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EXPLORATIONS - Four Companies Working for the Common Good Instead of Profit

is also being used to feed children in Malawi, Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of Congo. And, Plumpy’nut was used to help feed victims of tsunami waves in the Indian Ocean in December, two thousand four.

VOICE ONE:

The substance can be given to families without the need to go to feeding centers. It comes ready to eat. It does not have to be mixed with water, the way dry milk does. Clean drinking water is often in short supply in crisis situations. Nutriset says Plumpy'nut can stay fresh for two years. Individual servings are ninety-two grams.

Michel Lescanne started Nutriset in nineteen eighty-six to make food for humanitarian aid. The company has a small factory in Malaunay, France. It says it reinvests its profits into research and development. Nutriset also makes products like dry milk that are traditionally used to fight hunger. In times of crisis, the company will set up emergency operations twenty-four hours a day.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

The Institute for One World Health is the first not-for-profit drug company in the United States. It is working to improve the health of the world’s poorest people. Victoria Hale started the company in two thousand. The institute develops safe and low-cost medicines for people with infectious diseases in the developing world.

The Institute for One World Health identifies possible new drugs that have been developed but not fully tested. Often, drug companies will research and develop medicines to treat diseases that affect poor people. However, such projects often end because of a lack of money.

VOICE ONE:

This is when Doctor Hale’s company steps in. The institute gains the rights to promising drugs and develops them into safe, effective medicines. The institute works with local organizations to manufacture and provide the drugs after they receive government approval.

One of the company’s biggest successes was the drug paromomycin. It is used to treat infections caused by organisms called parasites.

The Institute for One World Health believes paromomycin can effectively treat the most dangerous form of leishmaniasis. This disease is spread by the bite of a sand fly insect. Visceral leishmaniasis is the worst form of the disease. One and one-half million people around the world are infected with the disease. Victims will die if they are not treated. Most victims of visceral leishmaniasis are in Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Nepal and Sudan.

VOICE TWO:

The World Health Organization started testing paromomycin as a treatment for visceral leishmaniasis in two thousand one. Small studies proved the drug was safe and effective. However, larger tests comparing the drug with existing treatments were suspended because of a lack of money.

The Institute for One World Health then took action. The company gained legal rights to paromomycin. It completed a full scientific study of the drug in India. It did so with financial support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Tests proved that paromomycin works as well as a more costly drug currently used against visceral leishmaniasis. The institute plans to seek approval for paromomycin in India. (MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

Millions of children around the world suffer from an easily corrected medical condition called cleft lip. A cleft is a separation in the lip of the mouth. Children can also suffer from cleft palate. That is a separation in the top of the mouth or the soft tissue in the back of the mouth.

Cleft lip or palate normally develops in the early weeks of pregnancy. Researchers believe that genetic material passed on to children from their parents may cause cleft lip or palate. Environmental influences like sickness, drugs, smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy may also cause the condition.

VOICE TWO:

A simple operation performed on children between nine and eighteen months old can repair this condition. Doctors say that without the operation children in developing countries are more likely to suffer a life of poor nutrition. They also may suffer condemnation and separation from their communities.

The Smile Train is an American organization working to end this problem. It provides local doctors in developing countries with training and equipment needed to perform cleft operations. The Smile Train has services and programs in more than fifty countries.

VOICE ONE:

Pakistan is one example. The Smile Train has provided money, equipment and training to the Allied Hospital at the Punjab Medical College. The organization has also provided equipment and training to Malaysia’s medical community. And in Bosnia and Herzegovina, The Smile Train has given the University Clinic Center in Sarajevo aid to improve its cleft care for poor children.

The organization was started in nineteen ninety-nine. Every year since then, it has provided free cleft operations to more than thirty-five thousand children around the world. Local doctors do the operations, which take as little as forty-five minutes. The Smile Train pays for the operations with money it collects. It says the average cost for the operation is about two hundred fifty dollars.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

Some places in the world still do not have electric power. In fact, a group called SELF estimates that about two thousand million people, or one in three, do not have electricity. This American organization is working to change the situation.

SELF is short for the Solar Electric Light Fund. It provides communities and governments with solar electric systems. These systems use what is called photovoltaic technology to change sunlight into electricity. The group says solar electric systems can be set up quickly in any village anywhere in the world. And they are safe for the environment.

VOICE ONE:

A small solar electric system can provide a home, school or health center with several hours of electricity each day. Collectors placed on top of a building take in heat from the sun. This energy is then sent to a storage battery used to power equipment. A special charge controller is also needed to help direct the flow of electricity.

SELF has solar electric programs in many developing countries. In South Africa, two schools along the country’s east coast use solar electric systems for lighting, televisions and computer centers. And in Brazil, scientists working in the Amazon rainforest use a solar electric system to power satellite communications equipment. Researchers communicate with other teams working in the rainforest.

VOICE TWO:

SELF says energy from the sun is the only dependable way to meet the electricity needs of poor villages. Many communities still use candles, batteries and fuel-powered lights at night. Health centers do not have power to keep medicines cold. Schools have no electricity for copy machines or computers.

The group says solar energy, combined with wireless communications technology, can help bring less developed parts of the world into the twenty-first century.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

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Unit 7 The Monster Deems Taylor 1He was an undersized little man, with a head too big for his body ― a sickly little man. His nerves were bad. He had skin trouble. It was agony for him to wear anything next to his skin coarser than silk. And he had delusions of grandeur. 2He was a monster of conceit. Never for one minute did he look at the world or at people, except in relation to himself. He believed himself to be one of the greatest dramatists in the world, one of the greatest thinkers, and one of the greatest composers. To hear him talk, he was Shakespeare, and Beethoven, and Plato, rolled into one. He was one of the most exhausting conversationalists that ever lived. Sometimes he was brilliant; sometimes he was maddeningly tiresome. But whether he was being brilliant or dull, he had one sole topic of conversation: himself. What he thought and what he did. 3He had a mania for being in the right. The slightest hint of disagreement, from anyone, on the most trivial point, was enough to set him off on a harangue that might last for hours, in which he proved himself right in so many ways, and with such exhausting volubility, that in the end his hearer, stunned and deafened, would agree with him, for the sake of peace. 4It never occurred to him that he and his doing were not of the most intense and fascinating interest to anyone with whom he came in contact. He had theories about almost any subject under the sun, including vegetarianism, the drama, politics, and music; and in support of these theories he wrote pamphlets, letters, books ... thousands upon thousands of words, hundreds and hundreds of pages. He not only wrote these things, and published them ― usually at somebody else’s expense ― but he would sit and read them aloud, for hours, to his friends, and his family. 5He had the emotional stability of a six-year-old child. When he felt out of sorts, he would rave and stamp, or sink into suicidal gloom and talk darkly of going to the East to end his days as a Buddhist monk. Ten minutes later, when something pleased him he would rush out of doors and run around the garden, or jump up and down off the sofa, or stand on his head. He could be grief-stricken over the death of a pet dog, and could be callous and heartless to a degree that would have made a Roman emperor shudder. 6He was almost innocent of any sense of responsibility. He was convinced that

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四年级下册语文知识点复习整理一、作者作品等文学常识。 1、《记金华的双龙洞》是著名作家叶圣陶先生写的，上个学期我们还学过他的作品《爬山虎的脚》。 2、《万年牢》作者是新凤霞；《小英雄雨来》的作者是管桦；《生命生命》的作者是杏林子；《花儿的勇气》是著名作家冯骥才写的。 3、海伦·凯勒是一位盲人作家，她的作品是《假如给我三天光明》。 4、这个学期我们认识了很多古希腊神话中的神，有众神之王宙斯，太阳神阿波罗，海神波塞冬，智慧女神雅典娜等，关于他们的传说很多，如：金羊毛的故事，特洛亚战争的故事。 5、我国古代也有许多神话故事，如：女娲补天、精卫填海、夸父追日。 6、《渔夫的故事》选自古代阿拉伯著名的民间故事《一千零一夜》，这本书又叫《天方夜谭》，被誉为世界民间文学创作中的“最壮丽的一座纪念碑”。著名的《阿里巴巴和四十大盗》、《阿拉丁和神灯的故事》、《三个苹果的故事》都出自这本书。二、课文理解及原文填空。 1、《桂林山水》一文是按总分总的顺序写的。 “桂林山水甲天下”的“甲”是居第一位的意思。大海——波澜壮阔西湖——水平如镜泰山——峰峦雄伟香山——红叶似火作者用运用了对比的写法突出了桂林山水的特点。这样的山围绕着这样的水，这样的水倒映着这样的山，再加上空中云雾迷蒙，山间绿树红花，江上竹筏小舟，让你像是走进了连绵不断的画卷，真是“舟行碧波上，人在画中游”。这样的山指奇、秀、险的山，这样的水指静、清、绿的水。 2、《记金华的双龙洞》是按游览的顺序写的。随着山势，溪流时而宽，时而窄，时而缓，时而急，溪声也时时变换调子。 3、《中彩那天》告诉我们：一个人只要活得诚实，有信用，就等于有了一大笔财富。 4、做人要做万年牢就是告诉我们要做个可靠的人，实实在在的人，无论做什么事，都要讲究认真，讲究实在。 5、《尊严》一课使我明白：做人要做一个有尊严的人。 6、如果我们在生活中能将心比心，就会对老人生出一份尊重，对孩子增加一份关爱，就会使人与人之间多一些宽容和理解。

Unit 5 New Explorations in Food and Medicine

Unit 5 New Explorations in Food and Medicine Part I Warming up A1 1. This news item is about a successful brain tissue transplant carried out by a South African surgeon. 2. This news item is about the discovery of a new way to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy. 3. This news item is about the possibility of a new way to treat glaucoma. 4. This news item is about a new research on writing which shows that writing can result in clinically meaningful outcomes. or This news item is about a new research on writing which shows that writing can help people with chronic illnesses improve their health. 5. This news item is about the theory and function of acupuncture. A2 1. The surgery was performed a week ago on a patient suffering from Parkinson's disease. 2. The effectiveness of chemotherapy can be increased by inhibiting a natural defense mechanism employed by cancer cells. 3. Glaucoma involves the death of brain cells. 4. The study adds to the growing amount of scientific literature suggesting that meeting patients’ psychological needs produces physical health benefits. 5. One of the key benefits of acupuncture is that it has few, if any, side-effects and that when used with standard drug treatment it allows physicians to cut back on medication. Tapescripts: 1. The world's leading transplant surgeon, Dr Christopher Bernard, has carried out one of the most difficult brain tissue transplants yet attempted. The South African surgeon has succeeded in transplanting tissues into the human brain in what is thought to be the first operation of its kind. The surgery was performed a week ago on a patient suffering from Parkinson's disease. A portion of the patient's adrenal gland was implanted into a part of the patient's brain, an operation which has previously been performed only on rats and monkeys. 2. Approximately a-third of all people develop cancer at one point in their lives. Chemotherapy has its limitations, but it is one of the major treatment options. Some American scientists have discovered they can increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy by inhibiting a natural defense mechanism employed by cancer cells. 3.Glaucoma is responsible for blindness in an estimated 67 million people around the world. Until now, treatments have focused exclusively on the eyes. But that may change in the next few years, following the discovery that glaucoma involves the death of brain cells. 4. New research shows that the simple act of writing down thoughts about a stressful event can help people with chronic illnesses improve their health. This is the first study to show that writing can result in clinically meaningful outcomes for chronically-ill patients. The study adds to the growing amount of scientific literature suggesting that meeting patients' psychological needs produces physical health benefits. 5. Traditional Chinese medicine says that good health is associated with the balance of qi. Qi can be hindered or helped by yang and yin. According to traditional theory, the goal of acupuncture is to promote the flow of qi by keeping yin and yang in balance- and this is done by inserting needles at various points along primary channels and meridians that crisscross the body. One of the key benefits of acupuncture is that it has few, if any, side-effects; and that when used with standard drug treatment --in anesthesia, for example it allows physicians to cut back on medication, delivering the same level of benefit with fewer negative effects.

人教版四年级下册语文需要掌握的知识点归纳总结

一、风景特点篇 1、桂林山水——奇秀险、静清绿 2、双龙洞——雄伟、惊险、神奇 3、七月的天山——奇妙无比、引人入胜 4、大海——波澜壮阔 5、西湖——水平如镜 6、泰山——峰峦雄伟 7、香山——红叶似火 8、荷兰——水之国，花之国，牧场之国 9、乡村生活——自然和谐、充满诗意、无拘无束 10、乡下风景——独特迷人、优美恬静 11、桂林山水甲天下——桂林的山水天下第一甲：第一 12、、舟行碧波上，人在画中游——小船在碧波荡漾的湖面上行驶, 人好像在画卷中游览观赏一样。二、人物特点篇 1、父亲（中彩那天）——诚实，讲信用 2、父亲（万年牢）——认真、实在、正直 3、哈默——自爱自尊自强、有骨气 4、小夜莺——机智勇敢、热爱祖国 5、雨来——机智勇敢、热爱祖国、游泳本领高 6、一个中国孩子——热爱和平、憎恨战争 7、盲童安静——热爱生活、珍惜生命 8、琳达一家——一心为他人着想，乐于助人 9、乡下人家——热爱生活，勤劳朴实 10、伽利略——执着追求真理，相信科学、不迷信权威 11、罗丹——做事全神贯注、一丝不苟、执著追求 12、聋哑青年——做事勤奋专注、画技高超 13、父亲（父亲的菜园）——勤劳执著、认准目标、坚持不懈 14、纪昌——虚心好学、勤学苦练 15、飞卫——堪称名师 16、扁鹊——医术高超 17、蔡桓公——固执己见、自以为是、讳疾忌医 18、文成公主——聪明又漂亮 19、普罗米修斯——不畏强权，为民造福、不惜牺牲自己的生命 20、宙斯——心狠手辣、冷酷无情 21、渔夫——从容、镇定、聪明22、魔鬼——凶狠狡猾而又愚蠢第23课的古诗分析总汇 1、古诗——《乡村四月》（宋翁卷）————表现了诗人对乡村风光的热爱与赞美，也表现出他对劳动人民、劳动生活的赞美之情。 ①诗句：绿遍山原白满川，子规声里雨如烟。乡村四月闲人少，才了蚕桑又插田。 ②诗意：山坡原野草木茂盛，一片葱茏，而稻田里的水色与天光相辉映，满目亮白，杜鹃声声啼叫，天空中烟雨蒙蒙。四月到了，农民都开始忙农活，没有人闲着，刚结束了蚕桑的事又要插秧了。 2.古诗——《四时田园杂兴》（宋范成大）————诗人描写了乡村农人耕织以及儿童学大人样子劳动的情景，赞颂了农村劳动人民的勤劳，表达作者对天真、可爱的劳动人民的喜爱。 ①诗句：昼出耘田夜绩麻，村庄儿女各当家。童孙未解供耕织，也傍桑阴学种瓜。 ②诗意：白天锄地，夜晚搓麻，农家男女各自忙着自己的事情，各有自己拿手的本事。小孩子哪里懂得耕织之事，也模仿大人的样子，在靠近桑树的下面学着种瓜。 3.词——《渔歌子》（唐张志和）————表现了渔夫悠闲自得的生活情趣。 ①诗句：西塞山前白鹭飞，桃花流水鳜鱼肥。青箬笠，绿蓑衣，斜风细雨不须归。 ②诗意：：西塞山附近，白鹭展翅飞，桃花夹岸的溪水中，鳜鱼肥美。头戴青斗笠，身披绿蓑衣，斜风细雨中垂钓的人儿不想回家。文学常识、要点 1、独坐敬亭山──唐李白字太白，后人称为诗仙，是唐代伟大的浪漫主义诗人。 2、望洞庭──唐刘禹锡字梦得，唐代文学家、哲学家。与白居易并称“刘白”。 3、忆江南──唐白居易是一首词，“忆江南”是词牌名。 4、乡村四月——宋翁卷表现了诗人对乡村风光的热爱与赞美，也表现出他对劳动人民、劳动生活的赞美之情。 5、四时田园杂兴——宋范成大赞颂了农村劳动人民的勤劳，表达作者对天真、可爱的儿童的喜爱。 6、渔歌子——唐张志和意境优美，表现了渔夫悠闲自在的情趣。走进课文 5、学习了第5单元，我体会到了我们要热爱生活，珍惜生命，让有限的生命体现出无限的价值。 6、学习了第6单元，我体会到了乡村的风光是如此的独特迷人、自然和谐啊! 7、学习了第7单元，我体会到了无论学习或是做事，都应该认准目标，执著追求。 8、学习了第8单元，我从这些故事当中体会到了做事、做人的道理，领略故事是多么

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