商业书信的写作原则
商业信函的书写原则（1）completeness
实例解说：
"Cellulose Tape 1/2"x 3yds, with plastic dispenser 700 doz./-ditto-but 1/2" x 5 yds,
1,000doz."
这是出口商接到的一份定单中有关商品品名，规格和数量的内容。中文意思是：
"纤维素带（幅）宽半英寸，长３码，带塑料包装容器，７００打；同上，但（幅）宽宽半英寸，长５码，１０００打。
主要问题是后半句不清楚。
"ditto"在这里表示前面提到的商品名称纤维素带，但不能包括"带塑料包装容器"，因此，幅宽半英寸长５码的纤维素带是否有塑料包装容器没有说清楚，不完整。
所以最好改成：
"Cellulose Tape 1/2"x 3yds, with plastic dispenser 700 doz.
Cellulose Tape 1/2" x 5yds，with plastic dispenser 1000 doz."
这样即完正，又清楚明确，不会引起误解。
商业信函的书写原则（2）Clearness
（一）．避免使用可能产生不同理解或意义不明确的词汇〈例一〉
As to the steamers sailing from Hongkong to San Francisco, we have bimonthly direct services.
(从香港到旧金山有直达船，)
但是bimonthly 究竟是一个月两次即半月一次呢，还是两个月一次？不明确。因此，最好清楚明白地说明"一个月两次"还是"两个月一次"：
（a）We have two direct sailings every month from Hongkong to San Francisco.
（每月两次直达船）
（b）We have semimonthly direct sailing from Hongkong to San Francisco.
（每半月一次直达船）
（c）We have a direct sailing from Hongkong to San Francisco every two month.
（每两个月一次直达船）
（二）注意修饰词的位置，有时修饰词的位置不同，会导致不同的含意如：
a) Please let us know what you wish us to do about this matter as soon as possible;
b) Please let us know as soon as possible what you wish us to do about this matter.
以上两句中的as soon as possible修饰的内容不同：
a) 你们要求我们尽快做些什么。
b) 请尽快告诉我们。
所以a) 可译成"请告你们要我们为此尽快做些什么"；
b) 可译为"请尽快告知，你们要我们为此事做些什么"。
（三）注意代名词，关系代词和先行词的关系
按照英语习惯，句子中的代名词和关系代词一般是指离得最近的名词，因此要特别注意，以免引起误解或不清楚。
例句：
不好：They informed Messrs.John & Smith that they would receive an answer in a few days.
较好：They informed Messrs. John & Smith that latter would receive an answer in a few days.
(四)注意前后一致和紧凑，连贯
不一致：Being a certified public accountant, I am sure you can help us.
一致：Being a certified public accountant, you can surely help us.
or; As you are a certified public accountant, I am sure you can help us.
（五）仔细和恰当地分段落（Paragraphing）
商业书信要写得使人一读就明白，因此必须按照内容仔细和恰当的分段落，一般的分段落原则是一个段落一个意思（A paragraph for each point is a good general rule.）. 现举例说明：
Dear Sirs,
It is reported in a domestic newspaper that the Iranian Central Bank has instructed the commercial banks to suspend their business of opening a new letter of credit as from the 3rd May for financial reason of foreign currency. Although it is said that this arrangement would be a temporary one and with establishment of new import policy this emergency arrangement would be lifted, we are much concerned about the outcome of this movement toward restriction of import to Iran and shall be obliged if you will kindly keep us well advised of development of this new arrangement especially in connection with import from France.
Yours faithfully,
以上这封信只有一段，供两句。第一句39字，第二句66句。读后虽然能基本了解其内容，但读起来不是很舒服。
信的内容大体有三点：
１．伊朗中央银行因外汇原因，通知个商业银行从五月三日起停止开立信用证；
２．这临时措施，新的进口政策一订，这个措施可能取消；
３．希望对方随时告之有关情况。
按照这三点，适当地分分段落，把信重新改写一下，可能读起来比原来的清楚易懂：Dear Sirs,
It is reported in a vernacular newspaper that the Iranian Central Bank has instructed the commercial banks to suspend their issuing new Letters of Credit as from the 3rd May because of its decreasing foreign currency funds. Furthermore it is said that the suspension seems a temporary one and will be released with establishment of a new import
policy.
We are much concerned, however, about the outcome of this movement toward restriction of import to Iran. We, therefore, shall be obliged if you will keep us well informed of development of this new state of affairs, especially in connection with imports from France.
Yours faithfully
商业信函的书写原则（3）Correctness
商业书信必须写得正确，因为它涉及到买卖双方的权利，义务，厉害关系，是各种商业单据（如合同）的根据。
广义的说，商业书信的正确性表现在：
（一）运用正确的语言
（二）叙述得正确
（三）数字要正确
（四）正确理解和运用商业术语
（五）合适的写作技巧或方法，以及正确运用其他的六个"Ｃ"。
一．正确的语言水平
（１）正式的和非正式的词汇比较：
Formal informal
terminate interrogate end
domicile home
deem think(or: believe)
conflagration fire
edifice building
endeavor try
obtain; procure get
peruse read or study
remunerate pay
utilize use
subsequent next or following
ascertain find ou
contingent upont depending on
anticipate expect
（２）正式的和非正式的语言比较
Formal informal
Will attain the age of 18 years. Will be 18 years old
Render us more detail Send us more information
We will institute a mail search We will ask the post office to send out a tracer. Give consideration to a plan. Consider a plan
This plan will effect a saving of $10,000. This plan will save $10,000.
Formal We thank you in anticipation of this courtesy and assure you that it will be a pleasure to serve you in a similar manner
informal We shall appreciate your helping us. Let us know when we can return the favor.
Formal Inform me of your intentions as to the liquidation of this balance
informal Let me know when you can settle this account.
（３）避免使用不标准的语言水平
不要说应该说
ain't isn't, aren't am not
hadn't ought shoudn't
irregardless regardless
nohow anyway
can't hardly can hardly
between you and I etween you and me
下列是用一内容三种不同语言水平的比较参考：
Formal: Although Item 12 is enumerated in the report, the writer has ascertained that it is currently not in the organization's inventory 'inv?ntri]详细目录, 存货, 财产清册, 总量or in the writer's possession.
Informal: Although Item 12 is listed in the report, it's not in our stock now and I don't have it either.
二．叙述得正确
商业书信的内容要叙述得正确，既不要说得不够(Understatement)，更不要说得过头(Overstatement)。
[例一] This stove is absolutely the best (or: the very best) on the market.
(这种炉子是市场上绝对最好的炉子。)
这句话是用来介绍商品的，但没有具体介绍商品的性能，而是抽象地断定这种炉子是"市场上最好的"。这样介绍商品，不但不能达到推销的目的，反而使人对写信人有"卖狗皮膏药"的感觉。
［改写］
Our model A195 is designed on modern lines and gives, without any increase in fuel consumption, 25% more heat than the older models. So you will agree that it is the outstanding stove for economy of fuel.
(我们的Ａ１９５型炉子是按近代样式设计的，在不增加燃料消耗的情况下，比其他各种旧式炉子温度高２５％。所以，你会同意，这是优良的节约燃料的炉子。)
三．字要正确
做对外贸易离不开数字。对商业书信中的数字的正确性要特别加以注意，有时"失之毫厘，差之千里"。甚至引起不同的理解。
（a）"以上"，"以下"，"以前"，"以后"，"从。。。到。。。"等的表达法
$2 or (and) above(over) 二美元和二美元以上
60dozen or (and) up (upward, upwards) ６０打和６０打以上
2% or (and) more ２％和２％以上
an order for 50 gross or upward ５０罗或５０罗以上的定单
an order for not less than 50 gross 不少于５０罗的定单
5% up to 10% inclusive ５％到１０％（包括５％和１０％）
over 5% up to 10% inclusive ５％以上到１０％（包括１０％）（b）
from and including today(this date) 从今日起（包括今日）
on and from Nov. 10; 从１１月１０日起
on and after Nov.10; （包括１１月１０日）
as from Nov.10 从毁约之日起
as from the date of the breach （包括毁约之日）up to $40 inclusive; 到４０美元
up to the maximum of $40 （包括４０美元）止
up to and including Nov.20 到１１月２０日止（包括１１月２０日）
as from the 1st to the 15th of March inclusive;从３月１日到１５日
from the 1st to 15th of March both inclusive（包括１日和１５日）
during the period beginning on March 1 and ending on March 30, both dates inclusive.
从３月１日起到３月３０日止这一期间（包括头尾两天。）四．理解和运用商业术语
一般常用的商业用语用字简洁，意义明确，使用得好，工作进行得顺利，使用得不好，就会引起混乱，误解，甚至产生不必要的纠纷，如：
You ask very short delivery for your order.
写信的人原意是说"你们要求赶快交你们的定货。"
可是short delivery不是快点交货的意思，而是"短交"的意思，这就用错了商业术语。因此，应该说：
Your require quick(prompt) delivery of your order.
五．合适的写作技巧或方法，以及正确运用其他的六个"Ｃ"
(1) 非英语国家的人学英语中普遍的弱点之一是不能正确地拼写（spelling）每一个英文字。拼写正确与否是一个很重要的问题。有时，一不小心，拼写错了，会误大事或出笑话。你想买靴子，英文应该是BOOTS，要是拼写成BOATS就变成你想买船了。
怎样才能正确地拼写？最好的办法是读得仔细，注意每个字的正确拼法及字母排列。要注意
音节(syllables)
字根(roots)
前缀(prefixes)
后缀(suffixes)
有人就此写了首打油诗做了个"总结"
I before E
Except after C
Or when sounded as A
As in neighbor or weigh.
其基本意思是说除了在字母C之后或是发音是[ei ]之外，通常是I在E之前。现举例说明：
(a) ie [发音i:]
achieve，grieve，retrieve
believe，niece，shield
brief，piece，shriek
chief，pier，siege
field，pierce，thief
fiend，relieve，wield
fierce，reprieve，yield
(b) ei [发音i:]
ceiling, conceive, deceive, perceive, receive
(c) ei [发音ei]
feint, obeisance, sleigh
freight, reign, veil
inveigh, rein, weigh
neighbor, skein, weight
例外：
either, fiery, foreign, friend, heifer, height, inveigle, leisure, seize, sovereign, weird.
又如以ceed, cede,和sede结尾的动词中，只有三个普通的动词以ceed结尾，即：exceed,proceed
和succeed结尾的，如：acced, concede, intercede, precede, recede.
名词的复数形式也得注意，否则也要出错。不过如何把名词的单数变成复数还是有规律的。
（a）绝大部分的名词从单数变为复数时，只要在词尾加个""就行了。如：
hat, hats; acrobat, acrobats; banana, bananas.
（b）单数名词的字尾是s, ch, x或z的复数，通常是加es, 如：mass, masses; patch, patches; tax, taxes; buzz, buzzes.
（c）以y结尾的y前是辅音字母的单数名词变复数时，把y去掉改为I再加es，如：city, cities；community, communities.
（d）以y结尾的y前是元音字母的单数名词变复数时，只要在字尾加s, 如：money, moneys.
（e）以o结尾的而o前是元音字母的单数名词，在字尾加s就变为复数，如：radio, radios. （f）以o结尾的而o前是辅音字母的单数名词变成复数时，应加es, 如：
buffaloes, calicoes, cargoes, dominoes, echoes, embargoes, heroes, jingoes, mosquitoes, mottoes
(mottos), mulattoes, potatoes, tomatoes, tornadoes, torpedoes, volcanoes.
但有例外如：
banjos, bolos, cantos, contraltos, dynamos, gigolos, octaves, pianos, quartos, silos, solos, sopranos, zeros.
（g）绝大多数以f结尾的名词，从单数变为复数时，把f换成v再加上es，如：half, halves, scarf, scarves(or : scarfs) ; self, selves ; sheaf, sheaves ; thief, thieves ; wolf, wolves.
但有例外如：
beliefs, chiefs, dwarfs, griefs, handkerchiefs, hoofs, mischiefs, roofs, staffs
（h）专有名词一般在字尾加s，构成复数，但以ch, s, x或z结尾的专有名词，则要加es如：
the Kellys, the six Marys, the Finleys, the Harrises, the Foxes, the Heinzes.
( i ) 字母，数字，记号或其他作这种用途的字的复数形式是在字尾加"s"，如：three m's; two
2's; if's and and's.
( j )某些外来字还保留其原来的复数形式：
agendum------agenda focus----------foci
alumna-------alumnae locus----------loci
alumnus------alumni hypothesis-----hypotheses
analysis-----analyses larva----------larvae
axis---------axes parenthesis----parenteses
bacterium----bacteria phenomenon-----phenomena
basis--------bases radius---------radii
chassis------chassis stratum--------strata
crisis-------crises tableau--------tableaux
datum--------data thesis---------theses
复合名词的复数通常是其中的主要字用复数形式，如：
fathers-in-law; hangers-on; passers-by; by-standers; solicitors general; attorneys general(or: attorney generals); major generals; Knights Templar.
但也有都用复数形式的，如：
nanservant, menservants; woman-servant, women-servants
以上例子说明，英语的拼写是有一定规律的，只是多加注意，便可以逐渐掌握其规律。但是，任何规律都有其相对的例外，这就需要特别下工夫。
有人把这些不规则的内容编了一首打油诗，现转录下来，供参考。
We'll begin with a box and the plural is boxes,
But the plural of ox should be oxen not oxes.
Then one fowl is a goose but two are called geese,
Yet the plural of mouse should never be meese.
You may find a lone mouse or a whole set of mice,
But the plural of house is houses not hice,
If the plural of man is always called men,
Shouldn't the plural o a pan be called pen?
If I speak of a foot and you show me your feet,
And I give you a boot would a pare be called beet?
If one is a tooth and whole set are teeth,
Why should not the plural of booth be called beeth?
Then one may be that and three would be those,
Yet hat in that plural wouldn't be hose.
And the plural of cat is cats and not cose.
We speak of a brother and also of brethren,
But though we say Mother we never say Methren,
Then the masculine pronouns are he, his, and him,
But imagine the feminine, she, shis, and shim.
So English I fancy, you all will agree,
Is the funniest language you ever did see.
(２) 正确使用大写（Capital Letter）
一般在每一句，每一个直接引语，每一行诗的第一个字要大写，人的称呼或头衔，书名等要大写，专有名词要大写，月名，星期几要大写，代词Ｉ要大写。这是使用英语必须具备的起码的知识。因此，大写使用的正确与否，也是英语水平问题。
除了上述一般大写规律以外，在商业书信英语中的大写，还有其本身的特点，现说明于下：
（Ａ）North, South, East, West
这四个字作为一般方向用时小写，但是当它们作为一个地理概念表示北方地区，南方地区，东方地区，西方地区，或专有的地名联用时，就必须大写。
［例］The land dips gently to the south
Cotton is the principal crop in the south; it is also grown extensively in the Southwest and in the Sou thern California
(棉花是南部各州的重要作物，西南各州和加利福尼亚南部也广泛种植。)（Ｂ）商品名称
从语法上讲，一般的商品名称（非专有名词）没有必要大写。在商业书信中为了强调或要促使对方注意，商品名称常常大写。
［例］We have seen your advertisement in the "Textile World" and should be glad if you would send us patterns of Ladies' Woolens with your best terms.
(我们看到你们在"织物界"杂志上的广告，请寄妇女用毛织物样本并告最优惠的价格条件。)（Ｃ）文件名称
［例］we have quoted our best terms on the enclosed Price List.
（我们已随函寄送价目表报最优惠价格条件。）
( D ) 公司，团体，城市名称省略时大写
［例］The Company will pay you $100 annuity.
该公司将付给你年金１００美圆。
（Ｅ）职务名称
［例］There is enclosed a letter from Mr. H.A.Anderson, President, National City Bank of New York.
(同函俯上花旗银行行长安得逊先生所写书信一封。)
（Ｆ）船名
［例］We have shipped the goods by the m.v."London Maru" of OSK. （货已由大阪轮船公司的"伦敦丸"轮装运
商业信函的书写原则（4）Conciseness
"简洁"是有客观标准的。虽然西方国家的作者之间在怎样用词才算"简洁"方面还是有争论的，不过他们的一些看法还是有一定参考价值的。
现在把他们所做的某些词句的"不简洁"的比较列在下面做参考：不简洁简洁
enclosed herewith enclosed
enclosed you will find enclosed is
please be advised that (four wasted words)
please don't hesitate to call upon us please write us
please feel free to write prior to please write before
this is to advise you (five wasted words)
under separate cover separately
a long period of time a long time
continuous and uninterrupted continuous (or uninterrupted)
during the year of 1971 during 1971
endorse on the back of this check endorse this check
for a price of $300 for $300
grateful and appreciative grateful(or: appreciative)
immediately and at once immediately (or: at once)
in(for) the moment of $400 For $400
in the city of Chicago in Chicago
according to our records we find
at this time now
due to the fact that because
during the time that while
for the purpose of for, to
for the reason that since(or; because)
下面是某些作者认为"应该用"和"不应该用"的：
不应该用应该用
Averting to your favor Referring to your letter
Re (your letter) or
The writer wishes to acknowledge Thank you for your letter
We are in receipt of We have received
We beg to acknowledge We are writing to inform you
We have to acknowledge
We beg to inform you
We beg to thank you We thank you
Your letter to hand We have received your letter
Yours to hand
怎样才能使商业书信"简洁"？西方国家作者有很多建议，先介绍如下：
（一）避免使用陈旧的商业术语
陈旧的与传统的商业术语（Commercial jargon）对信的内容没有什么作用，应该避免使用。
例一：
Wordy: We wish to acknowledge receipt of your letter of November 14 with the check for Stg.10 enclosed and wish to thank you for same.
Concise: We appreciate your letter of November 14 and the check for Stg. 10 you sent with it.
例二：
Wordy: We take liberty to approach you with the request that you would be kind enough to introduce to us some exporters of cotton textiles in your cities.
Would you please introduce to us some exporters of cotton textiles in your city?
Concise: (a) Please introduce to us some exporters of cotton textiles in your city.
(b)Would you please introduce to us some exporters of cotton textiles in your city.
（注：此类简洁的表达方式很多。）
（二）要长话短说，避免罗嗦
通常商业人士每天需要阅读大量的书信，对开门见山，长话短说，直接切题的信特别欢迎。因此，
写信要力求长话短说，例如：
不要写应写作
Please see that an enquiry is conducted to determine the reason. Please find out the reason. We express our regret at being unable to fulfil your order on this occasion. We are sorry we cannot meet your present order.
要使用简洁的语言，有可能的话，尽量使用单词来代替某些娇柔做作的短语如：Will you be good enough to-----------------------------Please
Come to a decision----------------------------------------decide
Express a preference for---------------------------------prefer
For the reason that----------------------------------------because
删去不必要的形容词，如下列句子中的形容词或副词删去后并不影响句子的原意：The proposal is under (active) consideration.
The answer is (definitely) correct.
I would (rather) think the fare is too high.
The (true) facts are as stated
（三）要注意每句句子的长短
例如：
"We would like to know whether you would allow us to extend the time of shipment for twenty days, and if you would be so kind as to allow us to do so, kindly give us your reply by cable without delay."
这句话过分"客气"，使句子过长而不清楚。内容要求对方同意延期交货20天，一般情况下，应尽可能提出延期到那一天的具体日期。这句话可压缩为：
"Please reply by telegram immediately if you will allow us to delay the shipment until April 21."(如同意我们把交货延期到四月二十一日，请电复。)
有的作者为了使人们记住避免使用陈旧的商业术语，专门选择了一些他认为陈旧的商业术语搞成一首诗：
We beg to advise and wish to state
That yours has arrived of recent date.
We have it before us, its contents noted; Herewith enclosed are the prices we quoted. Attached please find, as per your request, The data you wanted; and not let us suggest Your order be sent, and not held unduly, We beg to remain, yours most truly.
商业信函的书写原则（5）Courtesy
COURTESY译成"礼貌"。但是根据西方国家函电书籍作者普遍的看法，所谓OURTESY 是"客气而又体谅人"的意思。有的作者还把COURTESY和POLITENESS这两个同义词做了比较，认为：POLITENESS的客气只是表现在文章的语句上，而COURTESY则表现在对对方的"体谅"，例如：
[POLITE]
a) We have received with many thanks your letter of Oct.7, and we take the pleasure of sending you latest catalog. We wish to draw your attention to a special offer, which we have made in it.
[COURTESY]
b) You will be particularly interested in a special offer on page 5 of the latest catalog enclosed, which you requested in your letter of Oct. 7.
不要写建议写
You ought to ……Perhaps you could……
Your letter is not clear at all;I can't understand it. ? If I understand your letter correctly... 不要写Obviously, if you'd read your policy carefully, You'd be able to answer these questions yourself. ?/td>
建议写Sometimes policy wording is a little hard to understand. I'm glad to clear up these questions for you.
怎样通过各种语言形式来表达COURTESY呢？这样的形式很多，现在提供一些常见的供参考：
（一）把命令变成请求的常用形式：
Please, Will you…….., Will you please……..,如：
a) Will you give us more detailed information on your requirement?
b) Will you please (kindly) let us hear from you on these two points?
（二）虚拟式（Past Subjunctive From）如：
a) Would you compare our sample with the goods of other firms?
b) We would ask you to ship the goods by the first available vessel.
c) We wish you would let us have your reply soon.
d) This would seem to confirm our opinion.
e) We should be grateful if you would help us with your suggestion.
f) We think if advisable that you should accept this offer at this price.
g) We should(would) like you to let us know the exact amount.
h) Perhaps you might like to have a look at the actual goods.
i) We might be of some service to you in a similar case.
以上的b, f, g, 也可用will, shall, may, 但是用Past Subjunctive Form则表示更客气和婉转些。
（三）缓和用法（Mitigation）
为了缓和过分强调或刺激对方，常用:
We are afraid, we would say, we may(or, might) say, we(would) think, it seems(or would seem) to us, we(would) suggest, as you are (or: may be) aware, as we need hardly point out 等等表达法来缓和语气，如：
a) It was unwise of you to have done that.
We would say that it was unwise of you to have done that.
b) You ought to have done it.
It seems to us that you ought to have done it.
c) We cannot comply with your request.
We are afraid we cannot comply with your request.
d) Our products are the very best on the market.
We might say tha t our products are the very best on the market.
e) You must keep the matter to yourselves.
You must, we would add, keep the matter to yourselves.
f) You must cut off your order in half
We would suggest that you cut your order in half.
g) We have not yet had your reply.
It appears that we have not yet had your reply.
（四）运用被动语气
有时，运用被动语气，比主动语气客气，如：
a) You made a very careless mistake.
A very careless mistake was made
b) You did not enclose the check with your order.
The check was not enclosed with your order.
c) For the past two years, you did not give us any order.
For the past two years, no order has been given us. Or:
For the past two years, no business has been materialized between us.
（五）避免（或力争避免）使用语气强烈或容易引起不快的词汇
a) we demand immediate payment from you
demand的意思是ask for(sth) as if ordering, or as if one has a right to, 即带有命令意味的要求。非不得已，应尽可能避免使用demand而改用request如：We request your immediate payment.
b) We are disgusted with your manner of doing business.
disguste意味hate而且有strong feeling of dislike or distasted, 既"厌恶"的意思，因此，还是婉转或含蓄一些为宜，如：
We are not completely satisfied with your manner of doing business.
c) We must refuse your offer.
Must………带有威胁性的意味（minatory tone），不如改为：
We regret that we are unable to accept your offer.
Or: We regret tha t we are not in a position to accept your offer.
d) We want you to assist us
带有傲慢或长者的口吻（superior tone），不如改为：
Your assistance would be appreciated.
（六）使用高兴，遗憾，感谢等词汇及表达法
(1) We have pleasure of -ing…….
We have pleasure in -ing…….
It is with pleasure that we do so
It gives us(great, much) pleasure to do so
We are pleased to do so
It's a pleasure for us to do so.
We are glad(or: delighted) that you do so
We shall gladly do so
英语写信作文模板
①I am ______（自我介绍）. ②I am writing to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding ______（要询问的内容）. ③First of all, what are ______（第一个问题）? ④Secondly, when will ______（第二个问题）? ⑤Thirdly, is ______（第三个问题）? ⑥I would also like to inquire ______（将最重要的问题单独成段）. ⑦Could you be so kind as to send me some relevant booklets on the above-mentioned aspects? ⑧Thank you for you kindness, and your prompt attention to this letter will be highly appreciated. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 祝贺信 Dear ______ , ①I have learned with delight that you ______（祝贺事由）. ②I would like to extend to you my utmost congratulations on ______. ③You must be ______. ④And I feel very happy for you. ⑤ ______（所取得的成绩）is quite exciting news! ⑥I know this is surely owing to ______（被祝贺人过去的努力）.⑦It is a reward you richly deserve for your ______（被祝贺人的优点）. ⑧Kindly let me know when you ______（咨询对方何时有空）.⑨I hope ______（表达自己的愿望）. ⑩My best wishes for your further success. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 推荐信 Dear ______ , ①It affords me much pleasure to recommend ______（要推荐的人）to you.②During his/her graduate years he/she was my ______ . ③As his/her ______ I found him/her ______（介绍与此人的关系）. ④His/Her performance in the school years was outstanding. ⑤First, he/she had been and showed great talents in ______ . ⑥In addition, he/she has a very pleasant personality. ⑦He has developed a strong sense of ______, and working with him is always. ⑧I can state that he/she has all the qualities of being ______.（介绍此人的能力） ⑨Therefore, I here recommend him/her to you with all my heart. ⑩Should you favor him/her with a position in your company/Should you accept him/her in your university？I am sure that his/her future conduct/academic work will prove worthy of your confidence. I look forward to hearing from you at the earliest possible moment. Yours sincerely, Li Ming
商务英语信函写作中的语言特点与写作技巧_全英文
1 Introduction Business English can be regarded as an application of English language in commercial occasions, aiming at enabling speakers to communicate and interact effectively using the most correct and clearest business language. Business English Correspondence is an important carrier of international commercial activities which is used to deli ever information, address commercial issues and as a way of communication. Lexicon is an important factor of a passage. In the writing of business English correspondence, we should pay particular attention to the selection of lexicon. Different words may carry different meaning and even the mood of them can be very distinct. Therefore, it is of great necessity to do research of the features of lexicon in the writing of business English correspondence. This thesis attempts to do some researches on the following subjects: To have a good knowledge of characteristics of lexicon in business English correspondence. To make sense of the reason why the business English correspondence have such requirements of lexicon. To provide some suggestions that learners can improve their writing skills. 2 Description of Business English correspondence 2.1 Definition of business English correspondence Nowadays more and more people choose to work in companies and do commercial work. As China joined the WTO, enterprises are all choosing to open their markets and expand them into the international world, thus making English inevitably become the most used language in the world. And in this way a new subject appeared that we call it “business English”. In terms of business English, we refer to the language used in order to adapt to the job market whose contents include a lot of aspects (Kansi, 1983; 134). Unlike the general English learners, people who learn business English are more
商务邮件范文
写作中文商务信函并不要求您使用华丽优美的词句。所有您需要做的就是，用简单朴实的语言，准确的表达自己的意思，让对方可以非常清楚的了解您想说什么。围绕这一点，精品学习网总结了几方面的内容，希望对您写中文商务信函有借鉴作用。 中文商业商务信函的写作格式 如同一般信函，商业信文一般由开头、正文、结尾、署名、日期等5个部分组成。 (1)开头 开头写收信人或收信单位的称呼。称呼单独占行、顶格书写，称呼后用冒号。 (2)正文 信文的正文是书信的主要部分，叙述商业业务往来联系的实质问题，通常包括： ①向收信人问候； ②写信的事由，例如何时收到对方的来信，表示谢意，对于来信中提到的问题答复等等； ③该信要进行的业务联系，如询问有关事宜，回答对方提出的问题，阐明自己的想法或看法，向对方提出要求等。如果既要向对方询问，又要回答对方的询问，则先答后问，以示尊重； ④提出进一步联系的希望、方式和要求。 (3)结尾 结尾往往用简单的一两句话，写明希望对方答复的要求。如“特此函达，即希函复。”同时写表示祝愿或致敬的话，如“此致敬礼”、“敬祝健康”等。祝语一般分为两行书写，“此致”、“敬祝”可紧随正文，也可和正文空开。“敬礼”、“健康”则转行顶格书写。 (4)署名 署名即写信人签名，通常写在结尾后另起一行(或空一、二行)的偏右下方位置。以单位名义发出的商业信函，署名时可写单位名称或单位内具体部门名称，也可同时署写信人的姓名。重要的商业信函，为郑重起见，也可加盖公章。 (5)日期 写信日期—般写在署名的下一行或同一行偏右下方位置。商业信函的日期很重要，不要遗漏。 通知：
英语书信作文万能模板
英语书信作文万能模板 第一：投诉信 示例一： Dear_______, [亲爱的___某某某：] I am . (自我介绍) I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint about_______. [我是__某某某，我感到很糟糕的麻烦你，但是我怕我不得不提出投诉关于__什么什么事件] The reason for my dissatisfaction is ______________(总体介绍). In the first place,_________________________(抱怨的第一个方面). In addition, ____________________________(抱怨的第二个方面). Under these circumstances, I find it ___(感觉) to ____________________________(抱怨的方面给你带来的后果). [我感到不满的原因是__。（总体介绍）首先，_____（抱怨第一个方面）。此外，_____（抱怨第二个方面）。在这种情况下，我发现它给我产生了____后果。] I appreciate it very much if you could_______________________(提出建议和请求), preferably __________(进一步的要求), and I would like to have this matter settled by ______(设定解决事情最后期限).Thank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your reply. [我非常感激如果你能____（提出建议和请求），最好是___（进一步的要求），以及我想要这件事在___时候解决。（最后期限）感谢你的关注，我期待你的回复。] Yours sincerely [你真诚的] Li Ming 示例二： Dear _____________ , ①I am _____________(写信人身份)。②I venture to write you a letter about_____________(抱怨内容)。 [我是___某某某。我冒昧的给你写封信关于___（抱怨内容）] ③The focus of the complaint is _____________(抱怨内容的核心)。④For one thing, _____________(抱怨内容的一个方面)。⑤For another, _____________(抱怨内容的另一方
商务信函的写作特点_写作指导
商务信函的写作特点_写作指导 商务信函的写作特点 商务信函的写作特点写作商务信函并不要求您使用华丽优美的词句。所有您需要做的就是，用简单朴实的语言，准确的表达自己的意思，让对方可以非常清楚的了解您想说什么。围绕这一点，我们总结了几方面的内容，希望对您写作商务信函有借鉴作用。口语化每一封信函的往来，都是您跟收信人彼此之间的一次交流。人都是感性的，所以您需要在您的信函里体现感性的一面。然而很多人都有一种误解，以为写作商务信函就应该用一种特殊的“生意腔”，于是把一封本来应该是热情而友好的信函写得呆板而死气沉沉。他们宁愿写“your letter has been received”，“your complaint is being looked into”而不是“i have received your letter”或者“we are looking into your complaint”。其实我们简单的来理解一下，每次信函的往来不就是跟对方进行了一次交谈吗？只不过是把交谈的内容写到了纸上而已。多用一些简单明了的语句，用我/我们做主语，这样才能让我们的信函读起来热情，友好，就象两个朋友之间的谈话那样简单，自然，人性化。想象一下，如果您由于无法准时交货而在电话上跟您的合作伙伴表示歉意时，您会怎么说？我想您会说“i am sorry we cannot deliver the goods today”。既然在电话中您会这样说，为什么在信件中要改成“it is regretted that goods cannot be delivered today”？放弃这种所谓的“生意腔”吧，让您的信也象谈话那样简单，自然，人性化。语气语调由于您写的信函都是有其目的性的，所以您信函里所采用的语气语调也应该符合您的目的。在写之前先不妨仔细考虑一下，您写这封信函是想达到一个什么样的目的，您希望对收信人产生一种怎样的影响呢？是歉意的，劝说性的，还是坚决的，要求性的。这完全可以通过信函中的语气语调来表现。真诚不管是生活中的交往还是生意上的合作，真诚是最重要也是最基础的，所以您的信函也必须能够充分体现您的真诚。不管说什么，都要带着您的诚意去说。把写好的信函拿起来读一遍，确保如果此时对方正在电话中与您通话，他一定能够感受到您的自然和真诚。直接跟您一样，您的合作伙伴们每天都要阅读大量信函文件。所以，信函一定要写得简明扼要，短小精悍，切中要点。如果是不符合主题或者对信函的目的不能产生利益的内容，请毫不留情的舍弃它们。因为这些内容不仅不能使交流通畅，反而会混淆视听，非但不能让读者感兴趣，反而会让他们恼火，产生反感。礼貌我们这里所说的礼貌，并不是简单用一些礼貌用语比如your kind inquiry, your esteemed order等就可以的。而是要体现一种为他人考虑，多体谅对方心情和处境的态度。如果本着这样的态度去跟别人交流，那么就算您这次拒绝了对方的要求，也不会因此失去这个朋友，不会影响今后合作的机会。特别要注意，当双方观点不能统一时，我们首先要理解并尊重对方的观点。如果对方的建议不合理或者对您的指责不公平时，请表现一下您的高姿态，您可以据理力争，说明您的观点，但注意要讲究礼节礼貌，避免用冒犯性的语言。还要提醒一点，中国人有句话叫做“过犹不及”。任何事情，一旦过了头，效果反而不好。礼貌过了头，可能会变成阿谀奉承，真诚过了头，也会变成天真幼稚。所以最关键的还是要把握好“度”，才能达到预期的效果。共2页，当前第1页12商务信函的写作特点相关内容:劳动合同一般写法 劳动合同一般写法性质：＿甲方：。乙方：＿名称：＿姓名：＿用工形式：＿鉴证编号：＿编号：＿甲方因生产、工作需要，经考核录用乙方为工人。遵照国家有关劳动法规和政策，经双方协商达成如下协议：一、甲方录用乙方从事，某某工作（岗位...
商务信函范文
商务信函范文 篇一：12种商务信函范文 第一种、介绍信Letters of Introduction 实例之一： Dear Mr. / Ms., This is to introduce Mr. Frank Jones, our new marketing specialist who will be in London from April 5 to mid April on business. We shall appreciate any help you can give Mr. Jones and will always be happy to reciprocate. Yours faithfully 尊敬的先生/小姐， 现向您推荐我们的市场专家弗兰克·琼斯先生。他将因公务在四月15日到四月中旬期间停留伦敦。 我们将非常感谢您向琼斯先生提供的任何帮助，并非常高兴施以回报。您诚挚的 实例之二： Dear Mr. / Ms, We are pleased to introduce Mr. Wang You, our import manager of Textiles Department. Mr. Wang is spending three weeks in your city to develop our business with chief manufactures and to make purchases of decorative fabrics for the coming season.
We shall be most grateful if you will introduce him to reliable manufacturers and give him any help or advice he may need. Yours faithfully 尊敬的先生/小姐， 我们非常高兴向您介绍我们纺织部的进口经理王有先生。王先生将在你市度过三周，他要与主要的生产厂家拓展商务并为下一季度采购装饰织品。 如能介绍他给可靠的生产厂家，向他提供所需的任何帮助或建议，我们将不胜感谢。 您诚挚的 第二种、约定Appointments 实例之一： Dear Mr./Ms, Mr. John Green, our General Manager, will be in Paris from June 2 to 7 and would like to come and see you, say, on June 3 at 2.00 p.m. about the opening of a sample room there.Please let us know if the time is convenient for you. If not, what time you would suggest. Yours faithfully, 尊敬的先生/小姐 我们的总经理约翰格林将于六月2日到7日在巴黎，有关在那开样品房的事宜，他会于六月3日下午2：00点拜访您。
英语书信作文模板
?英语书信作文万能模板 ?第一：投诉信 示例一： Dear_______, [亲爱的___某某某：] I am . (自我介绍) I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint about_______. [我是__某某某，我感到很糟糕的麻烦你，但是我怕我不得不提出投诉关于__什么什么事件] The reason for my dissatisfaction is ______________(总体介绍). In the first place,_________________________(抱怨的第一个方面). In addition, ____________________________(抱怨的第二个方面). Under these circumstances, I find it ___(感觉) to ____________________________(抱怨的方面给你带来的后果). [我感到不满的原因是__。（总体介绍）首先，_____（抱怨第一个方面）。此外，_____（抱怨第二个方面）。在这种情况下，我发现它给我产生了____后果。] I appreciate it very much if you could_______________________(提出 建议和请求), preferably __________(进一步的要求), and I would like to have this matter settled by ______(设定解决事情最后期限).Thank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your reply. [我非常感激如果你能____（提出建议和请求），最好是___（进一步的要求），以及我想要这件事在___时候解决。（最后期限）感谢你的注重，我期待你的回复。]
英语商务信函格式范文
英语商务信函格式范文 篇一：英语商务信函范文 建立办事处Establishment of new branch Dear Mr. / Ms, Owing to the large increase in the volume of our trade with this country we have decided to open a branch here, with Mr. Wang Lo as manager. The new branch will open on 1st March and from that date all orders and inquiries should be sent to Mr. Wang Lo at the above address, instead of to our London office. We take this opportunity to express our thanks for your cooperation in the past. We hope the new arrangements will lead to even better results. Yours faithfully 歇业Discontinuation of business
Dear Mr/Ms, With the demolition of our premises at the above address under a redevelopment scheme, the part of our business carried on there will be discontinued after the end of October. On Monday, 1st October, we are holding a closing-out sale. Stock on hand will be cleared regardless of cost. There will be substantial reductions in all departments and in some cases, prices will be marked down by as much as one half. Stock to be cleared is uivaled in both variety and quality. As the sale is likely to be well attended, we hope you make a point of visiting the store as early as possible during the opening days. Yours faithfully 更改名称和地址Change of name and address Dear Mr. / Ms,
应用文写作书信教(学)案
应用文写作 ———书信 乌什县第一中学 何宏禄
应用文写作 ——书信课题：应用文写作——书信授课时间：2018年3月 20日教学目标： 1、知识与能力：了解书信的种类，掌握一般书信和常用专用书信的基本格式和写法，能规写作一般书信和常用书信。 2、过程与方法：通过教师对一些书信格式的讲解，学生自己练习，达到会写信的目的。 3、情感态度与价值观：讲解书信，及其书信的一般格式让学生养成会写书信，写对属性格式的习惯。 教学重点：一般书信的基本格式和写法。 教学难点：一般书信的格式。 主要教法：讲授、练习 学习指导：指导写作 教具：多媒体课件 课时：1课时 课型：新授课 教学过程： 一、课堂导入： 我们为什么要写信？
书信属于应用文，在我们日常生活中使用频率很高。我们经常需要借书信传达思想或信息，联络感情。 虽然现在科技发达，、手机、电子等手段取代了书信的功能。可是，透过书信文字表达出来的情感是这些高科技的电子产品无法取代的。有许多面对面不好意思开口说的、许多隐藏在心中的情感，通过书信才能传达出来。 二、新课讲授： （一）、书信的基本格式 书信一般由称谓、问候语、正文、结尾、署名、日期所构成。 我们以星给强强的一封信为例作简单讲析。 1 ．称谓 在首行顶格的位置写称谓，后加冒号。 为了表示尊敬、亲切，可在称谓前加上“尊敬的”或“亲爱的”等词。这由写信人与收信人的关系的亲疏远近而定。 亲爱的强强：（同学之间，关系亲密，可用亲爱的） 2 ．问候语 第二行开头空两格写问候语。 运用礼貌语言，使收信人感到亲切，受到尊敬。 长者多问候身体，中年人多问候事业和家庭，青年人多问候爱情和学业，少年儿童多祝愿健康成长。 你好！你在新学校的生活还习惯吧，别忘记了老同学哟 3 ．正文 另起一行空两格写，一般一件事一段，注意要分层次叙述清楚，简洁清晰
英语书信的常见写作模板开头部分
一、英语书信的常见写作模板开头部分: How nice to hear from you again. Let me tell you something about the activity. I’m glad to have received your letter of Apr. 9th. I’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a visit. I’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America. 结尾部分: With best wishes. I’m looking forward to your reply. I’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.二、 三、二、口头通知常见写作模板呼语及开场白部分: Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please I have an announcement to make. 正文部分: All the teachers and students are required to attend it. Please take your notebooks and make notes. Please listen carefully and we’ll have a discussion in groups. Please come on time and don’t be late. 结束语部分: Please come and join in it. Everybody is welcome to attend it. I hope you’ll have a nice time here. That’s all. Thank you. 四、三、议论文模板 1.正反观点式议论文模板导入: 第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题) Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧) 正文: 第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点) Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由) 第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点) Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由) 结论: 第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点) オ 2.“A或者B”类议论文模板: 导入: 第1段: Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages. 五、正文: 第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因) 第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势) 结论: 第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论) 3. 六、 七、观点论述类议论文模板: 导入: 第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题 As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对) The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句，承上启下) 正文: 第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由) 结论: 第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段，构成"总-分-总"结构) 4."How to"类议论文模板: 导入: 第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题正文: 第2段: Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法) 结论: 第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法) 5.四、图表作文写作模板 The chart gives us an overall picture of the 图表主题. The first thing we notice is that 图表最大特点 . This means that as (进一步说明). We can see from the statistics given that 图表细节一 . After 动词-ing 细节一中的第
商务英语信函写作的注意事项
商务英语信函写作的注意事项 在国际贸易竞争日益激烈的今天，为了通过发送商务信函达到有效交流，传达友好情感，增加商务合作机会的目的，商务信函必须在风格和语言上发生变化。现代商务信函的主要文体特征可以概括为以下五点: 内容的清晰性、表达的简洁性、词语的专业性、风格的正式性、措辞的礼貌性。因此我们要将商务信函本身的特点和英语的语言特点结合起来，分析和总结其翻译思路和技巧。 发送商务信函的目的在于建立商务往来关系，就某一细节进行商讨，努力达成共识，以便促进一项商务活动的开展。要达到这些目的，首先必须保证阅读者能够清楚了解写信人的意图，迂回或闪烁其辞的话语会让读信人产生不信任，甚至会怀疑对方的语言表达能力，对进一步开展商务活动很不利。模棱两可的话轻则阻碍读信人对信函意思的理解，重则会对发函方造成不必要的损失。例如: As to the steamers sailing from Hongkong to San Francisco，we have bimonthly direct services. 此处bimonthly 有歧义，可以是twice a month 或者once two month. 故读信人就迷惑了，可以改写为We have two direct sailings every month from Hongkong to San Francisco. 翻译要保留原文的清晰度相当重要。由于在较为正式的场合中，为了将一概念定义完整和清楚，英文常常用关联词将几个短句并在
一起形成一个长句，而中文无法照样只用一句话来翻译，即使这样译了也很难达到通顺和自然。这时，我们就采取将长句按特定的事情发展的顺序拆分成两个或两个以上的小句子的方式来翻译。必要时还要增加或省略一些词语，让整段文字结构更合理、内容更清楚。例如: The prices stated are based on current freight rates，any increase or decrease in freight rates at time of shipment is to be the benefit of the buyer，with the seller assuming the payment of all transportation charges to the point or place of delivery.例句中以一个介词with 来分界，译为“合同价格是以运费计算，装运时运费的增减均属买方。卖方则承担至交货地的全部运费”。在原文中with 分句是一个状语，翻 译时采用中国人平铺直叙的思维方式，用分述的方式把这个句子拆成两句，清楚地表达了原文的语言信息。 是不是一封书信只要包含了全部关键信息就可以成为一封好的书信了呢? 拟信人还应注意语言组织的条理性，或按事情发展的先后顺序，或按各要素的重要性排序编写。东扯一句，西扯一句的写法必定会影响文章的清晰度。 简洁就是用最精炼的语言来表达意思，在商务信函中言简意赅就是为了方便高效率沟通与工作。能用一个字表达的不用一个词组，能一个词组讲清的事就不用讲成一句话。商务信函不用因顾及礼貌
商务信函写作范文
研究生课外作业 课程名称商务英语 研究生姓名 班级MEM 苏州班 学号 任课老师职称副教授 所属学院管理学院 专业工程管理 作业题目商务写作（商务信函）
商务写作（商务信函） Practice: write a letter of complait according to the following ad and handwritten notes.
Dear Director: I am a student of C&S English Center. I am writing to complain about your poor service against your advertisement. In the first place, you promise to have Experienced and highly-qualified teachers, but in fact,the teacher is poor. In addition, you offer the personal placement for our year-long customers, but the test result is not accurate. In the third place, you will arrange the foreign teachers according to our time, but they did not arrive classroom on time. In the fourth place, the Mini-test every month should be extra charged. In the fifth place, English Movie + Culture Teaching become movie viewing only. In the sixth place, nearly 20 students were in my class which are much more than Maximum 10 students. The last one place, we will have a gift with good quality of note book, but finally, we find the quality is very pool. I appreciate it very much if you could improve your service, preferably according to your commitment for the services, and I would like to have this matter settled within two days. It will be nice for you to conduct investigation at your end and reply to us. Yours sincerely,
(参考资料)2016年MBA英语书信类作文模板
注意：以推荐信（推荐和自荐大同小异），辞职信和道歉信为主，其他也要掌握 以防万一 做题之前先审题，分清楚信件类型，确定称呼，收件人，写之前列提纲，掌握文章行文结构，文章分三段，para.1, para.2, para.3 ;每段中包含的1）2）3）4）需要写在内，给出的句子可以根据自己的情况自由选择，组合成自己的模版，以防大家模版雷同。 大家整理出模版后一定要注意，模版只是套路，一切以试题指令为主，千万不要生搬硬套 一、建议信(关键词：make suggestions，suggest) Para.1:(第一段) 1) I am 自我介绍（看情况是否需要） 2）写作目的（二选一） 1：I am writing this letter toconvey / express my deepest / greatest concern about+出现问题的事项. 2：I am writing this letter for the purpose of conveying / expressing my deepest / greatestconcern about+出现问题的事项. Para.2:（第二段） 1)(指出问题的严重性） 1：It must be pointed out that the current situation is going from bad to worse. 2)（总述自己的观点：委婉指出不足）: 1: Though a multitude achievements have been made by 建议对方, still there are some areas to be improved. (总述自己的观点：应该采取措施）----------对应指出问题的严重性 2: Therefore，it is urgent / imperative for us to take even more drastic measures。 3) (分述建议一） 1:Firstly / First and foremost / ，... should / ...must /why not/...had better 建议 一。 4) (分述建议二） 1: Secondly / In addition / , ... should / ...must /why not/ had better 建议二 5) (分述建议三） 1: Finally，... should / ...must /why not/ had better 建议三。