工业机器人的介绍外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
外文原文
Introduction to Industrial Robots
Industrial robets became a reality in the early 1960’s when Joseph Engelberger and George Devol teamed up to form a robotics company they called “Unimation”.
Engelberger and Devol were not the first to dream of machines that could perform the unskilled, repetitive jobs in manufacturing. The first use of the word “robots” was by the Czechoslovakian philosopher and playwright Karel Capek in his play R.U.R.(Rossum’s Universal Robot). The word “robot” in Czech means “worker” or “slave.” The play was written in 1922.
In Capek’s play , Rossum and his son discover the chemical formula for artificial protoplasm. Protoplasm forms the very basis of life.With their compound,Rossum and his son set out to make a robot.
Rossum and his son spend 20 years forming the protoplasm into a robot. After 20 years the Rossums look at what they have created and say, “It’s absurd to spend twenty years making a man if we can’t make him quicker than nature, you might as w ell shut up shop.”
The young Rossum goes back to work eliminating organs he considers unnecessary for the ideal worker. The young Rossum says, “A man is something that feels happy , plays piano ,likes going for a walk, and in fact wants to do a whole lot of things that are unnecessary … but a working machine must not play piano, must not feel happy, must not do a whole lot of other things. Everything that doesn’t contribute directly to the progress of work should be eliminated.”
A half century later, engi neers began building Rossum’s robot, not out of artificial protoplasm, but of silicon, hydraulics, pneumatics, and electric motors. Robots that were dreamed of by Capek in 1922, that work but do not feel, that perform unhuman or subhuman, jobs in manufacturing plants, are available and are in operation around the world.
The modern robot lacks feeling and emotions just as Rossum’s son thought it should. It can only respond to simple “yes/no” questions. The moderrn robot is normally bolted to the floor. It has one arm and one hand. It is deaf, blind, and dumb. In spite of all of these handicaps, the modern robot performs its assigned task hour after hour without boredom or complaint.
A robot is not simply another automated machine. Automation began during the industrial revolution with machines that performed jobs that formerly had been done by human workers. Such a machine, however , can do only the specific job for which it was designed, whereas a robot can perform a variety of jobs.
A robot must have an arm. The arm must be able to duplicate the movements of a human worker in loading and unloading other automated machines, spraying paint, welding, and performing hundreds of other jobs that cannot be easily done with conventional automated machines.
DEFINITION OF A ROBOT
The Robot Industries Association(RIA) has published a definition for robots in an attempt to clarify which machines are simply automated machines and which machines are truly robots. The RIA definition is as follows:
“A robot is a reprogrammabl e multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.”
This definition, which is more extensive than the one in the RIA glossary at the end of this book, is an excellent definition of a robot. We will look at this definition, one phrase at a time, so as to understand which machines are in fact robots and which machines are little more than specialized automation.
First, a robot is a “reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator.” In this phrase RIA tells us that a robot can be taught (“reprogrammed”) to do more than one job by changing the informaion stored in its memory. A robot can be reprogrammed to load and unload machines, weld, and do ma ny other jobs (“multifunctional”). A robot is a
“manipulator”. A manipulator is an arm( or hand ) that can pick up or move things. At this point we know that a robot is an arm that can be taught to do different jobs.
The definition goes on to say that a ro bot is “designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices.” Material includes wood,steel, plastic, cardboard… anything that is used in the manufacture of a product.
A robot can also handle parts that have been manufactured. For example, a robot can load a piece of steel into an automatic lathe and unload a finished part out of the lathe.
In addition to handling material and parts, a robot can be fitted with tools such as grinders, buffers, screwdrivers, and welding torches to perform useful work.
Robots can also be fitted with specialized instruments or devices to do special jobs in a manufacturing plant. Robots can be fitted with television cameras for inspection of parts or products. They can be fitted with lasers to accurately mearure the size of parts being manufactured.
The RIA definition closes with the phrase,”…through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.” This phrase emphasizes the fact that a robot can do many different jobs in a manufacturing plant. The variety of jobs that a robot can do is limited only by the creativity of the application engineer.
JOBS FOR ROBOTS
Jobs performed by robots can be divided into two major categories:hazardous jobs and repetitive jobs.
Hazardous Jobs
Many applications of robots are in jobs that are hazardous to humans. Such jobs may be considered hazardous because of toxic fumes, the weight of the material being handled, the temperature of the material being handled, the danger of working near rotating or press machinery, or environments containing high levels of radiation. Repetitive Jobs
In addition to taking over hazardous jobs, robots are well suited to doing
extremely repetitive jobs that must be done in manufacturing plants.many jobs in manufacturing plants require a person to act more like a machine than like a human. The job may be to pick a piece up from here and place it there. The same job is done hundreds of times each day. The job requires little or no judgment and little or no skill. This is not said as a criticism of the person who does the job , but is intended simply to point out that many of these jobs exist in industry and must be done to complete the manufacture of products. A robot can be placed at such a work station and can perform the job admirably without complaining or experiencing the fatigue and boredom normally associated with such a job.
Although robots eliminate some jobs in industry, they normally eliminate jobs that humans should never have been asked to do. Machines should perform as machines doing machine jobs, and humans should be placed in jobs that require the use of their ability,creativity, and special skills.
POTENTIAL FOR INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY
In addition to removing people from jobs they should not have been placed in, robots offer companies the opportunity of achieving increased productivity. When robots are placed in repetitive jobs they continue to operate at their programmed pace without fatigue. Robots do not take either scheduled or unscheduled breaks from the job. The increase in productivity can result in at least 25% more good parts being produced in an eight-hour shift. This increase in productivity increases the company's profits, which can be reinvested in additional plants and equipment. This increase in productivity results in more jobs in other departments in the plant. With more parts being produced, additional people are needed to deliver the raw materials to the plant, to complete the assembly of the finished products, to sell the finished products, and to deliver the products to their destinations.
ROBOT SPEED
Although robots increase productivity in a manufacturing plant, they are not
exceptionally fast. At present, robots normally operate at or near the speed of a human operator. Every major move of a robot normally takes approximately one second. For a robot to pick up a piece of steel from a conveyor and load it into a lathe may require ten different moves taking as much as ten seconds. A human operator can do the same job in the same amount of time . The increase in productivity is a result of the consistency of operation. As the human operator repeats the same job over and over during the workday, he or she begins to slow down. The robot continues to operate at its programmed speed and therefore completes more parts during the workday.
Custom-built automated machines can be built to do the same jobs that robots do. An automated machine can do the same loading operation in less than half the time required by a robot or a human operator. The problem with designing a special machine is that such a machine can perform only the specific job for which it was built. If any change is made in the job, the machine must be completely rebuilt, or the machine must be scrapped and a new machine designed and built. A robot, on the other hand, could be reprogrammed and could start doing the new job the same day.
Custom-built automated machines still have their place in industry. If a company knows that a job will not change for many years, the faster custom-built machine is still a good choice.
Other jobs in factories cannot be done easily with custom-built machinery. For these applications a robot may be a good choice. An example of such an application is spray painting. One company made cabinets for the electronics industry. They made cabinets of many different sizes, all of which needed painting. It was determined that it was not economical for the company to build special spray painting machines for each of the different sizes of enclosures that were being built. Until robots were developed, the company had no choice but to spray the various enclosures by hand.
Spray painting is a hazardous job , because the fumes from many paints are both toxic and explosive. A robot is now doing the job of spraying paint on the enclosures.
A robot has been “taught” to spray all the different sizes of enclosures that the company builds. In addition, the robot can operate in the toxic environment of the spray booth without any concern for the long-term effect the fumes might have on a
person working in the booth.
FLEXIBLE AUTOMATION
Robots have another advantage: they can be taught to do different jobs in the manufacturing plant. If a robot was originally purchased to load and unload a punch press and the job is no longer needed due to a change in product design, the robot can be moved to another job in the plant. For example, the robot could be moved to the end of the assembly operation and be used to unload the finished enclosures from a conveyor and load them onto a pallet for shipment.
ACCURACY AND REPEATABILITY
One very important characteristic of any robot is the accuracy with which it can perform its task. When the robot is programmed to perform a specific task, it is led to specific points and programmed to remember the locations of those points. After programming has been completed, the robot is switched to “run” and the program is executed. Unfortunately, the robot will not go to the exact location of any programmed point. For example, the robot may miss the exact point by 0.025 in. If 0.025 in. is the greatest error by which the robot misses any point- during the first execution of the program, the robot is said to have an accuracy of 0.025 in.
In addition to accuracy , we are also concerned with the robot’s repeatability. The repeatability of a robot is a measure of how closely it returns to its programmed points every time the program is executed. Say , for example, that the robot misses a programmed point by 0.025 in. the first time the program is executed and that, during the next execution of the program, the robot misses the point it reached during the previous cycle by 0.010 in. Although the robot is a total of 0.035 in. from the original programmed point, its accuracy is 0.025 in. and its repeatability is 0.010 in.
THE MAJOR PARTS OF A ROBOT
The major parts of a robot are the manipulator, the power supply, and the controller.
The manipulator is used to pick up material, parts, or special tools used in manufacturing. The power supply suppplies the power to move the manipulator. The controller controls the power supply so that the manipulator can be taught to perform its task.
外文翻译
工业机器人的介绍
20世纪60年代当约瑟夫和乔治合作创立了名为Unimation的机器公司，工业机器人便成为了一个事实。
约瑟夫和乔治不是第一个梦想在制造过程中机器可以执行没有技巧的、重复的工作。“机器人”这个词被捷克哲学家和剧作家卡瑞?卡皮克在他的剧本R?U?R(罗斯的多才多艺的机器人）中第一次使用。在捷克“机器人”这个词是“工人”或者“奴隶”的意思。这个剧本是1922年写的。
在卡皮克的剧本中，罗斯和他的儿子发明了人造细胞质的化学配方。细胞质是构成生命的最主要的成分，用他们细胞质的混合物，罗斯和他的儿子开始制造机器人。
罗斯和他的儿子花了20年的时间制成了细胞质并注入给了机器人。20年后罗斯仔细看着他们已经创造出来的机器人说：“这个花了我们20年全部精力做出来的人，如果我们不能让他比将来的人类更灵活的话，还是把店铺关闭的好。”
小罗斯回去为理想中的工人去掉他认为多余的器官。小罗说:“人类感觉做某些事快乐，像弹钢琴、散步，然而事实上做许多完整的事情是不需要的…但是一个正在工作的机器不需要会弹钢琴，不需要感到快乐，不需要做很多完整的事情。如果每个器官不能促进工作正常的发展就应该被去掉。
半个世纪以后，工程师们开始建造罗斯的机器人，不是用人造细胞质制成的，而是用硅、液压、气体和电动机。1922年卡皮克梦想的机器人工作了但是没有感觉，它在制造工厂做着非人类或者近似人类的工作，它在全世界都是便于利用和操作的。
正如罗斯的儿子所想的，现代的机器人缺乏感情和情绪。它仅仅对简单的是或者不是的问题有回应。现代的机器人通常用螺栓固定在地板上，它有一个手臂和一把手，它是聋的、瞎的和哑的。尽管全是障碍，现代机器人仍然没有厌烦和和怨言的一小时又一小时的执行着它被指定的工作。
一个机器人不仅仅是一个自动机。自动化始于工业革命用机器人来做以前由工人完成工作的期间。然而这样一个自动机仅仅能做它被设计的特定的工作，而一个机器人却可以做各种各样的工作。
一个机器人必须有一个手臂，这个手臂必须会一个人在装载和卸载其它自动机、喷漆、焊接和执行上百种其它用常规的自动机不容易完成的工作完全一样的动作。
机器人的定义
工业机器人协会已经为机器人公布了一个定义，试图阐明哪种机器仅仅是自动机和哪种机器是真真的机器人。工业机器人协会的定义如下：
机器人是一个可重复编程的机械手，目的在于移动材料、零部件、机床，或者为了完成各种各样的任务而调整程序指令的专用装置。
这个定义比供个机器人协会在这本书的最后定义的说法更广泛，是一个对机器人最好的定义。我们将接受这个定义同时还有这个说法，为了理解哪种机器是真正的机器人而哪种机器人仅仅是超过了专业自动化的机器。
首先，机器人是一个：“可重复编程的多功能的机械手。”在这个说法中工业机器人协会告诉我们一个机器人可以被教会（重复编程）去做更多的工作，通过改变储存在它们记忆中的信息。一个机器人可以为了装载和卸载机器、焊接和做很多其他的工作（多功能的）而被重新编程。机器人是一个“机械手”。机械手是一个手臂（或者手），它能拿起或者移动物体。正是这样我们为了解到机器人是一个可以被教会做不同工作的手臂。
这个定义还说明了机器人的目的是“移动材料、零件、机床或者专用装置。”材料包括木头、钢铁、塑料、卡片等等产品在制造过程中所用到的东西。
机器人也可以拆卸已经制造完的零件。例如：机器人可以把一块铁装载到自动车床上并且车床上卸载已经加工完的零件。
除此之外机器人还可以拆卸材料和零件，可以安装机床例如磨床、冲床、钻床和为了完成有效工作的焊接喷灯。
机器人也可以安装在制造车间为了完成特殊工作的专用装置。为了检查零件或者产品机器人可以安装电视摄像机，为了精确的测量已制造完零件的尺寸它们还可以安装激光。
工业机器人协会的定义接近这样的说法，“为了完成各种各样的任务可以通通过改变机器人的程序指令。”这种说法着重强调了在制造车间机器人可以做很多不相同的工作。机器人被应用工程师的创造力限制在仅能做大量的工作上。
机器人的工作
机器人可以完成的工作被分成两个主要的类型：有害工作和重复工作。
有害工作
机器人在工作中的许多应用对人类是有害的。处理材料的重量，调整材料的温度，靠近旋转或紧贴机器的危险工作或者含有高放射物的环境，由于有有毒烟气，这种工作被认为是有害的。
重复工作
除了掌管有害工作外，机器人还要认真的学习在制造车间必须被做的非常重复的工作。在制造车间的很多工作需要一个人扮演的比人类更像一个机器。把一个部件从这儿放置到那儿，这样的工作每天要做上百次，这种工作几乎不需要判断力和技巧，这并不是批评做这种工作的人，而仅仅是想指出在工业中存在很多这样的工作，并且为了完成产品的制造必须要做。机器人可以被安排在这样的岗位上，并且它能够没有抱怨或者经验很好的完成这种在正常情况下和疲劳、厌烦联系在一起的工作。
尽管机器人完成了工业中的一些工作，但它们正常完成的是人类从来没有要求被做的工作。机器应该执行机器做的工作，而人类应该需要用他们的能力、创造力和特殊技巧来完成工作。
增加产量的潜能
除了完成人们在工作中不能完成的工作外，机器人还提供给工厂实现增加产量的机会。当机器人执行重复工作的时候它们不知疲倦的继续执行着它们的程序指令。机器人终止工作不需要预定和不预定。在八小时轮班工作时增加的产量导致至少25%更好的零件被生产。这种增大的产量增加了公司的利润，它可以被在投资到另外的车间或设备上。产量的增加使工厂的其他部门产生了更多的工作。为了生产更多的零件，其余的人需要把未加工的材料送到车间，去完成已加工完产品的装配，去销售已完工的零件，并且把产品送到他们的目的地。
机器人的速度
尽管机器人增加了制造车间的产量，但它们不是特别快。目前，机器人正常的操作速度大约接近操作工人的速度。机器人的每一个主要运动正常情况下大概
要花一秒钟的时间。机器人从传送机上取下一块铁并把它装载到车床上需要十种不同的运动，要花多达十秒钟的时间，与一个操作工人做一样的工作花的时间是相等的，产量的增加是操作一致性的一个结果。当操作工人在工作日期间反复的重复着同一个工作，他或她的生产便开始放慢了，而机器人却继续运行着它的程序速度，因此在工作日期间完成了更多的零件。
传统制造的自动化机器可以被修改成能和机器人做一样工作的机器。一个自动化的机器做同样的装载操作所用的时间还不到一个机器人和一个操作工人所用时间的一半。设计一个专用机器的问题是，这样一台机器只能完成它被设定的具体的工作，如果工作中发生了一些改变，这样的机器就必须被彻底的重新改造或者必须被遗弃，并且要设计制造一个新的机器。相反地，一个机器人可以被重新编程并且在同一天可以开始做新的工作。
在工业中传统制造的自动机仍然有它们的位置。如果工厂发现一个工作很多年将不会改变，比较快的传统那个制造的机器仍然是一个好的选择。
工厂里的其它工作用传统制造的机器不容易完成的话，在这种情况下机器人或许是一个好的选择。例如喷漆这样的工作。一个工厂为电子行业生产机壳，他们生产很多不同形状的机壳，所有的机壳都需要喷漆。很明确，为一个已加工完的不同形状的机壳制造专门的喷漆机器对工厂来说是不经济的。工厂别无选择只能用手给各种不同的机壳喷漆，直到机器人被发明。
喷漆是有害工作，因为很多油漆产生的气体是有毒的和爆炸性的。机器人现在正在做着在外壳上喷漆的工作。除此之外，机器人还能为了在长期产生有毒气体的房间中工作的人们在没有任何关心的喷漆房间的有毒环境中操作。
灵活的自动化
机器人还有另一个用途：它们可以被教会在制造车间中做不同的工作。如果一个机器人本来买来是为了装载和卸载冲床的，由于产品设计的改变这个工作不再需要，机器人可以被转到车间的其它工作上。例如，机器人可以被转去做最后的装配工作，可以用来从运输机上卸载以加工完的机壳并且把它们装载到运输货架上。
准确度和可重复性
任何机器人都有一个很重要的特征就是它完成任务的准确度。当机器人为了
完成一个特殊的工作被编程的时候，它就产生特定的点，并且程序记住了这些点所在的位置。程序被编完以后，机器人就被打开程序被执行。可惜的是机器人将不能准确的到达程序指定的位置。例如：机器人在靠近0.025英尺的时候可能错过精确地位置。如果机器人在第一次执行程序期间错过了指定位置的0.025英尺便是最大的错误。因为机器人被设定有一个0.025英尺的准确度。
除了准确度之外，我们还关心机器人的可重复性。机器人的可重复性是每次程序被执行完怎样关闭让它回到程序指定点的一个性能。比如说，机器人执行第一次程序靠近0.025英尺时错过了程序指定点，在下一次执行程序期间，机器人就会错过它到达第一次循环到0.01英尺时候的位置。从最初的程序指定位置，机器人总共有0.035英尺，它的准确度是0.025英尺，可重复性是0.01英尺。
机器人的主要部分
机器人的主要部分是机械手，电源和负责人。
机械手用来搬运材料，零件或者用在制造中的专用机床。电源提供能量来操纵机械手。负责人操纵着电源为了机械手完成它的任务。
机器人外文翻译
英文原文出自《Advanced Technology Libraries》2008年第5期 Robot Robot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and message dispose and artificial intelligence and so on. With the development of economic and the demand for automation control, robot technology is developed quickly and all types of the robots products are come into being. The practicality use of robot products not only solves the problems which are difficult to operate for human being, but also advances the industrial automation program. At present, the research and development of robot involves several kinds of technology and the robot system configuration is so complex that the cost at large is high which to a certain extent limit the robot abroad use. To development economic practicality and high reliability robot system will be value to robot social application and economy development. With the rapid progress with the control economy and expanding of the modern cities, the let of sewage is increasing quickly: With the development of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousness about environment reserve, more and more people realized the importance and urgent of sewage disposal. Active bacteria method is an effective technique for sewage disposal，The lacunaris plastic is an effective basement for active bacteria adhesion for sewage disposal. The abundance requirement for lacunaris plastic makes it is a consequent for the plastic producing with automation and high productivity. Therefore, it is very necessary to design a manipulator that can automatically fulfill the plastic holding. With the analysis of the problems in the design of the plastic holding manipulator and synthesizing the robot research and development condition in recent years, a economic scheme is concluded on the basis of the analysis of mechanical configuration, transform system, drive device and control system and guided by the idea of the characteristic and complex of mechanical configuration,
人形机器人论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
中英文资料对照外文翻译 最小化传感级别不确定性联合策略的机械手控制 摘要：人形机器人的应用应该要求机器人的行为和举止表现得象人。下面的决定和控制自己在很大程度上的不确定性并存在于获取信息感觉器官的非结构化动态环境中的软件计算方法人一样能想得到。在机器人领域，关键问题之一是在感官数据中提取有用的知识，然后对信息以及感觉的不确定性划分为各个层次。本文提出了一种基于广义融合杂交分类（人工神经网络的力量，论坛渔业局）已制定和申请验证的生成合成数据观测模型，以及从实际硬件机器人。选择这个融合，主要的目标是根据内部（联合传感器）和外部（ Vision 摄像头）感觉信息最大限度地减少不确定性机器人操纵的任务。目前已被广泛有效的一种方法论就是研究专门配置5个自由度的实验室机器人和模型模拟视觉控制的机械手。在最近调查的主要不确定性的处理方法包括加权参数选择（几何融合），并指出经过训练在标准操纵机器人控制器的设计的神经网络是无法使用的。这些方法在混合配置，大大减少了更快和更精确不同级别的机械手控制的不确定性，这中方法已经通过了严格的模拟仿真和试验。 关键词：传感器融合，频分双工，游离脂肪酸，人工神经网络，软计算，机械手，可重复性，准确性，协方差矩阵，不确定性，不确定性椭球。 1 引言 各种各样的机器人的应用（工业，军事，科学，医药，社会福利，家庭和娱乐）已涌现了越来越多产品，它们操作范围大并呢那个在非结构化环境中运行 [ 3,12,15]。在大多数情况下，如何认识环境正在发生变化且每个瞬间最优控制机器人的动作是至关重要的。移动机器人也基本上都有定位和操作非常大的非结构化的动态环境和处理重大的不确定性的能力[ 1,9,19 ]。每当机器人操作在随意性自然环境时，在给定的工作将做完的条件下总是存在着某种程
中英文文献翻译-加工中心数控技术
加工中心数控技术 出处：数控加工中心的分类以及各自特点 出版社:化学工业出版社; 第1版 (2009年3月16日) 作者：徐衡、段晓旭 加工中心是典型的集高技术于一体的机械加工设备，它的发展代表了一个国家设计制造的水平也大大提高了劳动生产率，降低了劳动成本，改善了工人的工作环境，降低了工人的劳动强度。本文经过对不同运动方案和各部件的设计方案的定性分析比较确定该教立式加工中心的进给传动方案为：采用固定床身，电主轴通过安装座安装在床身导轨的滑座上，床身导轨采用滚动导轨，可以实现Y 方向的进给运动。由X-Y双向精密数控工作台带动工件完成X，Y两个方向的进给运动;X，Y，Z三个方向的进给运动均滚珠丝杠，并由交流伺服电机驱动。导轨、滚珠丝杠有相应的润滑、防护等装置。 加工中心（英文缩写为CNC 全称为Computerized Numerical Control）：是带有刀库和自动换刀装置的一种高度自动化的多功能数控机床。在中国香港，台湾及广东一代也有很多人叫它电脑锣。 工件在加工中心上经一次装夹后，数字控制系统能控制机床按不同工序，自动选择和更换刀具，自动改变机床主轴转速、进给量和刀具相对工件的运动轨迹及其他辅助机能，依次完成工件几个面上多工序的加工。并且有多种换刀或选刀功能，从而使生产效率大大提高。 加工中心数控机床是一种装有计算机数字控制系统的机床，数控系统能够处理加工程序，控制机床完成各种动作。与普通机床相比，数控机床能够完成平面曲线和空间曲面的加工，加工精度和生产效率都比较高，因而应用日益广泛。 数控机床的组成 一般来说，数控机床由机械部分、数字控制计算机、伺服系统、PC控制部分、液压气压传动系统、冷却润滑和排泄装置组成。数控机床是由程序控制的，零件的编程工作是数控机床加工的重要组成部分。伺服系统是数控机床的驱动部分，计算机输出的控制命令是通过伺服系统产生坐标移动的。普通的立式加工中心有三个伺服电机，分别驱动纵向工作台、横向工作台、主轴箱沿X向、Y向、Z向运动。X、Y、Z是互相垂直的坐标轴，因而当机床三坐标联动时可以加工空
工业机器人外文翻译
附录外文文献 原文 Industrial Robots Definition “A robot is a reprogrammable,multifunctional machine designed to manipulate materials,parts,tools,or specialized devices,through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.” --Robotics Industries Association “A robot is an automatic device that performs functions normally ascribrd to humans or a machine in orm of a human.” --Websters Dictionary The industrial robot is used in the manufacturing environment to increase productivity . It can be used to do routine and tedious assembly line jobs , or it can perform jobs that might be hazardous to do routine and tedious assembly line jobs , or it can perform jobs that might be hazardous to the human worker . For example , one of the first industrial robots was used to replace the nuclear fuel rods in nuclear power plants . A human doing this job might be exposed to harmful amounts of radiation . The industrial robot can also operate on the assembly line , putting together small components , such as placing electronic components on a printed circuit board . Thus , the human worker can be relieved of the routine operation of this tedious task . Robots can also be programmed to defuse bombs , to serve the handicapped , and to perform functions in numerous applications in our society . The robot can be thought of as a machine that will move an end-of-arm tool , sensor , and gripper to a preprogrammed location . When the robot arrives at this location , it will perform some sort of task . This task could be welding , sealing , machine loading , machine unloading , or a host of assembly jobs . Generally , this work can be accomplished without the involvement of a human being , except for programming and for turning the system on and off . The basic terminology of robotic systems is introduced in the following :
机器人结构论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 FEM Optimization for Robot Structure Abstract In optimal design for robot structures, design models need to he modified and computed repeatedly. Because modifying usually can not automatically be run, it consumes a lot of time. This paper gives a method that uses APDL language of ANSYS 5.5 software to generate an optimal control program, which mike optimal procedure run automatically and optimal efficiency be improved. 1）Introduction Industrial robot is a kind of machine, which is controlled by computers. Because efficiency and maneuverability are higher than traditional machines, industrial robot is used extensively in industry. For the sake of efficiency and maneuverability, reducing mass and increasing stiffness is more important than traditional machines, in structure design of industrial robot. A lot of methods are used in optimization design of structure. Finite element method is a much effective method. In general, modeling and modifying are manual, which is feasible when model is simple. When model is complicated, optimization time is longer. In the longer optimization time, calculation time is usually very little, a majority of time is used for modeling and modifying. It is key of improving efficiency of structure optimization how to reduce modeling and modifying time. APDL language is an interactive development tool, which is based on ANSYS and is offered to program users. APDL language has typical function of some large computer languages. For example, parameter definition similar to constant and variable definition, branch and loop control, and macro call similar to function and subroutine call, etc. Besides these, it possesses powerful capability of mathematical calculation. The capability of mathematical calculation includes arithmetic calculation, comparison, rounding, and trigonometric function, exponential function and hyperbola function of standard FORTRAN language, etc. By means of APDL language, the data can be read and then calculated, which is in database of ANSYS program, and running process of ANSYS program can be controlled.
机械类数控车床外文翻译外文文献英文文献车床.doc
Lathes Lathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool. The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod. The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed. The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmission—through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives. Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle. The tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw. The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways, The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers. Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They are heavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 1219 mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances up
外文翻译：机器人本科生外文翻译资料
外文翻译资料原文 学院 专业班级 学生姓名 指导教师
Robot Darrick Addison (dtadd95@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/837585853.html,), Senior Software Engineer/Consultant, ASC Technologies Inc. 01 Sep 2001 "A re-programmable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks." -- From the Robot Institute of America, 1979 Darrick Addison, an experienced developer in databases, networks, user interfaces, and embedded systems, introduces the field of robotics and the issues surrounding robotic systems. He covers mechanical design, sensory systems, electronic control, and software. He also discusses microcontroller systems, including serial and memory-mapped interfacing, and talks about some of the available open source software options. The word "robot" originates from the Czech word for forced labor, or serf. It was introduced by playwright Karel Capek, whose fictional robotic inventions were much like Dr. Frankenstein's monster -- creatures created by chemical and biological, rather than mechanical, methods. But the current mechanical robots of popular culture are not much different from these fictional biological creations. Basically a robots consists of: ? A mechanical device, such as a wheeled platform, arm, or other construction, capable of interacting with its environment ?Sensors on or around the device that are able to sense the environment and give useful feedback to the device ?Systems that process sensory input in the context of the device's current situation and instruct the device to perform actions in response to the situation In the manufacturing field, robot development has focused on engineering robotic arms that perform manufacturing processes. In the space industry, robotics focuses on highly specialized, one-of-kind planetary rovers. Unlike a highly automated manufacturing plant, a planetary rover operating on the dark side of the moon -- without radio communication -- might run into unexpected situations. At a minimum, a planetary rover must have some source of sensory input, some way of interpreting that input, and a way of modifying its actions to respond to a changing world. Furthermore, the need to sense and adapt to a partially unknown environment requires intelligence (in other words, artificial intelligence).
智能避障机器人设计外文翻译
INTELLIGENT VEHICLE Our society is awash in “machine intelligence” of various kinds.Over the last century, we have witnessed more and more of the “drudgery” of daily living being replaced by devices such as washing machines. One remaining area of both drudgery and danger, however, is the daily act ofdriving automobiles 1.2 million people were killed in traffic crashes in 2002, which was 2.1% of all globaldeaths and the 11th ranked cause of death . If this trend continues, an estimated 8.5 million people will be dying every year in road crashes by 2020. In fact, the U.S. Department of Transportation has estimated the overall societal cost of road crashes annually in the United States at greater than $230 billion. When hundreds or thousands of vehicles are sharing the same roads at the same time, leading to the all too familiar experience of congested traffic. Traffic congestion undermines our quality of life in the same way air pollution undermines public health.Around 1990, road transportation professionals began to apply them to traffic and road management. Thus was born the intelligent transportation system(ITS). Starting in the late 1990s, ITS systems were developed and deployed. In developed countries, travelers today have access to signifi-cant amounts of information about travel conditions, whether they are driving their own vehicle or riding on public transit systems. As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy
数控激光加工的技术水平以及应用外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
英文文献 Numerical control laser processing technology and application Pick to: as the main symbol of science and Technology development in the 20th century and the modern information society one of the pillars of optoelectronic Technology, Laser Technology, Laser Technology) and the development of Laser industry attaches great importance to by the advanced countries in the world. Numerical control and integrated the Laser and the optical system of the computer numerical control technology, advanced and high precision and automation of the workpiece positioning, the combination of formation, development and production of machining center has become a Laser machining, Laser Processing) is an important trend of development. Key words: CNC; Laser machining, Laser Processing); Level; application Before: laser is regarded as one of the most important scientific discoveries of the twentieth century, as soon as it was caused the great attention of materials scientists. In November 1971, gm pioneered the use of a 250 w CO2 laser to improve wear resistance materials using laser radiation test and research, and in 1974 successfully completed automobile redirector shell
搬运机器人外文翻译
外文翻译 专业机械电子工程 学生姓名张华 班级 B机电092 学号 05 指导教师袁健
外文资料名称：Research，design and experiment of end effector for wafer transfer robot 外文资料出处：Industrail Robot：An International Journal 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
晶片传送机器人末端效应器研究、设计和实验 刘延杰、徐梦、曹玉梅 张华译 摘要：目的——晶片传送机器人扮演一个重要角色IC制造行业并且末端执行器是一个重要的组成部分的机器人。本文的目的是使晶片传送机器人通过研究其末端执行器提高传输效率,同时减少晶片变形。 设计/方法/方法——有限元方法分析了晶片变形。对于在真空晶片传送机器人工作,首先,作者运用来自壁虎的超细纤维阵列的设计灵感研究机器人的末端执行器,和现在之间方程机器人的交通加速度和参数的超细纤维数组。基于这些研究,一种微阵列凹凸设计和应用到一个结构优化的末端执行器。对于晶片传送机器人工作在大气环境中,作者分析了不同因素的影响晶片变形。在吸收面积的压力分布的计算公式,提出了最大传输加速度。最后, 根据这些研究得到了一个新的种末端执行器设计大气机器人。 结果——实验结果表明, 通过本文研究应用晶片传送机器人的转换效率已经得到显着提高。并且晶片变形吸收力得到控制。 实际意义——通过实验可以看出,通过本文的研究,可以用来提高机器人传输能力, 在生产环境中减少晶片变形。还为进一步改进和研究末端执行器打下坚实的基础,。 创意/价值——这是第一次应用研究由壁虎启发了的超细纤维阵列真空晶片传送机器人。本文还通过有限元方法仔细分析不同因素在晶片变形的影响。关键词：晶片传送机器人末端执行器、超细纤维数组、晶片 1.介绍
人工智能专业外文翻译-机器人
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