托福阅读原文分析—TPO3 奥加拉拉蓄水层的枯竭

托福阅读原文分析—TPO3奥加拉拉蓄水层的枯竭

TPO是托福备考圣经，但是并不是有“圣经”就能完全把握托福考试。还要看大家怎么去利用这份资料。关于TPO阅读，托福小编希望最大限度地利用这些ETS提供的阅读文章。在文章中，找到那些生词，长难句；分析文章结构。真正把它作为一份备考资料，而不是做题工具。今天托福小编分享给大家的是对TPO3Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer的文章详细分析。一起学习吧！

Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer

奥加拉拉蓄水层的枯竭

1.The vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the1880s.This region has a semiarid climate,and for50years after its settlement,it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming.In the early twentieth century,however,it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer(a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater).This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians,who once inhabited the region.

19世纪80年代，在美国中部北美大平原的广阔草原上定居着农场主们和牧场主们。这里有着半干旱的气候，在人们定居50年后，它支撑了一个以畜牧业和小麦种植为主的低密度农业经济。然而，在20世纪初，人们发现北美大平原的地下大部分是巨大的蓄水层(含有大量地下水的岩层)。这个蓄水层因曾经在这里定居过的奥加拉拉苏族印第安人而得名，被称作奥加拉拉蓄水层。

奥加拉拉蓄水层的发现。

2.The Ogallala aquifer is a sandstone formation that underlies some583,000square kilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota.Water from rains and melting snows has been accumulating in the Ogallala for the past30,000years. Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron,but unfortunately,under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal,amounting to about half a centimeter a year.

奥加拉拉蓄水层属于砂岩结构，在从德克萨斯州西北到南达科塔州南部的地下绵延了58.3万平

方公里。雨水和融雪自3万年前便开始在奥加拉拉蓄积。据估计，奥加拉拉蓄水层的含水量足以填满休伦湖，但不幸的是，在目前该地区半干旱的气候条件下，奥加拉拉蓄水层的蓄水能力极低，每年仅半厘米左右。

奥加拉拉蓄水层的介绍：包括结构、范围、含水量、蓄水能力(重点)。

3.The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930s.The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture,especially from the1950s onward,transformed the economy of the region.More than100,000wells now tap the Ogallala. Modern irrigation devices,each capable of spraying

4.5million liters of water a day,have produced a landscape dominated by geometric patterns of circular green islands of crops. Ogallala water has enabled the High Plains region to supply significant amounts of the cotton, sorghum,wheat,and corn grown in the United States.In addition,40percent of American grain-fed beef cattle are fattened here.

20世纪30年代初，奥加拉拉正处于干旱时期，人们打出了第一口井。灌溉农业的迅速扩张，特别是20世纪50年代之后，改变了这一地区的经济。目前人们已经在奥加拉拉地区共开凿了10万多口井。日喷水量达到450万升的现代灌溉设备，形成了一个圆形绿岛作物为主的景观。奥加拉拉蓄水层支撑了北美大平原地区棉花、高粱、小麦、玉米的灌溉需求。此外，美国40%谷饲养的肉牛在这里被育肥。

人们对水的需求。

4.This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate—that is,virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply—has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically.In the1930s, wells encountered plentiful water at a depth of about15meters；currently,they must be dug to depths of45to60meters or more.In places,the water table is declining at a rate of a meter a year,necessitating the periodic deepening of wells and the use of

ever-more-powerful pumps.It is estimated that at current withdrawal rates,much of the aquifer will run dry within40years.The situation is most critical in Texas,where the climate is driest,the greatest amount of water is being pumped,and the aquifer contains the least water.It is projected that the remaining Ogallala water will,by the year2030, support only35to40percent of the irrigated acreage in Texas that is supported in1980.

考虑到几乎没有补充率(实质上没有自然水资源进行补充)，这种有限地下水资源前所未有的发展已经引起了该地区地下水位的急剧下降。在20世纪30年代，井下15米就有丰富的水资源，而现在，必须挖掘到45米到60米甚至更深的地方才行。有的地方地下水位的下降速度甚至达到了每年

1米，迫使人们周期性的加深水井并使用更有力的水泵。按现今的下降速度来估计，大部分地下蓄水将在40年内耗尽。这种现象在气候最干旱的德克萨斯州尤为严重。大量的水被从地下抽起，蓄水层含水量最少。据估计，到2030年，德克萨斯州余下的奥加拉拉含水只能支持1980年灌溉面积的35%到40%。

人类对水的需求使造成该地区地下水位的急剧下降。

5.The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies.Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water.Others,however,have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton.The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water,and in the process are drawing down the entire region’s water supplies.

农场主们对无法避免的奥加拉拉蓄水层枯竭的反应各不相同。很多人已经开始尝试通过降低灌溉频率或者改种需水较少的庄稼来节约水资源。而另外一些人却抱着趁水资源还能产生经济效益就应抓紧利用的想法，继续种植高价值的棉花等农作物。当那些想节水的农场主得知邻居们通过大量耗水的种植而盈利的时候，他们的热情降低了，从而导致了整个区域的供水量的减少。

农场主们对无法避免的奥加拉拉蓄水层枯竭的反应各不相同。

6.In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis,a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi,the Missouri,or the Arkansas rivers.Unfortunately,the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold,making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets.Somewhat more promising have been recent experiments for releasing capillary water(water in the soil)above the water table by injecting compressed air into the ground.Even if this process proves successful,however,it would almost triple water costs.Genetic engineering also may provide a partial solution,as new strains of drought-resistant crops continue to be developed.Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be,it is evident that within the High Plains,irrigation water will never again be the abundant,inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.

在即将到来的水资源供应危机面前，人们提出了一些宏伟的供水计划，比如将密西西比河、密苏里河或者阿肯色河的水通过运河或管道运到需要用水的地方。不幸的是，通过以上任何一种方式

获得水资源都会将抽水的成本提高10倍以上，进而导致这一地区的灌溉农产品成本在国内和国际市场上失去竞争力。最近一些有希望获得成功的试验试图通过向土壤中注入压力，释放水层上方土壤中的毛细管水。即使这样行之有效，抽水成本会变到原来的3倍。基因工程也会通过继续研发抗旱作物新品种，帮助解决部分难题。无论这次水资源危机的最终结果如何，显然，北美大平原地区灌溉水资源再也不会像20世纪中期农业繁荣时期的那样充足并且廉价了。

面对水资源的危机，人们提出一些想法，但是这里的水资源再也不复从前。

疑难词：

Semiarid adj.半干旱的；雨量非常少的

ranch n.大农场

underlain v.在…的下面(underlie的过去分词)

Dominate v.控制；占优势

unprecedented adj.空前的；无前例的

negligible adj.微不足道的，可以忽略的

necessitate vt.使成为必需，需要；迫使

periodic adj.周期的；定期的

aquifer n.蓄水层；含水土层

pump n.泵vi.抽水

depletion n.消耗；损耗

incentive n.动机；刺激adj.激励的；刺激的

grandiose adj.宏伟的

长难句：

1.In the early twentieth century,however,it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer(a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater).

underlain在…的下面(underlie的过去分词)

aquifer蓄水层

句子类型：插入语+主语从句

句子拆分：

主干：it was discovered that…

插入语：however

时间状语：In the early twentieth century

主语从句：it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer，that引导

翻译：但是，在20实际早期人们发现，大部分大平原下都有巨大的蓄水层(包含着大量地下水的岩层结构)

2.Estimates indicate(that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron),but unfortunately,under the semiarid climatic conditions(that presently exist in the region), rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal,amounting to about half a centimeter a year.

句子类型：定语从句

句子拆分：

主干：Estimates indicate that,but rates are minimal.

定语从句：(that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron)

(that presently exist in the region)

amounting to about half a centimeter a year动名词作状语

翻译：据估计，奥加拉拉蓄水层的含水量足以填满休伦湖，但不幸的是，在目前该地区半干旱的气候条件下，奥加拉拉蓄水层的蓄水能力极低，每年仅半厘米左右。

3.The incentive of the farmers(who wish to conserve water)is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water,and in the process are drawing down the entire region’s water supplies.

句子类型：定语从句+同位语从句

句子拆分：

主干：The incentive of the farmers is reduced by their knowledge.

定语从句：farmers(who wish to conserve water)

同位语从句：knowledge that(many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water,and in the process are drawing down the entire region’s water supplies.)翻译：当那些想节水的农场主得知邻居们通过大量耗水的种植而盈利的时候，他们的热情降低

了，从而导致了整个区域的供水量的减少。

文章架构：

第1段：奥加拉拉蓄水层的发现。

第2,3,4段：蓄水层的蓄水能力弱加上当地人对水的需求量极大，导致地下水位的急剧下降。

第5,6段：人们面对奥加拉拉蓄水层水资源的危机反应不同(利益为大)，也想出一些想法，但是这里再不复从前。