《高等学校研究生英语综合教程-上》1-5单元原文及翻译

Unit One

TRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERS

David G. Jensen

核心员工的特征

大卫·G．詹森

1 What exactly is a key player? A "Key Player" is a phrase that I've heard about from employers during just about every search I've conducted. I asked a client - a hiring manager involved in a recent search - to define it for me. "Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done. On my team of seven process engineer and biologists, I've got two or three whom I just couldn't live without," he said. "Key players are essential to my organization. And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just that: the staff that another manager will not want to see leave. We recruit only key players."

1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。

在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说，“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：其他公司经理不想失去的员工。我们只招募核心员工。”

2 This is part of a pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor's companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change. They want to hire a "key player" from another company. Every company also hires from the ranks of newbies, and what they're looking for is exactly the same. "We hold them up to the standards we see in our top people. If it looks like they have these same traits, we'll place a bet on them." It's just a bit riskier.

2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。”只是这样有点儿冒险。

3 "It's an educated guess," says my hiring manager client. Your job as a future employee is to help the hiring manager mitigate that risk. You need to help them identify you as a prospective "key player".

3“这是一种有根据的猜测，”我的人事经理客户说。作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。

4 Trait 1: The selfless collaborator

John Fetzer, career consultant and chemist, first suggested this trait, which has already been written about a great deal. It deserves repeating because it is the single most public difference between academia and industry. "It's teamwork," says Fetzer" The business environment is less lone-wolf and competitive, so signs of being collaborative and selfless stand out. You just can't succeed in an industry environment without this mindset"

4特征1：无私的合作者

职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章。它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。“这里需要合作，”费策尔说，“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。在企业环境中，没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。”

5 Many peptides and grad students have a tough time showing that they can make this transition because so much of their life has involved playing the independent- researcher role and outshining other young stars. You can make yourself more attractive to companies by working together with scientists from other laboratories and disciplines in pursuit of a common goal—and documenting the results on your resume. This approach, combined with a liberal use of the pronoun "we" and not just "I" when describing your accomplishments, can change the company's perception of you from a lone wolf to a selfless collaborator. Better still, develop a reputation inside your lab and with people your lab collaborates with as a person who fosters and initiates collaborations—and make sure this quality gets mentioned by those who will take those reference phone calls.

5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。这个方法，加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”，而不是“我”，能使公司对你的看法从“单干户”转变成“合作者”。更为有利的是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间，培养一个良好声誉：一个鼓励并发动合作的人——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。

6 Trait 2: A sense of urgency

Don Haut is a frequent contributor to the aas.sciencecareers. org discussion forum. He is a former scientist who transitioned to industry many years ago and then on to a senior management position. Haut heads strategy and business development for a division of 3M with more than $2.4 billion in annual revenues. He is among those who value a sense of urgency.

6特征2：紧迫感

唐-豪特是一位给aaas.sciencecareers@org 网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人。他之前是一名科学家。许多年前他转向了企业，并一直做到高级管理的职位。他在3M公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作，这个部门每年上缴的税收高达24亿多美元。他就是一个重视紧迫感的人。

7"Business happens 24/7/365 which means that competition happens 24/7/365, as well," says Haut. "One way that companies win is by getting 'there' faster, which means that you not only have to mobilize all of the functions that support a business to move quickly, but you have to know how to decide where 'there' is! This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly, but for those who can think fast and have the courage to act on their convictions. This requirement needs to run throughout an organization and is not exclusive to management."

7“一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达…目的地?。这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公

司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定…目的地?是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。”

8 Trait 3: Risk tolerance

Being OK with risk is something that industry demands. "A candidate needs to have demonstrated the ability to make decisions with imperfect or incomplete information. He or she must be able to embrace ambiguity and stick his or her neck out to drive to a conclusion," wrote one of my clients in a job description.

8特征3：风险容忍度

企业要求员工能承受风险。“一名求职者需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力。他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论，”一位客户在职业描述中写道。

9 Haut agrees. "Business success is often defined by comfort with ambiguity and risk- personal, organizational, and financial. This creates a disconnect for many scientists because success in academia is really more about careful, studied research. Further, great science is often defined by how one gets to the answer as much as by the answer itself, so scientists often fall in love with the process. In a business, you need to understand the process, but you end up falling in love with the answer and then take a risk based on what you think that answer means to your business. Putting your neck on the line like this is a skill set that all employers look for in their best people."

9豪特赞同这一说法。“商业成功通常有这样一个特质：那就是能接受不确定因素和风险——个人的，组织上的和财务上的。这就让许多科学家感到不适应，因为学术上的成功其实是依靠认真而严谨的研究。更进一步说，伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的。因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程。在企业里，你需要了解过程，但最终你会迷上答案，然后根据你认为该答案对你的企业所具有的意义来冒风险。像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合，是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西。”

10 Another important piece of risk tolerance is a candidate's degree of comfort with failure. Failure is important because it shows that you were not afraid to take chances. So companies consistently look for candidates who can be wrong and admit it. Everyone knows how to talk about successes—or they should if they're in a job search—but far fewer people are comfortable talking about failures, and fewer still know how to bring lessons and advantages back from the brink. "For my organization, a candidate needs to have comfort discussing his or her failures, and he or she needs to have real failures, not something made up for interview day. If not, that person has not taken enough risk." says Haut.

10风险容忍度的另外一个要点是求职者对失败的承受度。失败很重要，因为这表示你不怕冒险。所以各家公司总会寻找有可能犯错误并敢于承认错误的求职者。大家都知道如何谈论成功——或者当他们在寻找工作的时候应该知道。但很少有人乐意谈论失败，更少有人知道如何从失败的边缘吸取教训和获得经验。“对我的企业来说，求职者需要坦然地谈论他或她的失败，而且他或她需要有真正的失败经历，而不是特意为面试而杜撰的东西。如果做不到的话，那么这个人冒的风险还不够，”豪特说。

11 Trait 4: Strength in interpersonal relationships

Rick Leach is in business development for deCODE Genetics. Leach made the transition to industry recently, on the business side of things'". I asked him about this key trait because in his new business role, interpersonal abilities make the difference between success and failure. "Scientists spend their lives accumulating knowledge and developing technical acumen," he says, "but working for a business requires something else entirely—people skills. The scientist who is transitioning into the business world must prioritize his or her relationship assets above their technical assets. To suddenly be valued and measured by your mastery of human relationships can be a very scary proposition for a person who has been valued and measured only by his mastery of things," says Rick.

11特征4：善于处理人际关系

瑞克·李奇在迪科德遗传工程公司从事业务拓展。李奇最近才转行到企业，做业务方面的工作。我向他咨询这个重要特征，是因为在他的新业务角色中，人际沟通能力在成功和失败之间发挥着很大的作用。“科学家毕生都在积累知识，培养技术上的敏锐感，”他说，“但为企业工作需要完全不同的东西——人际交往的能力。想转行到企业界的科学家们必须优先考虑他们的社会关系资源而不是技术资源。对一个以前一直根据专业知识水平被评价的人来说，突然之间要根据他的人际交往能力来评价他，真是十分令人恐惧。”

12 It would be a mistake, however, to assume that strong people skills are required only for business people like Leach. Indeed, the key players I've met who work at the bench in industry have succeeded in great measure because they've been able to work with a broad variety of personalities, up and down the organization.

12然而，如果认为只有像李奇那样的生意人才需要熟练的人际沟通技巧，那就错了。事实上，我所遇见的在企业工作的核心费工们之所以取得成功，很大程度上是因为他们能够与公司上下各种各样的人共事。

Unit Two

CULINARY DELIGHTS IN CHINA

中餐被公认为全球最佳美食之一，其种类之丰富，工艺之繁复，使其理所当然地成为游客大快朵颐的乐事之一。

中国美食

1 Chinese cuisine is a brilliant facet of Chinese culture, which is proven by the fact that Chinese restaurants are found scattered everywhere throughout the world. Today, the culinary industry is developing even more rapidly than before. A decade ago, Beijing had a few thousand restaurants, while today there are over 100,000 restaurants of different sizes in the city.

1中国美食是中国文化一道绚烂的风景线，这点从世界各地随处可见的中餐馆可以窥见。当今，烹饪业正以前所未有的速度在发展。10年前，北京只有几千家餐馆，而今天却有10万多家大小不等的餐馆遍布市内。

2 Regional Chinese Cuisines

It is widely acknowledged that from the Ming (1368-1644) dynasties onwards, there are eight major schools of Chinese based op regional cooking. They came from Shandong, Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, and Anhui provinces. In addition to these traditional cuisines, the culinary industry in China has undergone great changes, as almost every place has its own local specialties, and as the different cuisines gather together in big cities, such as Beijing.

2地方美食

众所周知，明朝以来出现了八大菜系，分别是山东菜、四川菜、广东菜、福建菜、江苏菜、浙江菜、湖南菜和安徽菜。除了这些传统菜系，中国的烹饪业也经历了巨大的变化：每个地方都形成了自己的特色菜，不同菜系汇集于诸如北京这样的大城市。

3 Sichuan, known as Nature's Storehouse, is also a storehouse of cuisine. Here, each and every restaurant provides delicious yet economical culinary fare. The ingredients for Sichuan cuisine are simple but the spices used are quite different. Sichuan cuisine is famous for its spicy and hot food, yet just being hot and spicy does not necessarily , distinguish it from other hot and spicy cuisines such as Hunan or Guizhou cuisines.What is really special about Sichuan cuisine is the use of Chinese prickly ash seeds, the taste of which leaves a feeling of numbness on one's tongue and mouth. Besides this unique spice, Sichuan dishes are usually prepared with other spices such as chili pepper. Using fermented bean sauce and a set of unique cooking methods. Sichuan cuisine is now famous and popular across the world. In recent years, there have appeared many more renowned restaurants specializing in Sichuan cuisine, such as the Tan Family Fish Head restaurant.

3被誉为“天府之国”的四川也是个美食之都。在那里的任何一家餐馆都能找到既可口又经济实惠的美食。川菜的原料虽简单，但调料却大有讲究。川菜以口味辣著称，但仅是口味辣还不能使川菜区别于其他辣口味的菜系，比如湖南菜和贵州菜。川菜的特别之处在于花椒的使用。尝过花椒之后，人们的舌头和嘴巴会留下酥麻的感觉。除了花椒之外，川菜还常用辣椒粉之类的调料。因使用豆豉作配料，再加上一套独特的烹饪方式，如今川菜在全世界都十分有名和受欢迎。近几年涌现了一大批著名的专做川菜的餐馆，比如谭鱼头。

4 Guangdong Province is located in southern China, with a moderate climate and abundant produce all year round. As one of the earliest ports open to foreign trade, the province has developed a culinary culture with its own characteristics that has exerted a far-reaching influence on other parts of China as well as throughout the world where it is the most commonly available Chinese cuisine. Guangdong cuisine is famous for its seafood as well as for its originality and refined cooking processes. Various soups in this cuisine are loved by people all over the country.

4广东省在中国南部，全年气候温和，物产丰富。它还是最早对外开放的通商口岸之一。广东的餐饮文化独具特色，对中国其他地方乃至全世界产生了深远的影响。广东菜以其好生猛海鲜、追求新奇、细致考究的烹饪方法而著称。广东菜中的各式煲汤如今已深受全国各地人民喜爱。

5 Zhejiang cuisine is light and exquisite, and is typical of food from along the lower

Yangtze River. One famous dish is West Lake Vinegar Fish, which looks pretty and has the delicate refreshing flavors of nature. Many Chinese restaurants in China, as well as in other parts of the world, serve this dish, but often the flavor is less authentic compared to that found in Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang Province, which has unique access to the fish and water of West Lake.

5浙江菜口味清淡，精致玲珑，是长江下游区域菜肴的代表。西湖醋鱼是其中的一道名菜。这道菜鲜美，酥嫩，带着自然的清香。中国乃至世界各地的中餐馆大都能找得到这道菜，但口味往往不及在浙江杭州吃得那般纯正。因为只有杭州拥有来自西湖的鱼和水。

6 Every Dish Has a Story

The names of Chinese dishes are diverse, but behind each of the famous dishes is an interesting story explaining why it is popular. A good name can make the dish more interesting; however, some names are so eccentric that they may confuse people, both Chinese and foreigners. If you only translate the names literally with no explanation, you could make a fool of yourself.

6每道菜都有一段故事

中国菜名五花八门，而每道名菜都有一段有趣的故事，说明它如何博得人们的喜爱。一个好名字能使这道菜更有意思；但有些菜名太怪异了，听起来让人一头雾水，不要说外国人难以理解，就是中国人往往也不是很清楚。你要是望文生义，准得闹出笑话来。

7 Take Goubuli steamed buns in the city of Tianjin for example. These popular buns are all of the same size and handmade. When served in neat rows on a tray, they look like budding chrysanthemum flowers. The wrapping is thin, the fillings are juicy, the meat, tender and the taste delicious and not at all greasy. Then, why the name?

7拿天津“狗不理”包子来说吧。“狗不理”纯手工制作，大小均等，深受欢迎。这些包子整整齐齐地放在托盘上时，看上去就像是含苞欲放的菊花。皮儿很薄，馅儿饱蘸肉汁，口感柔软，香而不腻。可为什么叫“狗不理”呢?

8 There is an interesting story behind it. Goubuli steamed buns were first sold in Tianjin out 150 years ago. A local man by the name of Gouzi (Dog) worked as an apprentice in a shop selling baozi (steamed buns). After three years, he set up his own baozi shop. Because his buns were so delicious, he soon had a thriving business with more and more people coming to buy his buns. As hardworking as Gouzi was, he could not keep up with demand so his customers often had to wait a long time to be served. Impatient, some people would call out to urge him on, but as he was so busy preparing the buns, he didn't answer. People therefore came to call his buns Goubuli, meaning "Gouzi pays no attention." This eccentric name, however, has had very good promotional effects, and has been used ever since. Goubuli is now a time-cherished brand name in Tianjin.

8“狗不理”的背后有一段有趣的故事。大约150年前，“狗不理”包子在天津初次亮相。当地有个小伙子，名叫狗子，在一家包子店当学徒。三年后，自己单独开了一家包子店。他做的包子味道鲜美，因此生意十分红火，吸引了越来越多的顾客。狗子工作十分卖力，可他还是满足不了大家的需要，顾客们只得等很长时间。有些顾客等得不耐烦了，就在外面嚷嚷着催他快点，可狗子忙着做包子呢，哪有时间搭理。后来人们就把他做的包子称作“狗不理”，意思是“狗子不搭理他们”。可就是这个有点怪里怪气的名字，反倒起了很好的广告作用，这个名字一直沿用到了今天。如今“狗不理”已经成为天津的老字号。

9 In Zhejiang cuisine, there is a well-known dish called Dongpo Meat. This dish of streaky pork is prepared over a slow fire where the big chunks of pork are braised with green onion, ginger cooking wine, soy sauce, and sugar. The finished dish is bright red in color and the meat is tender and juicy and, like the Goubuli buns, not at all greasy. This dish was named after Su Dongpo (1037-1101), a great poet of the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127), who created it when he was an official in Hangzhou. It is said that, when he was in charge of the drainage work for the West Lake, Su Dongpo rewarded workers with stewed pork in soy sauce, and people later named it Dongpo Meat, to commemorate this gifted and generous poet.

9浙江菜里有一道深受欢迎的菜，叫东坡肉。这道菜是把五花肉切成大块，配上青葱，在锅底放些生姜，然后加料酒、酱油和糖用慢火做出来的。这道菜色泽红亮，酥嫩多汁，如“狗不理”一样毫无肥腻之感。它以北宋时代大诗人

苏东坡的名字命名。苏东坡在杭州做官时发明了这道菜。据说，他当时负责西湖的排污工程，经常拿红烧肉犒劳工人。后来为了纪念这位才华横溢、慷慨大方的诗人，人们就把它称作东坡肉。

10 Fujian cuisine boasts a famous dish called Buddha Jumping over the Wall, the number

one dish of the province. This dish is prepared with more than 20 main ingredients including chicken, duck, sea cucumber, dried scallop, tendon, shark lip, fish maw and ham. All these ingredients are placed into a ceramic pot, with cooking wine and chicken broth, and then cooked over a slow fire until the meat is tender and juicy and the soup becomes smooth and thick. Then it is served with more than a dozen garnishes such as mushrooms, winter bamboo shoots and pigeon eggs. It is famous for leaving a lingering aftertaste in the mouth. The story behind the name of the specialty goes as follows:

10佛跳墙是福建莱里的一道名菜，亦被称作福建第一菜。这道莱的主料不下20种，有鸡肉、鸭肉、海参、干贝、蹄筋、鱼唇、鱼肚、火腿配料10多种，有蘑菇、冬笋、鸽蛋等。所有的原料均放在一个陶罐里，加上料酒和鸡汤后，用文火炖，一直炖到肉汁鲜美，柔润细腻，汤味浑厚。轻舔一口，余香满口。这道特色菜的背后有这么一个故事：

11 Buddha Jumping over the Wall was created in a restaurant called Gathering Spring Garden in Fuzhou, Fujian, during the reign of the Qing Emperor, Guangxu (1875-1908). It was named Eight Treasures Stewed in a Pot and the name was later changed to blessing and Longevity. One day, several scholars carne to Gathering Spring Garden for a meal. When the dish was served, one of the scholars improvised a poem: "Fragrance spreads to the neighborhood once the lid lifts, / One whiff and the Buddha Jumps the wal l, abandoning the Zen precepts” Hence the name of the dish!

11佛跳墙是由福州市一个叫聚春园的餐馆在清朝光绪年间发明的，早先菜名为八珍锅，而后改为福寿全。一日，几位秀才到聚春园饮酒。菜上桌时，其中一位即兴赋诗一首“坛启荤香飘四邻，佛闻弃禅跳墙来。”佛跳墙这一菜名便由此得来。

12 Warmth and Hospitality Expressed by Food

In the eyes of Chinese, what is important about eating, especially at festivals, is to eat in a warm atmosphere. Often the young and old still sit in order of seniority, and the elders select food for the young while the young make toasts to the elders. Chinese people like to create a lively, warm, and harmonious atmosphere during meals.

12食物传达的温馨和盛情

在中国人看来，吃最重要的，尤其在过节时，莫过于是吃饭时的温馨气氛。吃饭时，年长的和年少的按照年龄大小依次坐好，在欢乐祥和的气氛中，说说笑笑。席间，长辈为晚辈夹菜，晚辈给长辈敬酒，营造出一派欢乐、温馨、和谐的气氛。

13 A hostess or host in China will apportion the best parts of the dishes to guests. Using a pair of serving chopsticks, she or he places the best part of a steamed fish or the most tender piece of meat on the plate of the most important guest. Such a custom is still popular, especially among the elder generation, as a way of expressing respect, concern and hospitality.

13在中国，主人会把最好的莱分给客人。他们用公筷把清蒸鱼最好的部分或最嫩的肉夹给最重要的来宾。这种习俗用来表达尊敬、关怀和好客之意，至今在老一辈的中国人中还是很流行。

14 Such culinary customs have had a certain influence on the character of the Chinese people. In a. sense, it has strengthened the collective spirit of the nation. At a party or a banquet, everyone first takes into consideration the needs of the group; with the eating process also being a time to show humility and concern for others.

14这种饮食习俗对中国人的性格也有几分影响。从某种意义上说，它增强了人们的集体主义精神。无论在聚会还是在宴席上，人们首先考虑大家的需求，把吃饭当成是谦卑有礼和关怀他人的场合。

15 In China, food eaten during festivals is particularly important. At different festivals, people partake of different fare. For example, on the eve of the Spring Festival, people in the north always eat. jiaozi, meat and vegetable dumplings, at family reunions. This is a way of bidding farewell to the old year and welcoming the New Year. The Lantern Festival is a day of celebration, and on this day people like to eat yuanxiao, sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour, to symbolize family reunion and perfection. At the Duanwu Festival, people eat zongzi, glutinous rice wrapped in triangular shape in reed leaves, to commemorate the beloved poet Qu Yuan (c.1339-c. 278 BC), who drowned himself in the Miluo River after being politically wronged. Legend has it that people at the time threw zongzi into the river in the hope that the dragon would not take him away. This later gradually developed into a custom of making and eating zongzi during the Duanwu Festival.

15中国人特别在乎过节时吃什么，不同的节日吃不同的食物。比如除夕夜全家团圆时，北方人吃肉饺或菜饺，象征辞旧迎新。元宵节吃元宵，元宵是糯米粉做的甜团子，象征家庭团圆、美满。端午节吃粽子，人们用芦苇叶子把糯米包成三角形的粽子是为了纪念受人爱戴的诗人屈原。屈原因遭政治迫害自沉于汨罗江。传说古时候人们把粽子投到江中，希望水中的龙不要带走他。之后，端午节包粽子和吃粽子的习俗就慢慢形成了。

Unit Three

Leisure without literature is death and burial alive.—Seneca, Roman philosopher

WHY HARRY'S HOT?

没有文学的休闲生活犹如死亡抑或活埋。——西尼加(古罗马哲学家)

《哈利波特》风行之迷

1 J. K. Rowling swears she never saw it coming. In her wildest dreams, she didn't think her Harry Potter books would appeal to more than a handful of readers. "I never expected a lot of people to like them," she insisted in a recent interview. "Well, it turned out I was very wrong, obviously. It strikes a chord with an enormous number of people." That's putting it mildly. With 35 million copies in print, in 35 languages, the first three Harry Potter books have earned a conservatively estimated $480 million in three years. And that was just the warm-up. With a first printing of 5.3 million copies and advance orders topping 1.8 million, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, the fourth installment of the series, promises to break every bookselling record. Jack Morrissey, 12, plainly speaks for a generation of readers when he says, "The Harry Potter books are like life, but better."

1J．K．罗琳发誓说自己从来没有过这种预想。她做梦也没有想到会有那么多人对她的书感兴趣。“我从来没有指望过有这么多人喜欢它，”在最近的一次访谈中她仍然这样说，“可是，很显然，我大错特错了。它在许多人心中产生了共鸣。”她说得很委婉。《哈利波特》系列丛书的前三册被翻译成了35种语言，已出版3,500万册，据保守估计，这三册书在三年时间里已经赚了四亿八千万美金。而这还只是个开始。《哈里波特》系列丛书的第四册《哈利波特

与火焰杯》初版530万册，加上高达180万册的订单，有望创造新的畅销书销售记录。12岁的杰克·莫里西的话很清楚地表达了他们这一代读者的想法。他说：“《哈利波特》就如同生活，但比生活更美好。”

2 Amazingly, Rowling keeps her several plotlines clear of each other until the end, when he deftly brings everything together in a cataclysmic conclusion. For pure narrative power, this is the best Potter book yet.

2让人称奇的是，罗琳让每一册书的情节相互独立，但最后，她却能够巧妙地把它们衔接起来，形成一个意想不到的结局。单从叙述能力而言，《哈利波特与火焰杯》也是《哈利波特》系列丛书中最好的一本。

3 When the book finally went on sale at 12:01 am. Saturday, thousands of children in Britain and North America rushed to claim their copies. Bookstores hosted pajama parties, hired magicians and served cookies and punch, but nobody needed to lift the spirits of these crowds. In one case, customers made such a big, happy noise that neighbors called the cops. At a Borders in Charlotte, N.C., Erin Rankin, 12, quickly thumbed to the back as soon as she got her copy. “I heard that a_ major character dies, and I really want to find out who," she said. But minutes later she gave up. “I just can't do it. I can't rea d the end first."

3当这本书终于在星期六午夜12：01面市时，在英国和北美，成千上万的孩子争相购买。书店举办了睡衣派对，邀请了一些魔术师表演，并提供曲奇饼和潘趣酒，可是没人需要这些，因为人们个个情绪高涨。有一次，顾客们发出了巨大的欢呼声，以致邻居们实在难以忍受而报了警。在美国北卡罗来纳州的夏洛特市“边界”连锁书店，12岁的艾琳·兰金一拿到书就快速翻到最后一页。“我听说有一个主角死了，我真的很想知道是谁，”她说。但是几分钟后她放弃了。“我做不到，我不能先看书的结尾。”

4 The only sour note in all the songs of joy over this phenomenon has come from some parents and conservative religious leaders who say Rowling advocates witchcraft. reading of the books has been challenged in 2

5 school districts in at least 17 states, and the books have been banned in schools in Kansas and Colorado. But that's nothing new, says Michael Patrick Hearn, a children's book scholar and editor of The Annotated Wizard, of Oz. "Any kind of magic is considered evil by some people," he says. "The Wizard of Oz was attacked by fundamentalists in the mid-1980s."

4在对“哈利波特”现象的一路欢歌中，出现的唯一一个不和谐音符来自干一些父母和保守的宗教领袖。他们认为罗琳在宣扬巫术。至少在17个州的25所学校校区内，阅读《哈利波特》受到了质疑，而在堪萨斯州和科罗拉多州的学校里，《哈利波特》系列丛书则被明令禁止。但是作为儿童图书专家和《绿野仙踪》的编辑，迈克尔·帕特里克·赫恩觉得这并不奇怪。“无论何种魔法都会被有些人视为邪恶，”他说，“《绿野仙踪》就曾经在80年代中期遭到正统派基督教徒们的抨击。”

5 But perhaps the most curious thing about the Potter phenomenon, especially given that it is all about books, is that almost no one has taken the time to say how good— or bad—these books are. The other day my 11-year-old daughter asked me if I thought Harry Potter was a classic. I gave her, I'm afraid, one of those adult-sounding answers when I said, "Time will tell." This was not an outright lie. There's no telling which books will survive from one generation to the next. But the fact is, I was hedging. What my daughter really wanted to know was how well J. K. Rowling stacks up against the likes of Robert Louis Stevenson or Madeleine L'Engle.

5但是对于“哈利波特”现象最让人感到好奇的事情可能是几乎没有人会花时间去讨论这些书有多好或者多糟，尤其是当这些评论仅仅涉及书本身的时候。有一天，11岁的女儿问我是否认为《哈利波特》是经典之作，我给出了一个

恐怕听起来十分成人化的回答，“时间会证明一切的。”这不能算是一个彻头彻尾的谎言，因为谁也没有办法预测有哪一本书能够代代相传。但事实上，我在闪烁其词。我女儿真正想知道的是：与罗伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森和马德琳·英格这一类人相比较，罗琳到底有多棒。

6 I could have told her that I thought they were beautifully crafted works of entertainment, the literary equivalent of Steven Spielberg. I could also have told her I thought the Potter books were derivative. They share so many elements with so many children's classics that sometimes it seems as though Rowling had assembled her novels from a kit. However, these novels amount to, much more than just the sum of their parts. The crucial aspect of their appeal is that they can be read by children and adults with equal pleasure. Only the best authors—and they can be as different as Dr. Seuss and Philip Pullman" and, yes, J.|K. Rowling—can pull that off.

6我本可以告诉她我认为这些书是精心构思的通俗作品，是堪比史蒂文·斯皮尔伯格之电影的文学作品。本来我还可以告诉她我认为《哈利波特》系列丛书没有什么新意，它们与众多儿童经典作品有太多相似之处，所以有时候会给读者一种感觉，仿佛罗琳组装编织了这些故事。但是，这些故事绝对不仅仅是各个部分的简单相加。它们如此受欢迎的关键之处就在于无论是大人还是小孩都能够从阅读中获得乐趣。只有最好的作家——他们能够与苏斯博士和菲利普·普尔曼，当然还有罗琳一样与众不同——才能够做到这一点。

7 P. L. Travers, the author of the Mary Poppins books, put it best when she wrote, "You do not chop off a section of your imaginative substance and make a book specifically for children, for—if you are honest— you have, in fact, no idea where childhood ends and maturity begins. It is all endless and all one. There is plenty for children and adults to enjoy in Rowling's books, starting with their language. Her prose may be unadorned, but her way with naming people and things reveals a quirky and original talent.

7《(欢乐满人间》的作者帕梅拉·林登·特拉弗斯概括得精辟至极。她写到，“你不能把你想象的东西砍掉一部分然后写成一本专给孩子看的书，坦白地说，因为事实上你根本无从知道童年究竟是什么时候结束，而成人期又是什么时候开始的。它们相互连接、浑然一体。”在罗琳的书中，从语言开始，就有足够多的让大人和孩子都喜欢的东西。也许她文风朴实，但是她给人和物取名的方式显示了独特的原创才能。

8 The best writers remember what it is like to be a child with astonishing intensity. Time and again, Rowling articulates just how defenseless even the bravest children often feel. Near the end of the second book Dumbledore, the wise and protective headmaster, is banished from Hogwarts. This terrifies Harry and his schoolmates—"With Dumbledore gone, fear had spread as never before"—and it terrified me. And in all of Rowling's books there runs an undercurrent of sadness and loss. In the first book the orphaned Harry stares into the Mirror of Erised, which shows the viewer his or her utmost desires. Harry sees his dead parents. "Not until I'd reread what I'd written did I realize that that had been taken entirely- entirely- from how I felt about my mother's death," Rowling said. "In fact, death and bereavement and what death means, I would say, is one of the central themes in all seven books." Do young readers pick up on all this deep intellectualism? Consciously, perhaps not. But I don't think the books would have their broad appeal if they were only exciting tales of magical adventure, and I know adults would not find them so enticing.

8优秀作家关注孩子特点的能力达到惊人的程度。罗琳不只一次地清楚表达出，即便是最勇敢的孩子也经常会表现得那么无助。在《哈利波特》(二)中，当那位智慧的、对学生呵护有加的魔法学校校长邓布利多被驱逐出霍格华兹

时，哈利和他的同学们都感到恐惧万分。“邓布利多走了，前所未有的恐惧蔓延开来。”而这也让我很害怕。在罗琳所有的书中都流淌着一种潜在的伤感与迷失。在《哈利波特》(一)中，变成孤儿的哈利盯着那面能够说出每个人内心深处愿望的厄里斯魔镜看，他看见了逝去的双亲。“直到我自己重读我写过的东西，我才意识到这个情节完完全全——完完全全地——来自于我对于母亲去世的感觉，”罗琳说，“事实上，我可以说，死亡、丧亲之痛以及死亡意味着什么是所有这七册书的中心主题之一。”而年轻的读者们能够领会这一份深刻的理性吗?也许不能自觉地做到这一点吧。但是我认为，如果这些书只是一些有关魔幻之旅的有趣的故事，那么它们就不可能有这么广泛的吸引力。而且我知道，那样的话成人就不会被它吸引。

9 The Harry Potter books aren't perfect. What I miss most in these novels is the presence of a great villain. And by great villain I mean an interesting villain. Long. John Silver is doubly frightening because he is both evil and charming. If he were all Bad, he wouldn't frighten us half as much. Voldemort is resistible precisely because he is just bad to the bone. That said, I should add that in the new book Rowling outdoes herself with a bad guy so seductive you'll never see him coming. And he is scary.

9《哈利波特》系列丛书不尽完美。在这些丛书中我最想看到的是一个绝妙的反面角色。我这里说的“绝妙的反面角色”是指“有趣的反面角色”。因为高个子约翰·希尔弗既邪恶又迷人，所以他才让人更觉害怕。如果他仅仅只是坏的话，他带给我们的恐怖感会减少一大半。伏地魔王让人抗拒就是因为他仅仅只是一个十足的坏蛋。这么一说，我想在罗琳超越自己的这本新书中加上这样一个反面角色。这个角色是如此的有魅力，你是永远也见不到的，而且他相当令人恐惧。

10 T hat quibble aside, Rowling?s novels are probably the best books children have everencountered that haven't been thrust upon them by an adult. I envy kids reading thesebooks, because there was nothing this good when I was a boy-nothing this good, I mean, that we found on our own, the way kids are finding Harry. We affectionately remember The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew, but try rereading them and their charm fades away pretty quickly. Rowling may not be as magisterial as Tolkien or as quirky as Dahl, but her books introduce fledgling readers to a very high standard of entertainment. With three books left to go in the series, it's too early to pass final judgment. But considering what we've seen so far, especially in the latest volume, Harry Potter has all the earmarks of a classic.

10除了这些吹毛求疵的意见，罗琳的书可能是孩子们所接触到的最好的书，而且阅读这些书也不是家长强加的任务。我羡慕那些阅读这些书的孩子，因为在我还是个孩子的时候，可没有这么好的东西——我的意思是说，我们没有通过自己去发现有这么好的东西，不像现在的孩子，他们找到了哈利。我们深深地记着哈迪男孩和南茜·朱尔，但是当我们尝试着重新阅读这些角色的时候，他们的魅力很快就散去了。罗琳的书也许不如托尔金的书那么具有权威性，也不如达尔的作品那般跌宕起伏，但是她的书将涉世未深的读者带入了一个相当高的娱乐水准。(《哈利波特》系列丛书还有三册尚未出版，现在下定论还为时尚早。但是，就目前我们看到的情况来看，特别是在最后一册，《哈利波特》具备了经典作品的所有特征。

Unit Four

The following text is extracted from Marriages and Families by Nijole V. Benokraitis.The book has been used as a textbook for sociology courses and women's studies in a number of universities in the United States. It highlights important contemporary changes in society and the family and explores the choices that are available to family members, as well as the constraints that many of us do not recognize. It examines the diversity of American families today, using cross-cultural and multicultural comparisons to encourage creative thinking about the many critical issues that confront the family of the twenty-first century.

下面的文章选自奈杰尔贝诺克瑞提斯的婚姻与家庭。此书在美国的一些大学里被用作社会学和妇女研究等课程的教材，它强调了在当代社会和家庭中所发生的重要变化，探索了家庭成员所面临的选择，以及我们很多人都还未意识到的种种约束。该书还审视了当今美国家庭的多样性，运用跨文化和多元文化的比较，以激发创造性思维来研究21世纪家庭所面临的许多严峻问题。

LOVE AND LOVING RELATIONSHIPS

Nijole V. Benokraitis

爱和情感连系

奈杰尔·贝诺克瑞提斯1 Love- as both an emotion and a behavior- is essential for human survival- The family is usually our earliest and most important source of love and emotional support. Babies and children deprived of love have been known to develop a wide variety of problems- for example, depression, headaches, physiological impairments, and neurotic and psychosomatic difficulties- that sometimes last a lifetime. In contrast, infants who are loved and cuddled typically gain more weight, cry less, and smile more. By five years of age, they have been found to have significantly higher IQs and to score higher on language tests.

1爱，对于人类的生存是不可或缺的。它既是一种情感，又是一种行为。家庭通常是我们最早和最重要的爱和情感支持的来源。众所周知，缺乏爱的婴幼儿会产生各种各样的问题，如抑郁症、头痛、生理残疾、神经质或身心疾病，这些病有时会伴随他们一生。而对比之下，拥有爱和拥抱的婴儿通常体重增加得快，哭得少，而笑得多。到了五岁时，他们的智商和语言测试的分数明显比前一类儿童高得多。

2 Much research shows that the quality of care infants receive affects how they later get along with friends, how well they do in school, how they react to new and possibly stressful situations, and how they form and maintain loving relationships as adults. It is for these reasons that people's early intimate relationships within their family of origin1 are so critical. Children who are raised in impersonal environments (orphanage, some foster homes, or unloving families) show emotional and social underdevelopment, language and motor skills retardation, and mental health problems.

2很多研究发现婴儿获得关爱的质量会影响到他们以后的交友，在学校的表现，如何应对陌生的或可能充满压力的情况，以及他们成年后如何建立并且维系情感连系。正是因为这些原因，人们与家庭成员的早期亲密关系才如此至关重要。在人情冷漠的环境中(如孤儿院，某些寄养家庭，或缺乏关爱的家庭)长大的孩子会出现情感和社会性发育不良，语言和运动技能迟缓，以及精神健康问题。

杜甫诗三首翻译

杜甫诗三首课文原文及注释 秋兴八首(其一)① 玉露②凋伤③枫树林，巫山巫峡气萧森④。 江间波浪兼天⑤涌，塞上⑥风云接地阴。 丛菊两开⑦他日⑧泪，孤舟一系⑨故园心。 寒衣⑩处处催刀尺，白帝城高急暮砧。 ———————————— １.选自《杜诗详注》（中华书局1979年版）。这组诗共八首，是唐代宗大历元年（766）杜甫流寓夔州（今重庆春节时所作），这里所选的是第一首。秋兴，就是借秋天的景色古物抒怀的意思。 ２.玉露：秋天的霜露，因其白，故以玉喻之。 ３.凋伤：草木在秋风中凋落。 ４.萧森：萧瑟阴森。 ５.兼天：连天。 ６.塞上：指巫山。 ７.两开：杜甫去年秋天在云安，今年秋天在夔州，从离开成都算起，已历两秋，故云"两开"。"开"字双关，一谓菊花开，又言泪眼开。 ８.他日：往日，指多年来的艰难岁月。 ９.系：指系舟上岸。 １０.寒衣：指冬天穿的衣服 １１.催刀尺：指赶裁冬衣。"处处催"，见得家家如此。 １２.白帝城，即今奉节城，在瞿塘峡上口北岸的山上，与夔门隔岸相对。急暮砧：黄昏时急促的捣衣声。砧：捣衣石。 咏怀古迹·其三

群山万壑赴荆门，生长明妃尚有村。 一去紫台连朔漠，独留青冢向黄昏， 画图省识春风面，环佩空归夜月魂。 千载琵琶作胡语，分明怨恨曲中论。 ———————————————— １、明妃：即王嫱、王昭君，汉元帝宫人，晋时因避司马昭讳改称明君，后人又称明妃。昭君村在归州（今湖北秭归县）东北四十里，与夔州相近。 ２、尚有村：还留下生长她的村庄，即古迹之意。 ３、一去句：昭君离开汉宫，远嫁匈奴后，从此不再回来，永远和朔漠连在一起了。紫台：犹紫禁，帝王所居。江淹《恨赋》：“明妃去时，仰天太息。紫台稍远， 关山无极。”朔漠：北方沙漠，指匈奴所居之地。 ４、画图句：意谓元帝对着画图岂能看清她的美丽容颜。 ５、环佩句：意谓昭君既死在匈奴不得归，只有她的魂能月夜归来，故曰“空归”。 应上“向黄昏”。环佩：妇女装饰品，指昭君。 ６、千载两句：琵琶本西域胡人乐器，相传汉武帝以公主（实为江都王女）嫁西域乌 孙，公主悲伤，胡人乃于马上弹琵琶以娱之。因昭君事与乌孙公主远嫁有类似处， 故推想如此。又《琴操》也记昭君在外，曾作怨思之歌，后人名为《昭君怨》。 作胡语：琵琶中的胡音。曲中论：曲中的怨诉。 登高① 风急天高猿啸哀，渚(zhǔ)②清沙白鸟飞回③。

大学英语精读第一册课文翻译全

Unit1 课程开始之际，就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其时。 Some Strategies or Learning English 学习英语绝非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种。 1. 不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差？其实，责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑，必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习，有用的词汇必须牢记，而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2．密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过，为什么我们说我对英语感兴趣是I'm 湩整敲瑳摥椠?湅汧獩屨，而说我精于法语则是???潧摯愠?牆湥档？你可曾问过自己，为什么以英语为母语的人说获悉消息或秘密是汜慥湲琠敨渠睥?牯猠捥敲屴，而获悉某人的成功或到来却是汜慥湲漠?潳敭湯?环猠捵散獳漠?牡楲慶屬？这些都是惯用法的例子。在学习英语时，你不仅必须注意词义，还必须注意以英语为母语的人在日常生活中如何使用它。 3．每天听英语。经常听英语不仅会提高你的听力，而且有助你培养说的技能。除了专为课程准备的语言磁带外，你还可以听英语广播，看英语电视和英语电影。第一次听录好音的英语对话或语段，你也许不能听懂很多。先试着听懂大意，然后再反复地听。你会发现每次重复都会听懂更多的东西。 4．抓住机会说。的确，在学校里必须用英语进行交流的场合并不多，但你还是可以找到练习讲英语的机会。例如，跟你的同班同学进行交谈可能就是得到一些练习的一种轻松愉快的方式。还可以找校园里以英语为母语的人跟他们随意交谈。或许练习讲英语最容易的方式是高声朗读，因为这在任何时间，任何地方，不需要搭档就可以做到。例如，你可以看着图片18 / 1 或身边的物件，试着对它们详加描述。你还可以复述日常情景。在商店里购物或在餐馆里吃完饭付过账后，假装这一切都发生在一个讲英语的国家，试着用英语把它表演出来。 5．广泛阅读。广泛阅读很重要，因为在我们的学习环境中，阅读是最重要、最可靠的语言输入来源。在选择阅读材料时，要找你认为有趣的、不需要过多依赖词典就能看懂的东西。开始时每天读一页是个好办法。接下去，你就会发现你每天可以读更多页，而且能对付难度更高的材料。6．经常写。写作是练习你已经学会的东西的好方法。除了老师布置的作文，你还可以找到自己要写的理由。有个笔友可以提供很好的动力；与某个跟你趣味相投但来自不同文化的人进行交流，你会学到很多东西。经常写作的其他方式还有记日记，写小故事或概述每天的新闻。 语言学习是一个积累的过程。从读和听中吸收尽量多的东西，然后再试着把学到的东西通过说和写加以运用，定会大有收益。 Unit2 弗朗西斯·奇切斯特在六十五岁时开始了只身环球航行。本文记述的就是这一冒险故事。 Sailing Round the Word 弗朗西斯·奇切斯特在独自驾船作环球航行之前，已有好几次让他的朋友们感到吃惊了。他曾试图作环球飞行，但没有成功。那是1931年。 好多年过去了。他放弃了飞行，开始航海。他领略到航海的巨大乐趣。奇切斯特在首届横渡大西洋单人航海比赛中夺魁时，已经五十八岁。他周游世界的宿愿重又被唤起，不过这一次他是要驾船环游。由于他患有肺癌，朋友们和医生们都认为他不该去，但奇切斯特决意实施自己的计划。

初二杜甫诗三首原文及翻译

《望岳》（东岳泰山） 岱(dài)宗夫（fú)如何?齐鲁青未了。 造化钟神秀，阴阳割昏晓。 荡胸生曾云，决眦(zì)入归鸟。 会当凌绝顶，一览众山小。 翻译： 五岳之首泰山的景象怎么样？在齐鲁大地上看不尽它的青色。 大自然把山岳的奇异景象全都赋予了泰山，它使山南山北一面明亮一面昏暗，截然不同。 层层云升腾，跳荡心胸，飞鸟归山，映入眼帘。 一定要登上泰山的顶峰，那时眺望，四周重重山峦定会看起来显得渺小 《春望》 国破山河在，城春草木深。 感时花溅泪，恨别鸟惊心。 烽火连三月，家书抵万金。 白头搔更短，浑欲不胜簪。 翻译： 长安沦陷国家破碎，只有山河依旧， 春天来了城空人稀，草木茂密深沉。 感伤国事面对繁花，难禁涕泪四溅， 亲人离散鸟鸣惊心，反觉增加离恨。 立春以来战火频连，已经蔓延三月， 家在州音讯难得，一信抵值万金。 愁绪缠绕搔头思考，白发越搔越短， 头发脱落既短又少，简直不能插簪。 《石壕吏》 暮投石壕村，有吏夜捉人。 老翁越墙走，老妇出门看。 吏呼一何怒！妇啼一何苦！ 听妇前致词：“三男邺城戍， 一男附书至，二男新战死。 存者且偷生，死者长已矣！ 室中更无人，惟有乳下孙， 有孙母未去，出入无完裙。

老妪力虽衰，请从吏夜归， 急应河阳役，犹得备晨炊。” 夜久语声绝，如闻泣幽咽。 天明登前途，独与老翁别。 差役吼叫多么凶狠，老妇人啼哭多么痛苦！ 翻译： 傍晚投宿石壕村，有差役在晚上来抓人。老头越过墙逃跑，老妇出门去察看。差役吼叫多么凶狠，老妇人啼哭多么痛苦！ 我听到老妇人走上前去对差役说话：三个儿子应征防守邺城。一个儿子捎信回来，两个儿子最近作战死亡。活着的人暂且活一天算一天，死去的人永远完了！家里再没有别的男丁，只有还在吃奶的孙子。因为有孙子在，他的母亲还没有离去，出出进进没有完整的衣服。老妇我力气虽然衰弱，请让我跟随你在今晚回兵营去，赶快应征到河南去服役，还能够为军队准备明天的早饭。 夜深了，说话的声音没有了，好像听到了有人隐隐约约地哭。天亮了，我登程赶路，只能同那个老头告别。 中心思想： 《石壕吏》这首叙事诗，叙述官吏夜捉人，老妇啼诉语言和她的被捉，表现出老妇一家的悲惨遭遇，反映了安史之乱给人民造成的严重灾难，体现了诗人对苦难人民的深刻同情。

大学英语第一册课文翻译

新编大学英语（第二版）第一册阅读文参考译文 Unit One 以生命相赠 1 炸弹落在了这个小村庄里。在可怕的越南战争期间，谁也不知道这些炸弹要轰炸什么目标，而他们却落在了一所有传教士们办的小孤儿院内。 2 传教士和一两个孩子已经丧生，还有几个孩子受了伤，其中有一个小女孩，8岁左右，她的双腿被炸伤。 3 几小时后，医疗救援小组到了。救援小组由一名年轻的美国海军医生和一名同样年轻的海军护士组成。他们很快发现有个小女孩伤势严重。如果不立即采取行动，显然她就会因失血过多和休克而死亡。 4 他们明白必须给小女孩输血，但是他们的医药用品很有限，没有血浆，因此需要相配血型的血。快速的血型测定显示两名美国人的血型都不合适，而几个没有受伤的孤儿却有相配的血型。 5 这位医生会讲一点越南语，忽视会讲一点法语，但只有中学的法语水平。孩子们不会说英语，只会说一点法语。医生和护士用少得可怜的一点共同语言，结合大量的手势，努力向这些受惊吓的孩子们解释说，除非他们能输一些血给自己的小伙伴，否则她将必死无疑。接着问他们是否有人愿意献血来救小女孩。 6 对医生和护士的请求，孩子们（只是）瞪大眼睛，一声不吭。此时小病人生命垂危。然而，只有这些受惊吓的孩子中有人自愿献血，他们才能够得到血。过了好一会儿，一只小手慢慢地举了起来，然后垂了下去，一会儿又举了起来。 7 “噢，谢谢，”护士用法语说。“你叫什么名字？” 8 “兴，”小男孩回答道。 9 兴很快被抱到一张床上，手臂用酒精消毒后，针就扎了进去。在整个过程中，兴僵直地躺着，没有出声。 10 过了一会儿，他发出了一声长长的抽泣，但立即用那只可以活动的手捂住了自己的脸。 11 “兴，疼吗？”医生问。 12 兴默默地摇了摇头，但一会儿忍不住又抽泣起来，并又一次试图掩饰自己的哭声。医生又问是不是插在手臂上的针弄疼了他，兴又摇了摇头。

杜甫诗三首原文及翻译_1166

杜甫诗三首原文及翻译 篇一：杜甫诗三首注释译文 篇二：杜甫诗三首翻译 杜甫诗三首课文原文及注释 秋兴八首(其一)① 玉露②凋伤③枫树林，巫山巫峡气萧森④。 江间波浪兼天⑤涌，塞上⑥风云接地阴。 丛菊两开⑦他日⑧泪，孤舟一系⑨故园心。 寒衣⑩处处催刀尺，白帝城高急暮砧。———————————— １.选自《杜诗详注》（中华书局1979年版）。这组诗共八首，是唐代宗大历元年（766）杜甫流寓夔州（今重庆春节时所作），这里所选的是第一首。秋兴，就是借秋天的景色古物抒怀的意思。

２.玉露：秋天的霜露，因其白，故以玉喻之。 ３.凋伤：草木在秋风中凋落。 ４.萧森：萧瑟阴森。 ５.兼天：连天。 ６.塞上：指巫山。 ７.两开：杜甫去年秋天在云安，今年秋天在夔州，从离开成都算起，已历两秋，故云"两开"。"开"字双关，一谓菊花开，又言泪眼开。 ８.他日：往日，指多年来的艰难岁月。 ９.系：指系舟上岸。 １０.寒衣：指冬天穿的衣服 １１.催刀尺：指赶裁冬衣。"处处催"，见得家家如此。

１２.白帝城，即今奉节城，在瞿塘峡上口北岸的山上，与夔门隔岸相对。急暮砧：黄昏时急促的捣衣声。砧：捣衣石。 咏怀古迹·其三 群山万壑赴荆门，生长明妃尚有村。一去紫台连朔漠，独留青冢向黄昏，画图省识春风面，环佩空归夜月魂。千载琵琶作胡语，分明怨恨曲中论。————————————————１、明妃：即王嫱、王昭君，汉元帝宫人，晋时因避司马昭讳改称明君，后人又称明妃。昭君村在归州（今湖北秭归县）东北四十里，与夔州相近。２、尚有村：还留下生长她的村庄，即古迹之意。３、一去句：昭君离开汉宫，远嫁匈奴后，从此不再回来，永远和朔漠连在一起了。紫台：犹紫禁，帝王所居。江淹《恨赋》：“明妃去时，仰天太息。紫台稍远，关山无极。”朔漠：北方沙漠，指匈奴所居之地。４、画图句：意谓元帝对着画图岂能看清她的美丽容颜。５、环佩句：意谓昭君既死在匈奴不得归，只有她的魂能月夜归来，故曰“空归”。 应上“向黄昏”。环佩：妇女装饰品，指昭君。 ６、千载两句：琵琶本西域胡人乐器，相传汉武帝以公主（实为江都王女）嫁西域乌

英语第一册翻译

1.自从有了移动电话后，他再也没有给朋友写信了。(no longer) Answer:He has no longer written to his friends ever since he got a mobile phone. 2. 尽管很忙，他每天至少花两小时上网(surf the Internet)，了解这个领域的最新动态。(even though) Answer:Even though he is very busy, he spends at least two hours every day surfing the Internet in order to know about the latest developments in this field. 3. 李教授在毕业典礼上作了一个简短的讲话，他的话深深铭刻在我的记忆中。(impress upon) Answer:Professor Li gave a short speech at the commencement. His words were / What he said was strongly impressed upon my memory. 4. 讲到期末考试，学生们一点儿都不紧张，他们满脸都是自信。(confidence) Answer:Talking of the final exams, the students were not nervous at all. There was full confidence on every one's face. 5. 在30分钟内写出一篇约100个词的短文，对于他们班大多数学生来说不过是小菜一碟。(snap) Answer:To write a short passage of about 100 words in 30 minutes would be a snap to most students in their class. 2. 1 Outside the reception room, a group of job hunters huddled around the receptionist, asking about the interview due to begin in a few minutes. 2 With all this assurance of her working experiences she felt ready and able to find a job in the big company. 3 The parents' smiles broadened as they noted that their sons and daughters appeared at the entrance. 4 I just want to impress upon you that even though your thesis may pass, there are still some grammatical mistakes to be corrected. 5 The years have obscured the face of the doctor, but not her kindness towards the patients. 3. 1. 我发觉自己对英语口语有着浓厚的兴趣。(find... doing) Answer:I've found myself having great interest in spoken English.

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又是一翻。明代胡震亨极赞此联说：“对偶未尝不精，而纵横变幻，尽越陈规，浓浓淡淡，动夺天巧。”《唐音癸签》卷九“感时花溅泪，恨别鸟惊心。”这两句一般解释是，花鸟本为娱人之物，但因感时恨别，却使诗人见了反而堕泪惊心。另一种解释为，以花鸟拟人，感时伤别，花也溅泪，鸟也惊心。两说虽则有别，其精神却能相通，一则触景生情，一则移情于物，正见好诗含蕴之丰富。诗的前四句，都统在“望”字中。诗人俯仰瞻视，视线由近而远，又由远而近，视野从城到山河，再由满城到花鸟。感情则由隐而显，由弱而强，步步推进。在景与情的变化中，仿佛可见诗人由翘首望景，逐步地转入了低头沉思，自然地过渡到后半部分——想望亲人。“烽火连三月，家书抵万金。”自安史叛乱以来，“烽火苦教多信断”，直到如今春深三月，战火仍连续不断。多么盼望家中亲人的消息，这时的一封家信真是胜过“万金”啊!“家书抵万金”，写出了消息隔绝久盼音讯不至时的急切心情，这是人人心中所有的想法，很自然地使人共鸣，因而成了千古传诵的名句。“白头搔更短，浑欲不胜簪。”烽火遍地，家信不通，想念远方的惨戚之象，眼望面前的颓败之景，不觉于极无聊之际，搔首踌躇，顿觉稀疏短发，几不胜簪。“白发”为愁所致，“搔”为想要解愁的动作，“更短”可见愁的程度。这样，在国破家亡，离乱伤痛之外，又叹息衰老，则更增一层悲哀。希望通过这篇春望翻译能使大家更加深入的理解这篇文章。 篇二：望岳春望译文赏析 望岳

杜甫诗三首赏析有答案

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C.当胸生曾云，决眦入归鸟。 D.会当凌绝顶，一览众山小。 ②名句恒久远，千古永流传。请谈谈你对千古传诵的名句“会当凌绝顶，一览众山小”的理解。（2分）(＇09襄樊市) 这里是化用了孔子的名言“登泰山而小天下”，在这里却有深刻的含义：它不止是诗人要攀登泰山极顶的誓言，也是诗人要攀登人生顶峰的誓言。 （或“这句富有哲理的话表达了作者不怕困难、敢于攀登绝顶、俯视一切的雄心和气概”；或“这句话抒发了诗人的壮志情怀：昂扬向上、积极进取、勇于攀登、俯视一切……”若从诗句字面含义去理解也可。2分） ③“会当凌绝顶，一览众山小”寓含的人生哲理是什么？(＇03河南省) 站得高，看得远。只有登上绝顶才能俯视一切。只有努力战胜困难，才能享受成功后的自豪与喜悦。（答出任意一点即可，从其他角度言之成理也可。） ④画线句写出泰山什么样的特点？表达了诗人的什么感情？（3分）(＇12昭通市)［画线句：会当凌绝顶，一览众山小。］ 写出泰山雄伟高峻的特点（1分），表现诗人不怕困难、敢于攀登绝顶、俯视一切的雄心和气概（2分）。 ⑤“会当凌绝顶，一览众山小”两句体现了诗人怎样的思想感情？（2分）(＇06徐州市) 表达了诗人不怕困难、誓要攀登自己人生顶峰、实现自己的远大抱负的雄心壮志。 ⑥这首诗最后一联抒发了诗人怎样的思想感情？(＇11湛江市) 不畏艰难，勇于攀高的豪气壮志。 ⑦“会当凌绝顶，一览众山小”体现了青年杜甫英姿勃发的情怀，读了这千古名句之后，你有什么感受？（3分）(＇06百色市) 开放性试题，言之有理即可。 选择题 ①下面对诗的理解分析，错误的一项是：（ D ）（2分）(＇06百色市) A.这首诗是现存杜诗中年代最早的一首，字里行间洋溢着杜甫蓬蓬勃勃的朝气。 B.全诗没有一个“望”字，但句句写向岳而望。 C.颔联写近望所见泰山的神奇秀丽和巍峨高大的形象。 D.诗的前六句在“望”字上下功夫，后两句是诗人登上泰山后的感受。

新概念英语第一册课文及翻译

新概念英语第一册 Lesson1: Excuse me! Excuse me! Yes? Is this your handbag? Pardon? Is this your handbag? Yes, it is. Thank you very much. 对不起 什么事？ 这是您的手提包吗？ 对不起，请再说一遍。 这是您的手提包吗？ 是的，是我的。 非常感谢！ Lesson 3:Sorry sir. My coat and my umbrella please. Here is my ticket. Thank you sir. Number five. Here is your umbrella and your coat. This is not my umbrella. Sorry sir. Is this your umbrella? No, it isn't. Is this it? Yes, it is. Thank you very much. 请把我的大衣和伞拿给我。 这是我（寄存东西）的牌子。 谢谢，先生。 是5号。 这是您的伞和大衣 这不是我的伞。 对不起，先生。 这把伞是您的吗？ 不，不是！ 这把是吗？ 是，是这把 非常感谢。 Lesson 5: Nice to meet you. Good morning.

Good morning, Mr. Blake. This is Miss Sophie Dupont. Sophie is a new student. She is a French. Sophie, this is Hans. He is German. Nice to meet you. And this is Naoko. She’s Japanese. Nice to meet you. And this is Chang-woo. He’s Korean. Nice to meet you. And this is Luming. He’s Chinese. Nice to meet you. And this is Xiaohui. She’s Chinese, too. Nice to meet you. 布莱克先生：早上好。 学生：早上好，布莱克先生。 布莱克先生：这位是索菲娅.杜邦小姐。索菲娅是个新学生。她是法国人。布莱克先生：索菲娅，这位是汉斯。他是德国人。 汉斯：很高兴见到你。 布莱克先生：这位是直子。她是日本人。 直子：很高兴见到你。 布莱克先生：这位是昌宇。他是韩国人。 昌宇：很高兴见到你。 布莱克先生：这位是鲁明。他是中国人。 鲁明：很高兴见到你。 布莱克先生：这位是晓惠。她也是中国人。 晓惠：很高兴见到你。 Lesson 7: Are you a teacher? I’m a new student. My name’s Robert. Nice to meet you. My name’s Sophie. Are you French? Yes, I’m. Are you French, too? No, I’m not. What nationality are you? I’m Italian.

人教版语文杜甫诗三首

八年级（上）语文导学案 课题：《杜甫诗三首》 课型：讲读新授课时：3 主备：李艳芳审核：初二语文组 【学习目标】 1、知识目标：了解律诗的有关知识。 2、能力目标：鉴赏本诗情景交融的写法。 3、情感目标：体味诗人抒写因战乱而长年流落他乡、不能东归长安的悲哀和对干戈不息、国运危迫的担忧的情感。精读课要解决四个问题：诗中写了什么，怎么写的，为什么写，这样写的好处。联想和想象是品赏意境的好办法。 【学习过程】 一、课前准备 1、文学常识 （1）杜甫是____代大诗人，字________，他被称作________，其诗作被称作________，都收集在________。 （2）“三吏”是指杜甫写的______、_______、_______；“三别”是指他写的______、_______、_______；“三吏”“三别”是他现实主义诗篇的光辉顶点，具有划时代的意义。 2、给下列字词注音 （1）岱宗夫如何岱（）（2）决眦入归鸟眦（） （3）白头搔更短搔（）（4）浑欲不胜簪簪（） （5）老翁逾墙走逾（）（6）三男邺城戍邺（）戍（） （7）如闻泣幽咽咽（）（8）老妪力虽衰妪（） 3．解释下面的词。 （1）造化钟神秀钟：（2）阴阳割昏晓阴：阳： （3）会当凌绝顶会当：（4）浑欲不胜簪浑： （5）吏呼一何怒一何：（6）老翁逾墙走逾：走： （7）急应河阳役应：（8）独与老翁别别： 4．填空 《春望》中反映诗人忧国思家的愁苦之心的诗句是：；《石壕吏》中描写兵役之苛酷的句子是；描写战争之惨烈的诗句 是；暗示老妇已被抓走的诗句是。5．判断正误，正确的打“√”，错误的打“×”。 （1）《望岳》一诗虽没有一个“望”字，但全诗句句写向岳而望，字里行间洋溢着青年杜甫蓬蓬勃勃的朝气。（）（2）“荡胸生层云，决眦入归鸟”、“感时花溅泪，恨别鸟惊心”都运用了对偶的修辞方法。（）（3）《石壕吏》是一首五言古体诗，是李白写的组诗“三吏”、“三别”中的其中一首。（） 品味研讨 结合课下注释理解诗歌内容，讨论以下问题 1、诗题为《望岳》，但全诗没有一个“望”字，那么，它是怎样得以体现的呢？

【精品】：大学英语精读第一册课文翻译[1]

【精品】：大学英语精读第一册课文翻译[1] 大学英语精读第三版第一册课文翻译 Unit1 课程开始之际，就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其时。 Some Strategies or Learning English 学习英语绝非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习 策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种。 1. 不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差,其实，责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头 脑，必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习，有用的词汇必须牢记，而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2(密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过，为什么我们说 "我对英语感兴趣"是"I'm interested in English"，而说"我精于法语"则是"I'm good at French", 获悉消息或秘密"是"learn the 你可曾问过自己，为什么以英语为母语的人说" news or secret"，而"获悉某人的成功或到来"却是"learn of someone's success or arrival",这些都是惯用法的例子。在学习英语时，你不仅必须注意词义， 还必须注意以英语为母语的人在日常生活中如何使用它。

3(每天听英语。经常听英语不仅会提高你的听力，而且有助你培养说的技能。 除了专为课程准备的语言磁带外，你还可以听英语广播，看英语电视和英语电影。第一次听录好音的英语对话或语段，你也许不能听懂很多。先试着听懂大意，然后再反复地听。你会发现每次重复都会听懂更多的东西。 4(抓住机会说。的确，在学校里必须用英语进行交流的场合并不多，但你还是 可以找到练习讲英语的机会。例如，跟你的同班同学进行交谈可能就是得到一些练习的一种轻松愉快的方式。还可以找校园里以英语为母语的人跟他们随意交谈。或许练习讲英语最容易的方式是高声朗读，因为这在任何时间，任何地方，不需要搭档就可以做到。例如，你可以看着图片或身边的物件，试着对它们详加描述。你还可以复述日常情景。在商店里购物或在餐馆里吃完饭付过账后，假装这一切都发生在一个讲英语的国家，试着用英语把它表演出来。 5(广泛阅读。广泛阅读很重 要，因为在我们的学习环境中，阅读是最重要、最可靠的语言输入来源。在选择阅读材料时，要找你认为有趣的、不需要过多依赖 1 词典就能看懂的东西。开始时每天读一页是个好办法。接下去，你就会发现你 每天可以读更多页，而且能对付难度更高的材料。 6(经常写。写作是练习你已经学会的东西的好方法。除了老师布置的作文，你 还可以找到自己要写的理由。有个笔友可以提供很好的动力;与某个跟你趣味相投 但来自不同文化的人进行交流，你会学到很多东西。经常写作的其他方式还有记日记，写小故事或概述每天的新闻。 语言学习是一个积累的过程。从读和听中吸收尽量多的东西，然后再试着把学 到的东西通过说和写加以运用，定会大有收益。 Unit2 奇切斯特在六十五岁时开始了只身环球航行。本文记述的就是这一冒弗朗西斯?

大学英语第一册课后翻译

Unit 1 1. When I knew the details I realized that I should not have lost my temper in the office. 2. I don’t / didn’t know Bob very well, but we go / went out for an occasional drink together. 3. The meeting is supposed to take place on Tuesday, but we have to postpone it / put it off. 4. Our government took action to bring / get all the Chinese in that country back to China. 5. Including weekends, there are only 12 more days to buy Christmas presents / gifts. 6 .Without immediate action, many kinds / species of wild animals would die from hunger. Unit 3 1. You won’t get the job unless you’ve got the experience. 2. I spent most of my time studying the differences between Chinese and American cultures. 3. The statement is so clear that it can’t cause any misunderstanding. 4. He wishes he could give her more help than he does. 5. Remember to invite her to the birthday party, or she would complain.

杜甫诗三首导学案(教师版)

《杜甫诗三首》导学案 第一课时秋兴八首（其一） 【学习目标】 1、通过诗歌的诵读与品味，体会古典诗歌之美 2、感受诗歌的深沉感情，领会诗歌主旨 3、赏析名句，体会杜甫沉郁顿挫的诗风 【课前预习】 一、作者介绍 杜甫（712——770），字子美，生于河南巩县（今河南省巩县），是明诗人杜审言的孙子。因曾居长安城南少陵，故自称少陵野老，世称杜少陵。三十五岁以前读书与游历。天宝年间到长安，仕进无门，困顿了十年，才获得右卫率府胄曹参军的小职。安史之乱开始，他流亡颠沛，竟为叛军所俘；脱险后，授官左拾遗。乾元二年（七五九），他弃官西行，最后到四川，定居成都一度在剑南节度使严武幕中任检校工部员外郎，故又有杜工部之称。晚年举家东迁，途中留滞夔州二年，出峡。漂泊鄂、湘一带，贫病而卒。 杜甫生活在唐朝由盛转衰的历史时期，其诗多涉笔社会动荡、政治黑暗、人民疾苦，被誉为“诗史”。其人忧国忧民，人格高尚，诗艺精湛，被后世尊为“诗圣”。 杜甫善于运用古典诗歌的许多体制，并加以创造性地发展。他是新乐府诗体的开路人。他的乐府诗，促成了中唐时期新乐府运动的发展。他的五七古长篇，亦诗亦史，展开铺叙，而又着力于全篇的回旋往复，标志着我国诗歌艺术的高度成就。杜甫在五七律上也表现出显著的创造性，积累了关于声律、对仗、炼字炼句等完整的艺术经验，使这一体裁达到完全成熟的阶段。有《杜工部集》传世。 二、文体常识 古体诗和近体诗： 古体诗也叫古诗、古风。古体诗就是古代的自由诗，每首诗有多少句，每句有多少字，如何押韵，都没有规定。为了便于大家掌握，我们以唐代为界来说。唐代以前的诗都是古体诗，这包括《诗经》中的诗、《楚辞》中的诗、《汉乐府》中的诗及“三曹”诗歌、陶渊明的诗歌等。唐代及唐代以后，诗人们也写了许多古体诗，比如李白写的《古风五十九首》。一般来说，唐代及唐代以后，诗人们借乐府旧题所写的诗歌都是古体诗。也就是说，诗题中凡出现“歌”“行”“吟”“引”“弄”“操”“曲”等字样的都该属于古体诗，如李白的《梦游天姥吟留别》、杜甫的《茅屋为秋风所破歌》、白居易的《琵琶行》等。 近体诗也叫今体诗，是相对于古体诗而言的格律诗。近体诗在唐代初年正式形成。它包括绝句、律诗、排律。绝句共四句，每句五字的叫五绝，每句七字的叫七绝，二四句押韵，首句可入韵，也可不入韵，没有对仗要求。律诗共八句，每句五字的叫五律，每句七字的叫七律，偶数句押韵，首句可入韵，也可不入韵。律诗每两句为一联，分别称为首联、颔联、颈联、尾联，颔联和颈联必须对仗。排律十句以上，像律诗一样，除首尾两联外，中间各联都对仗，押韵也和律诗一样。近体诗用字还要讲究平仄，有“一三五不论，二四六分明”的说法。举例来说，我们所熟悉的杜甫的《客至》《旅夜书怀》《阁夜》《登岳阳楼》等都是十分典型的律诗。 三、背景介绍 《秋兴八首·其一》是诗人于唐代宗大历元年（766年）流寓夔州（今重庆奉节）时的作品。持续八年的安史之乱，至广德元年（763）始告结束，而吐蕃、回纥又乘虚而入，藩镇拥兵割据，战乱四起唐王朝难以复兴。此时，老友严武去世，杜甫在成都的生活失去依靠，遂沿江东下，滞留夔州。诗人时年已经50多岁，常年卧病在床，知交零落，壮志难酬，心情寂寞、抑郁。《秋兴八首·其一》融合了夔州萧条的秋色、凄凉的秋声、诗人暮年多病的苦况和关心国家命运的深情，悲壮苍凉，意境深闳。 四、疏通诗歌内容，基本把握诗歌 解释重点字词并尝试用现代语言表达诗歌内容，最好翻译成为现代诗

英语翻译第一册

Unit 1 1. 史密斯太太对我抱怨说，她经常发现与自己十六岁的女儿简直无法沟通。 Mrs. Smith complained to me that she often found it simply impossible to communicate with her 16-year-old daughter 2. 我坚信，阅读简写的|(simplified) |英文小说是扩大我们词汇量的一种轻松愉快的方 法。 I firmly believe that reading simplified English novels is an easy and enjoyable way of enlarging our vocabulary 3. 我认为我们在保护环境不受污染|(pollution) |方面还做得不够。 I don’t think we’re doing enough to protect our environment from pollution 4. 除了每周写作文外，我们的英语老师还给我们布置了八本书在暑假里阅读。 In addition to/Apart from writing compositions on a weekly basis, our English teacher assigned us eight books to read during the summer vacation. 5. 我们从可靠的消息来源获悉下学期一位以英语为母语的人将要教我们英语口语。 We’ve learned from reliable sources that a native English speaker is going to teach us spoken English next term/semester. 6. 经常看英语电影不仅会提高你的听力，而且还会帮助你培养说的技能。 Seeing English movies on a regular basis will not only improve your ear, but will also help you build your speaking skills. 7. 如果你们对这些学习策略有什么问题，请随便问我。我将更详细地进行讲解。 If you have any questions about these learning strategies, please feel free to ask me. And I’ll explain them in greater detail. 8. 那个加拿大女孩善于抓住每个机会讲汉语。这就是她为什么三年不到就熟练地掌握了汉 语口语的原因。 The Canadian girl is good at seizing every opportunity to speak Chinese. That’s why she has gained a good command of spoken Chinese in less than three years. Unit 2 . 1.幸好附近有家医院，我们立刻把他送到了那里。 Fortunately there was a hospital nearby and we took him there at once. 2. 胜利登上乔治岛(George Island) 后，船长向指挥部(the headquarters) 发了一份 无线电报。 After succeeding in landing on George Island, the captain sent a radio message to the headquarters. 3. 他决心继续他的实验，不过这一次他将用另一种方法来做。He is determined to continue his experiment but this time he'll do it another way. 4.她在读这部小说时，不禁想起了她在农村度过的那五年。 When she read the novel, she couldn't help thinking of the five years she had spent in the countryside. 5. 玛丽觉得单靠自己的力量执行她的计划是困难的。 Mary thought it difficult to carry out her plan all by herself.