，肌肤呈着紫檀色。（选自陈宏薇和李亚丹新编汉英翻译教程）
He was a giant of a man with a long square face, a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the colour of read sandalwood.
说明：在这个例子中，从形式上看，汉语的主语中心词是“身材”，单似乎随后的三个部分的内容“生一副大长方脸，嘴巴阔大，肌肤呈着紫檀色”都是在说明“他”，而不是“他的身材”。因为我们不能说“他的身材生了一副大长方脸”，所以，我们就确定汉语原文主语中心词的修饰语“他”来充当英语译文的主语。
4．增加主语
汉语句法具有开放性和松散性，句子不一定要有主语，因而有许多无主句，如“出太阳了”，“昨晚放了一场电影”等；另外一些句子，在上下文意思清楚的情况下，主语往往承前省略，出现许多主语省略句。在将这些无主句和省略句译为英语时，必须补出主语，以形成英语译文中主谓齐备的格局。但是，补出什么作主
语是一个十分复杂的问题。译者必须透彻理解上下文，仔细斟酌原文的确切含义，反复推敲英语的表达方式，才能补出恰当的主语，否则会歪曲原文的意思。增加主语的方法一般有以下几种：
1）增加泛指的主语“we, you, one”等。
汉语句子在泛指的时候，显然可以增加上英语表示泛指的主语。如：
例13．充分发挥个体、私营等非公有制经济在促进经济增长、扩大就业和活跃市场等方面的重要作用。
We should take advantage of non public-owned economy, including individual, privately owned etc., to fulfill it's significant effect on accelerating economic improvement, enlarging employment, and flourishing the market.
例14．然而，要想了解一个人的禀赋资质和实际能力如何，考试是考不出名堂来的。
But they are of vain if you want to know about the gift, intelligence or practical abilities of a person.
例15．凡事应该适度，适度是最安全的。
One should be moderate in all things, and moderation is always the safest way.
2) 增加英语代词it作主语
在英语中，代词it作主语的情况非常多。因为这个代词表示的意义非常丰富，它可以表示汉语中的气候、天气、时间等无主句，如“下雨了（It is raining），三点了（It’s 3 o’clock now）等，当然，它还可以充当强调句和形式主语句型的主语。如：
例16．自从理查德·尼克松（Richard Nixon）同癌症宣战以来已经有30年了。
It is already three decades since Richard Nixon declared war on cancer.
说明：在这个例子中，汉语原文是一个明显的表示时间的无主句。我们则可以增加英语的代词it来充当英语译文的主语。
例17．大学的研究所才是初步研究学问的所在。
It is graduate school in a university that is the place to do research work at a basic level.
说明：在这个例子中，汉语的原文主语是“大学的研究所”。但是如果我们确定“大学的研究所”作为英语译文的主语，则没有办法很好的体现汉语原文的强调语气“才是”。所以，我们就可以增加代词it，用英语的强调句型来翻译。
例18．提出一个绝对的标准当然很困难；但是，大体上看一个人对待生命的态度是否严肃认真，看他对待工作、生活的态度如何，也就不难对这个人的存在意义做出适当的估计了。(05年试题)
It’s difficult to advance an absolute criterion, it will not be so to judge the very meaning of one’s existence generally from whether he is serious about life and what his attitudes are towards work and life.
说明：在这个例子中，我们可以非常清楚的看到，汉语原文有非常显著的用英语代词it充当形式主语来翻译的特征：那就是，如果汉语句型通常呈现出“…是很苦难/很重要/有用/有意义的”等结构，或者是“据说（It is said…），有人认为（It is taken that…）”等结构。
3）增加there be…
显然，如果汉语原文表达的是“有、存在、出现”等概念，我们则可以用英语的there be…句型来翻译。如：
例19．还将有一些生活极端贫困的人们，他们还需要政府的资助。
There will still be some people living in extreme poverty, who are still in need of the government's financial support.
例20．举例来说，在早先的法国洞穴绘画里，早于公元前10，000年的绘画中没有人与人打仗的画面。
For example, among ancient French cave drawings earlier than 10，000 B.C., there were no pictures describing people fighting with each other.
从上述分析中我们可以知道，汉语的语言句法和逻辑结构比较松散，而英语则有非常清楚的语法结构和严谨的逻辑结构。而英语句子基本上是围绕主语来展开句型结构的，正因此，汉英翻译中，只要主语确定了，翻译问题就基本解决了。
最后，不得不清楚的说明：翻译实践是艺术，真正要提高自己的翻译能力，唯一需要做的就是“动手，做翻译”。“译精于勤”，只有真正自己动手翻译了，才能领悟翻译的奥妙，才知道翻译的乐趣。
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