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Drivers of Globalization

Two macro factors underlie the trend toward greater globalization. The first is the

decline in barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and capital that has occurred since

the end of World War II. The second factor is technological change, particularly the 4

dramatic developments in recent decades in communication, information processing,

andtransportation technologies.

DECLINING TRADE AND INVESTMENT BARRIERS 7

During the 1920s and 30s many of the world’s nation-states erected formidable 8

barriers to international trade and foreign direct investment. International trade occurs 10

when a firm exports goods or services to consumers in another country. Foreign direct

investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests resources in business activities outside its

home country. Many of the barriers to international trade took the form of high tariffs on

imports of manufactured goods. The typical aim of such tariffs was to protect domestic

industries from foreign competition. One con sequence, however, was “beggar thy

neighbor” retaliatory trade policies, with countries progressively raising trade barriers

against each other. Ultimately, this depressed world demand and contributed to the Great

Depression of the 1930s.

Having learned from this experience, the advanced industrial nations of the West

committed themselves after World War II to removing barriers to the free flow of goods, 19

services, and capital between nations. This goal was enshrined in the General Agreement

on Tariffs and Trade. Under the umbrella of GATT, eight rounds of negotiations among

member states worked to lower barriers to the free flow of goods and services. The most

recent negotiations to be completed, known as the Uruguay Round, were finalized in

December 1993. The Uruguay Round further reduced trade barriers; extended GATT to

cover services as well as manufactured goods; provided enhanced protection for patents,

trademarks, and copyrights; and established the World Trade Organization to police the

international trading system. Table 1.1 summarizes the impact of GATT agreements on

average tariff rates for manufactured goods. As can be seen, average tariff rates have 9

fallen significantly since 1950 and now stand at about 4 percent.

In late 2001, the WTO launched a new round of talks aimed at further liberalizing the

global trade and investment framework. For this meeting, it picked the remote location of

Doha in the Persian Gulf state of Qatar. At Doha, the member states of the WTO staked

out an agenda. The talks were scheduled to last three years, but as of 2011 were

effectively stalled due to opposition from several key nations. The Doha agenda includes

cutting tariffs on industrial goods, services, and agricultural products; phasing out

subsidies to agricultural producers; reducing barriers to cross-border investment; and

limiting the use of antidumping laws. If the Doha talks are ever completed, the biggest

gain may come from discussion on agricultural products; average agricultural tariff rates

are still about 40 percent, and rich nations spend some $300 billion a year in subsidies to

support their farm sectors. The world’s poorer nations have the most to gain from any

reduction in agricultural tariffs and subsidies; such reforms would give them access to the 1

markets of the developed world.

In addition to reducing trade barriers, many countries have also been progressively 4

removing restrictions to foreign direct investment. According to the United Nations, some 5

90 percent of the 2,700 changes made worldwide between 1992 and 2009 in the laws 6

governing foreign direct investment created a more favorable environment for FDI.

Such trends have been driving both the globalization of markets and the globalization 7

of production. The lowering of barriers to international trade enables firms to view the 9

world, rather than a single country, as their market. The lowering of trade and investment barriers also allows firms to base production at the optimal location for that activity. Thus,

a firm might design a product in one country, produce component parts in two other

countries, assemble the product in yet another country, and then export the finished 13

product around the world.

According to WTO data, the volume of world merchandise trade has grown faster 15

than the world economy since 1950 (see Figure 1.1). From 1970 to 2010, the volume of 16

world merchandise trade expanded more than 30-fold, outstripping the expansion of world 17

production, which grew close to 10 times in real terms. (World merchandise trade includes 18

trade in manufactured goods, agricultural goods, and mining products, but not services.)

Since the mid-1980s, the value of international trade in services has also grown robustly.

Trade in services now accounts for about 20 percent of the value of all international trade.

Increasingly, international trade in services has been driven by advances in

communications, which allow corporations to outsource services activities to different

locations around the globe (see the opening case). Thus, as noted earlier, many

corporations in the developed world outsource customer service functions, from software

testing to customer call centers, to developing nations where labor costs are lower.

It is worth noting that the relatively slow growth in trade during the 2000-2009 period

that can be seen in Figure 1.1 reflects a steep drop in world trade that occurred in 2008

and 2009. In 2009 the global economy contracted by 2.3 percent as the global financial

crisis that began with problems in the U.S. subprime mortgage lending market 9

reverberated around the world. The volume of merchandised trade dropped by 12.2

percent in 2009, the largest such decline since World War II. The main reason seems to

have been a drop in global consumer demand, although an inability to finance

international trade due to tight credit conditions may have also played a role. However,

trade did rebound in 2010, with the WTO forecasting a 14.5 percent growth in volume.

Long-term trends still seem firmly in place.

The data summarized in Figure 1.1 imply several things. First, more firms are doing

what Boeing does with the 777 and787: dispersing parts of their production process to

different locations around the global to drive down production costs and increase product

quality. Second, the economies of the world’s nation-states are becoming more

intertwined. As trade expands, nations are becoming increasingly dependent on each

other for important goods and services. Third, the world has become significantly

wealthier since 1950, and the implication is that rising trade is the engine that has helped 2

to pull the global economy along.

Evidence also suggests that foreign direct investment is playing an increasing role in 4

the global economy as firms increase their cross-border investments. The average yearly 5

outflow of FDI increased from $25 billion in 1975 to a record $1.8 trillion in 2007. However, 6

FDI outflows did contract to $1.1 trillion in 2009 and 2010 in the wake of the global 7

financial crisis, although they were forecasted to recover in 2011. In general, over the past 8

30 years the flow of FDI has accelerated faster than the growth in world trade and world

output. For example, between 1992 and 2008, the total flow of FDI from all countries 9

increased more than eightfold while world trade by value grew by some 150 percent and 11

world output by around 45 percent. As a result of the strong FDI flow, by 2009 the global 12

stock of FDI was about $15.5 trillion. At least 82,000 parent companies had 810,000 13

affiliates in foreign markets that collectively employed more than 77 million people abroad 14

and generated value accounting for about 11 percent of global GDP. The foreign affiliates 15

of multinationals had more than $30 trillion in global sales, higher than the value of global 16

exports of goods and services, which stood at close to $19.9 trillion.

The globalization of markets and production and the resulting growth of world trade, 18

foreign direct investment, and imports all imply that firms are finding their home markets 19

under attack from foreign competitors. This is true in Japan. where U.S. companies such as Apple and Procter &Gamble are expanding their presence. It is true in the United

States, where Japanese automobile firms have taken market share away from General

Motors and Ford (although there are signs that this trend is now reversing). And it is true in 1

Europe, where the once-dominant Dutch company Philips has seen its market share in

the consumer electronics industry taken by Japan's JVC, Matsushita, and Sony, and

Korea's Samsung and LG. The growing integration of the world economy into a single,

huge marketplace is increasing the intensity of competition in a range of manufacturing

and service industries.

However, declining barriers to cross-border trade and investment cannot be taken for 7

granted. As we shall see in subsequent chapters, demands for "protection" from foreign

competitors are still often heard in countries around the world, including the United States.

Although a return to the restrictive trade policies of the 1920s and 30s is unlikely; it is not

clear whether the political majority in the industrialized world favors further reductions in

trade barriers. Indeed, the global financial crisis of 2008-2009 and the associated drop in 12

global output that occurred led to more calls for trade barriers to protect jobs at home. 1f

trade barriers decline no further, this may slow the rate of globalization of both markets

and production.

THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE

The lowering of trade barriers made globalization of markets and production a

theoretical possibility. Technological change has made it a tangible reality. Since the end

of World War II, the world has seen major advances in communication, information

processing, and transportation technology, including the explosive emergence of the 20

Internet and World Wide Web. Telecommunication is creating a global audience. 1

Transportation is creating a global village. From Buenos Aires to Boston, and from 3

Birmingham to Beijing, ordinary people are watching MTV. they're wearing jeans, and 4

they're listening to iPods as they commute to work.

Microprocessors and Telecommunications

Perhaps the single most important innovation has been development of the microprocessor, which enabled the explosive growth of high-power, low-cost computing, 7

vastly increasing the amount of information that can be processed by individuals and firms. 9

The microprocessor also underlies many recent advances in telecommunication technology. Over the past 30 years, global communications have been revolutionized by

developments in satellite, optical fiber, wireless technologies, and the Internet and the 12

World Wide Web (the web). These technologies rely on the microprocessor to encode, 13

transmit, and decode the vast amount of information that flows along these electronic 14

highways. The cost of microprocessors continues to fall, while their power increases (a 15

phenomenon known as Moore's Law, which predicts that the power of microprocessor 16

technology doubles and its cost of production falls in half every 18 months). As this 17

happens, the cost of global communications plummets, which lowers the costs of 18

coordinating and controlling a global organization. Thus, between 1930 and 1990, the cost 19

of a three-minute phone call between New York and London fell from $244.65 to $3.32. By 20

1998, it had plunged to just 36 cents for consumers, and much lower rates were available

for businesses. Indeed, by using the Internet, the cost of an international phone call is 1

rapidly plummeting toward zero.

The Internet and World Wide Web

The explosive growth of the World Wide Web since 1994 when the first web browser 4

was introduced is the latest expression of this development. In 1990, fewer than 1 million 6

users were connected to the Internet. By 1995, the figure had risen to 50 million. By 2011 the Internet had 2.3 billion users. The web has developed into the information backbone of 7

the global economy. In the United States alone, e-commerce retail sales reached $165 9

billion in 2010, up from almost nothing in 1998. Viewed globally, the web is emerging as an equalizer. It rolls back some of the constraints of location, scale, and time zones. The

web makes it much easier for buyers and sellers to find each other, wherever they may be located and whatever their size. It allows businesses both small and large, to expand their

global presence at a lower cost thanever before. It enables enterprises to coordinate and 14

control a globally dispersed production system in a way that was not possible 20 years ago.

Transportation technology

In addition to developments in communication technology, several major innovations

in transportation technology have occurred since World War II. In economic terms, 19

themost important are probably the development of commercial jet aircraft and super-freighters and the introduction of containerization, which simplifies transshipment 20

from one mode of transport to another. The advent of commercial jet travel, by reducing 1

the time needed to get from one location to another, has effectively shrunk the globe. In

terms of travel time, New York is now "closer" to Tokyo than it was to Philadelphia in the

Colonial days.

Containerization has revolutionized the transportation business, significantly lowering

the costs of shipping goods over long distances. Before the advent of containerization,

moving goods from one mode of transport to another was very labor intensive, lengthy, 7

and reload goods onto trucks and trains. With the advent of widespread containerization in

the 1970s and 1980s, the whole process can now be executed by a handful of

longshoremen in a couple of days. Since 1980, the world's containership fleet has more 10

than quadrupled, reflecting in part the growing volume of international trade and in part the

switch to this mode of transportation. As a result of the efficiency gains associated with

containerization, transportation costs have plummeted, making it much more economical

to ship goods around the globe, thereby helping to drive the globalization of markets and

production. Between 1920 and 1990, the average ocean freight and port charges per ton

of U.S. export and import cargo fell from $95 to $29 (in 1990 dollars)." The cost of

shipping freight per ton-mile on railroads in the United States fell from 3.04 cents in 1985

to 2.3 cents in 2000, largely as a result of efficiency gains from the widespread use of

containers. An increased share of cargo now goes by air. Between 1955 and 1999,

average air transportation revenue per ton-kilometer fell by more than 80 percent.

Reflecting the falling cost of airfreight, by the early 2000s air shipments accounted for 28 1

percent of the value of U.S. trade, up from 7 percent in 1965.

Implications for the Globalization of Production

As transportation costs associated with the globalization of production have declined, 4

dispersal of production to geographically separate locations become more economical. 6

As a result of the technological innovations discussed above, the real costs of information processing and communication have fallen dramatically in the past two decades. These 7

developments make it possible for a firm to create and then manage a globally dispersed 9

production system, further facilitating the globalization of production. A worldwide communications network has become essential for many international businesses. For

example, Dell uses the Internet to coordinate and control a globally dispersed production 12

system to such an extent that it holds only three days' worth of inventory at its assembly 13

locations. Dell's Internet-based system records orders for computer equipment as they 14

are submitted by customers via the company's website, then immediately transmits the 15

resulting orders for components to various suppliers around the world, which have a 16

real-time look at Dell's order flow and can adjust their production schedules accordingly.

Given the low cost of airfreight, Dell can use air transportation to speed up the delivery of 18

critical components to meet unanticipated demand shifts without delaying the shipment of 19

final product to consumers. Dell also has used modem communicationstechnology to 20

outsource its customer service operations to India. When U.S. customers call Dell with a

service inquiry, they are routed to Bangalore in India, where English-speaking service 1

personnel handle the call.

The Internet has been a major force facilitating international trade in services. It is

the web that allows hospitals in Chicago to send MRI scans to India for analysis;

accounting offices in San Francisco to outsource routine tax preparation work to

accountants living in the Philippines; and software testers in India to debug code written

by developers in Redmond, Washington, the headquarters of Microsoft. We are probably 7

still in the early stages of this development. As Moore's Law continues to advance and

telecommunications bandwidth continues to increase, almost any work processes that

can be digitalized will be, and this will allow that work to be performed wherever in the 10

world it is most efficient and effective to do so.

The development of commercial jet aircraft has also helped knit together the

worldwide operations of many international businesses. Using jet travel, an American

manager need spend a day at most traveling to his or her firm's European or Asian

operations. This enables the manager to oversee a globally dispersed production system.

Implications for the Globalization of Markets

In addition to the globalization of production, technological innovations have

facilitated the globalization of markets. Low-cost global communications networks such as

the World Wide Web are helping to create electronic global marketplaces. As noted above,

low-cost transportation has made it more economical to ship products around the world, 20

thereby helping to create global markets. For example, due to the tumbling costs of

shipping goods by air, roses grown in Ecuador can be cut and two days later sold in New

York. This has given rise to an industry in Ecuador that did not exist 20 years ago and now

supplies a global market for roses. In addition, low-cost jet travel has resulted in the mass

movement of people between countries. This has reduced the cultural distance between

countries and is bringing about some convergence of consumer tastes and preferences.

At the same time, global communication networks and global media are creating a

worldwide culture. U.S. television networks such as CNN, MTV, and HBO are now

received in many countries, and Hollywood films are shown the world over. In any society, 9

the media are primary conveyors of culture; as global media develop, we must expect the

evolution of something akin to a global culture. A logical result of this evolution is the

emergence of global markets for consumer products. The first signs of this are already

apparent. It is now as easy to find a McDonald's restaurant in Tokyo as it is in New York,

to buy an iPod in Rio as it is in Berlin, and to buy Gap jeans in Paris as it is in San

Francisco.

Despite these trends, we must be careful not to overemphasize their importance.

While modern communication and transportation tec hnologies are ushering in the “global

village," significant national differences remain in culture, consumer preferences, and

business practices. A firm that ignores differences between countries does so at its peril.

We shall stress this point repeatedly throughout this book and elaborate on it in later

chapters.

Globalization 译文

Globalization 全球化 A fundamental shift is occurring in the world economy. We are moving rapidly away from a world in which national economies were relatively self-contained entities, isolated from each other by barriers to cross-border trade and investment; by distance, time zones, and language; and by national differences in government regulation, culture, and business systems. And we are moving toward a world in which barriers to cross-border trade and investment are tumbling; perceived distance is shrinking due to advances in transportation and telecommunications technology; material culture is starting to look similar the world over; and national economies are merging into an interdependent global economic system. The process by which this is occurring is commonly referred to as globalization. 世界经济正在发生着根本性的改变。我们正迅速地远离这么一个世界，在这个世界里国家经济实体都曾经是相对自给自足，彼此孤立的，就其原因或是设置跨境贸易和投资的壁垒所致，或是因距离、时差和语言的缘故所致；或是因政府监管、文化和商业体制上的的国家差异所致。与此同时，我们正在走向另外一个世界，在这个世界里，跨境贸易和投资的壁垒正在摇摇欲坠，原来感知到的距离因为交通和电信技术上的进步而正在缩小；物质文化在全世界开始看起来都很相似；各种经济实体正融入一个彼此依赖的全球经济体制中。而正在发生的这一个过程，人们通常把它称为全球化。 Correspondent: Globalization has been one of the most important factors to affect business over the last twenty years. How is it different from what existed before? Companies used to export to other parts of the world from a base in their home country. Many of the connections between exporting and importing countries had a historical basis. Today, to be competitive, companies are looking for bigger markets and want to export to every country. They want to move into the global market. To do this many companies have set up local bases in different countries. Two chief executives will talk about how their companies dealt with going global. Percy Barnevik, one of the world’s most admired business leaders when he was Cha irman of the international engineering group ABB and Dick Brown of telecommunications provider Cable & Wireless. Cable & Wireless already operates in many countries and is well-placed to take advantage of the increasingly global market for telecommunications. For Dick Brown globalization involves the economies of countries being connected to each other and companies doing business in many countries and therefore having multinational accounts. 记者: 过去20多年以来，全球化已经成为影响业务的最重要因素之一。那么，现在的全球化与以前有何不同呢? 过去的公司都是把在本国生产基地的商品出口到世界其他各地。进出口各国之间都有着千丝万缕的联系，其中许多联系都有其历史基础。当今，要想具有竞争力，各个公司都在寻求更大的市场，都想把产品出口到每一个国家，都想迈入全球化市场，为此，许多公司都在不同国家建立了本土化基地。今天我们请来两位总裁，让他们来谈谈他们的公司是如何应对全球化的。一位是珀西·巴恩维克，在担任国际工程集团ABB主席一职时，曾是世界上最令人羡慕的商界领袖之一；另一位是迪克·布朗，来自英国大东电报局（Cable&Wireless）的电信提供商。大东电报局已经在许多国家营运起来了，而且定位很准，充分利用电信业上的日益增长的全球化市场。对迪克·布朗来说，全球化包括彼此联系的各个国家经济实体和在许多国家做生意的、从而拥有跨国账户的公司。 Dick Brown: The world is globalizing and the telecommunications industry is becoming more and more global, and so we feel we’re well-positioned in that market place. You see currency markets are more global tied, economies are globally connected, more so nowadays with

globalization 的参考译文(.11)复习过程

G l o b a l i z a t i o n的参考译文(2013.11)

Globalization A fundamental shift is occurring in the world economy. We are moving rapidly away from a world in which national economies were relatively self-contained entities, isolated from each other by barriers to cross-border trade and investment; by distance, time zones, and language; and by national differences in government regulation, culture, and business systems. And we are moving toward a world in which barriers to cross-border trade and investment are tumbling; perceived distance is shrinking due to advances in transportation and telecommunications technology; material culture is starting to look similar the world over; and national economies are merging into an interdependent global economic system. The process by which this is occurring is commonly referred to as globalization. Correspondent: Globalization has been one of the most important factors to affect business over the last twenty years. How is it different from what existed before? Companies used to export to other parts of the world from a base in their home country. Many of the connections between exporting and importing countries had a historical basis. Today, to be competitive, companies are looking for bigger markets and want to export to every country. They want to move into the global market. To do this many companies have set up local bases in different countries. Two chief executives will talk about how their companies dealt with going global.Percy Barnevik,one of the world’s most admired business leaders when he was Chairman of the international engineering group ABB and Dick Brown of telecommunications provider Cable & Wireless. Cable & Wireless already operates in many countries and is well-placed to take advantage of the increasingly global market for telecommunications. For Dick Brown globalization involves the economies of countries being connected to each other and companies doing business in many countries and therefore having multinational accounts. Dick Brown: The world is globalizing and the telecommunications industry is becoming more and more global, and so we feel we’re well-positioned in that market place. You see currency markets are more global tied, economies are globally connected, more so nowadays with expanded trade, more and more multinational accounts are doing business in many, many more countries. We’re a company at

全球化的利与弊 Economic globalization(英汉)

全球化的利与弊Economic globalization 全世界都在谈论全球化，有的人认为它是本世纪的发明，有的人看到它的负面影响。经济上的利与弊：随着电子货币的到来，投资变得很方便，只要点击一下，大量货币就会从一个国家流通到另一个国家。这就开辟了个人投资的新渠道。提高了劳工的流动性，因此开辟了前所未有的就业和培训前景。激烈的竞争促使价格下降和服务的改进，例如送货上门和售后服务。全球化导致产生统一市场，从而使那些不在这个市场中的国家受到更多的剥削。仅仅３００家公司就占全球产值的三分之一，占国际贸易的一半。而食品生产则由１２家公司控制。贫困的劳工群体越来越被排斥在外。不稳定性在增加，１９９７年在欧洲抛售黄金储备的传闻就使南非５万矿工失业。这就是多米诺骨牌效应。 All over the world about globalization, some people think that it is the invention, some people see its negative effects. Economic advantages and disadvantages: With the arrival of electronic money, it's very convenient for investment, click, a lot of money from one country to flow into another country. It opened up new avenues of personal investment. To improve the labor mobility, and thus opened an employment and training. Competitive price and service to the improvement, such as door-to-door and after-sales service. Globalization leads to a single market, so that the market in the country is more exploitation. Only 300 companies is one-third of global output, accounting for half of the international trade. While food production is controlled by 12 companies. Poverty and labor group is excluded. Instability in 1997 in Europe, selling gold reserves rumours that South Africa is 5 million miners unemployment. This is the domino effect. 统一供应的危险性在增长，忽视了市场上产品的多样性。 Supply risk in growth, has neglected the diversity of products on the market. 社会上的利与弊：在政治上，欧盟和联合国等组织的权力在扩大，这可以在全球决策的舞台上抵消多国公司的作用。媒体的跨国力量有助于控制不公正现象，有助于各国的言论自由。南北差距在扩大。贫困世界在全球收入中只占１·４％，１０年前占２·３％。最严重的社会后果是犯罪全球化，对贫困国家劳动力的剥削有增无减。非法移民在增加。文化上的利与弊：文化的传播更快了，政治和知识产权的障碍减少了，谁也不能阻止一种文化产品在其国内的传播。“逆殖民化”在加强：例如美国迈阿密和洛杉矶的拉丁化。亚洲和非洲繁荣城市人口的增长成为文化传播的新的推动力。最近一份联合国人文发展报告显示，全球文化只朝着一个方向传播：从富国向穷国，而不是从穷国向富国。在文化生产上，商业利润至上，质量和多样性被忽视。 Politically, the European Union and the United Nations organization such as power in the world, which can be expanded in the decision on the stage of the multinational corporation offset. Multinational force helps to control the media injustices, helps countries freedom of speech.

Globalization definitions

表1：全球化的定義項次人名或機構定義 1 David Held et al.當代社會生活的所有層面（包括文化、犯罪、金融、宗教精神等），在整個世界的相互聯繫上，已經日益擴張、深入和加速。 2 Ulrich Beck 跨國行動者從權力、取向、認同和網絡等各種面向穿透和侵蝕主權國家的過程。 3 R. Cohen and P. Kennedy 時空概念的變化、文化互動的增長、世界所有居民都面臨共同問題的增加、相互聯繫和相互依存的增強、跨國行為體的發展和跨國組織網絡的擴展，以及全方位的一體化。 4 A. G. McGrew 組成當代世界體系的國家與社會之間的聯繫和相互溝通的多樣化，是世界某個部份發生的事情、決定和活動能夠對全球遙遠地方的個人和團體產生重要影響。 5 Barbara Parker (2005: 49) 對傳統界限，例如國家、時間、空間等等日漸增加的穿透性。 6 喬治?索羅斯 (2002: i) 全球化等於資金的自由流動，而國家也愈來愈受到全球金融市場及跨國企業的主導。 7 Kenich Ohame 國與國間貿易界限或障礙的消弭。 8 Peter Dicken 為傳統國際生產、投資及貿易形式上的轉變。 9 Douglas Kellner (2002) 高度複雜、矛盾和模糊的制度與社會關係，以及牽涉商品、勞務、想法、科技、文化形式和人的流動。 10 卡爾?海因茲?巴奎全球化係以貿易聯繫的密切程度為基準，國際貿易額佔全球生產的比例越高，世界經濟全球化的程度就越高。 11 Richard C. Longworth 全球化可視為全球經濟體系的形成，使企業家能夠在世界任何地方籌募資金，藉著這些資金，利用世界任何地方之科技、通訊、管理和人才，在世界任何地方製造商品，賣給世界任何地方的顧客。 12 Richard G. Harris (1993) 經濟學者通常將全球化視為生產、分配和商品行銷的國際化。 13 Christopher Chase-Dunn et al. (2000) 全球化通常意指通訊和運輸科技的改變，資本流動和商品貿易日增的國際化，以及經濟競爭的主戰場從國內市場轉移到世界市場。

globalizationinmyeyes我眼中的全球化

Globalization in my eyes Globalization has penetrated into all aspects of our life around the world. We can see it everywhere and anytime. It benefits our life a lot. In view of going out to play, globalization in economy makes it convenient for people to travel all over the world and enjoy wonderful scenes in different places. Besides, globalization in food gives eating lovers chances to taste different foods easily. And globalization in industry creates more wisdom and has deep influence on the development of industry, etc. However, there are also disadvantages during the process of globalization. On the one hand, more and more Chinese people are used to the foreign lifestyle, and they usually celebrate foreign holidays instead of our traditional ones. On the other hand, globalization has a great impact on our national products. There is a sense among people that foreign goods are better than goods made in China. Last but not least, it enlarge the distance between the developing countries and the developed countries, which is bad for the global harmony. In my eyes, globalization is a two-edged sword. If we master it validly, we can create a new world, or what wait us is destroy.

全球化(globalization)

Good morning, everyone! I am deeply honored to give this speech, today, what I want to say is the impact of globalization and the attitude we should hold. 我深感荣幸做这次演讲，今天，我想说是全球化的影响以及我们应该持有的态度。 In most people’s minds, globalization refers to the unimpeded flows of capital, labor and technology across national borders, the world is gradually becoming a whole,connected and indivisible. Globalization is the inevitable trend of the development of human society, and it is changing the world. 在大多数人心目中，全球化是指资本、劳动力和技术不受阻碍的跨国界流动，世界正逐渐成为一个整体，相互连接、不可分割。全球化是人类社会发展的必然趋势，它正改变着世界。 In the era of economic globalization, cross-border transactions are everywhere. Many people engage in abroad business, as a result, some people’s national awareness gradually turns to be very weak. There are even some people saying that national identity makes no difference for them. I don't agree with this idea at all.There is a saying that businessmen feel at home wherever they are.However,as a matter of fact,each businessman has only one home,the place where he was born and grew up.Cite an example,a Chinese who has been working overseas for many years can't lose his sense of national awareness to China because of the long time stay in the overseas.Working abroad gives him the material life he wants,but his roots are still in China,which is his emotional attribution.He is a Chinese wherever he is,this sense of belonging can’t be lost. 在经济全球化的时代，跨境交易无处不在。很多人从事于国外业务，其结果是，一些人的国家意识渐渐变成是非常薄弱。甚至有些人说国家认同对他们来说没有什么影响。我根本不赞同这种观点。有一种说法说：商人四海为家。然而，实际上，每个商人有只有一个家，那个生他养他的地方。举个例子，一个长期在海外工作的中国人不能因为长时间呆在海外而失去了国家意识。在国外的工作给他想要的物质生活，但他的根还在他的情感归属地——中国。无论身在何方，他都是一个中国人，这种归属感不能丢失。 As borders and national identities become less important, some find that threatening and even dangerous.Harvard Professor Samuel Huntington describes Davos Man as an emerging global superspecies and a threat in an essay. He says that these people have little need for national loyalty,view national boundaries as obstacles.As far as I am concerned,endorse a global outlook does not mean erasing national identity.On the surface,they left their country, in fact, they not only drove the development of their own national economy, but also made a huge contribution to the development of the world economy.This has largely reflected their patriotic feelings. 随着国界和对国家的认同变得不那么重要，有些人将此当成威胁，甚至危险。哈佛大学教授塞缪尔·亨廷顿在一篇文章中将达沃斯人描写成新兴的全球超级物种和威胁。他说那些人不需要什么对国家的忠诚，将国界视为障碍。在我看来，对全球观表示赞同并不意味着去除对国家的认同。表面上，他们离开自己的国家，事实上，他们不仅带动本国经济的发展，还对世界经济的发展造成巨大的贡献。这也充分地反映了他们的爱国情怀。 The process of globalization is accompanied by opportunities and challenges .It promotes the development of human society, but also brings some disasters to the world.The terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11,2001 ,which is considered an example of the disaster of globalization,brought huge losses to the United States, and brought a warning to the world. Globalization fatigue is still much in evidence in Europe and America,while in places like China and India,globalization has brought a huge opportunity for their development. 全球化进程被伴随着机遇和挑战。它促进了人类社会的发展，但也给世界带来一些灾难。2001年9月11日

泛读教程四 unit 3 Globalization电子版

Unit 3 Word Pretest: For each italicized word or phrase, choose the best meaning below. 1.The collection is characterized by a mélange of bold graphics, statements and exotic Indian motifs that are both classic and contemporary. A.style B. feature C. mixture D. separation 2.The weather is one variable to be considered. A.something that is subject to change B. something of great importance C. key point D. necessity 3.You'll be biased to put extra weight on the cases that support your theory and diminish the cases that refute it. A.prove B. disapprove C. violate D. maintain https://www.wendangku.net/doc/901564841.html,st week the government unveiled a media sector review intended to spawn a bit more competition. A. abolish B. destroy C. go beyond D. engender 5.Their latest computer outstrips all its rivals. A.surpasses B. defeats C. follows D. modifies 6.All the children are lumped together in one class, regardless of their ability. A.taken care of B. watched over C. put together D. brought up 7.As a journalist, she refuses to gloss over their faults or silence their critics. A.set up B. take over C. cover up D. get over 8.We can foresee a new paradigm in the global market in the 21st century. A.pattern B. problem C. scenario D. prospect 9.This kind of sedentary lifestyle costs you in more ways than you might think. A.tending to follow fashion B. tending to do much exercise C. tending to sit D. tending to move about https://www.wendangku.net/doc/901564841.html,ck of time precludes any further discussion. A.speeds up B. slows down C. includes D. excludes Global Mélange Globalization and culture is not an innocent theme. The intervening variable in

雅思范文全球化globalization

Nowadays we can enjoy the same films, fashions, brands, advertisements and TV channels. The evident difference between countries is disappearing. To what extent do you think the disadvantages overweight the advantages of this? Globalization creates conditions for widening international exchanges, strengthening mutual understanding between nations, expanding cultural, educational, and scientific cooperation between nations and countries, enjoying the cultural achievements of people around the world which encourages the process of modernization and the enrichment of national culture. However, these conditions also create the possible danger of diminishing the national culture with a negative impact on the pre123vation of national identity. Through globalization and an open door policy, erroneous concepts and a lowering of ethical standards, a selfish and individualistic lifestyle and harmful cultural products can easily be imported into the country. At present, modern information technology which in the main is controlled by US is hourly and intensively disseminating US ideology, way of life, culture and films across the world. Even US food is promoted so that some people consider globalization as global Americanization. During the process of economic globalization, inequality between developed and developing countries has been increasing and the gap between the rich and the poor has become wider, most of the result of globalization go to assist developed countries. Globalization does not pose equal interests and risks to all nations. With an overwhelming advantage compared to most of the developing countries in terms of finance and the level of science and technology, developed ca123alist countries control the situation of economic globalization. For these reasons, globalization is a fierce and complicated struggle in both cultural and ideological fields. We take the initiative in international economic integration but also have to take the initiative in fighting to keep our distinct culture resisting pro-foreign and cross-bred phenomena, and overcoming the psychology of preferring money over ethical values. 雅思高分倒装句 1. But unpopular as red has been in the past, at the moment it is a favorite hair dye. 结构：全句有2个谓语动词：has been和is.其中，as引导的让步状语从句是一个部分倒装句，按照正常语序应该是Although red has been unpopular in the past.句子可被拆分为， 1). Red has been unpopular in the past. 2). But at the moment it is a favorite hair dye. 翻译：尽管过去红色不怎么流行，现在却是一种备受欢迎的染发颜色。 2. Only when he has lost his way does he realize that he wasn't careful enough to make sure that he really did understand. 结构：全句有4个谓语动词：has，does realize，wasn't和did understand..其中主句的是does realize.本句话是以only开头的强调句，其所强调的是when引导的条件状语从句。第一个that 引导的是realize的宾语从句。第一个that引导的是make sure的宾语从句。

大学英语作文-globalization

大学英语作文 globalization Just as we know, the development of globalization brings tremendous positive effects to the whole world. It gives a chance not only for developed countries but also developing countries. Particularly,it brings the large favor for the world’s poor. To begin with, globalization makes capital and labor mobility greater than before. The poor, who live in the developing countries, can choose to work in some foreign corporations which can pay the higher salaries for them. They will improve the situations of their lives and make their children enjoy better education than ever. As capital and labor become more mobile, international tax competition rises.So many governments have to cut tax rates. As a result, tax systems around the world become more efficient, economic output and incomes will rise.

globalization

First of all, it has been asserted that globalization provides the increasing of productivity and life standard of societies. To begin with productivity is indeed increased as it can be seen that the population of the world is rising rapidly even uncontrollable and more people means that there is a need of more product too. Thus Globalization responds the needs of 7 billion people. Moreover the standards of life is a lot better than 50 years ago as they are more machines and systems invented in developed countries supporting all world. However there is another side of the facts. Globalization causes the poor citizens having more requirements. Secondly cultural intermingling is enlarging with globalization which lets the people from all over the world able to communicate easier. On the other hand sharing traditional behaviors cause them fading as boundaries are disappearing. The most important disadvantage of globalization is the increasing number of the loafer. After the industrial revolution, industry gravitated some particular countries. Because of that, these countries became a power in industry. However production decreased and so unemployment was raised in the other countries. Another reason of the unemployment rise is that the need of less manpower. As stated at Wikipedia, many workers found themselves suddenly unemployed, as could no longer compete with machines which only required relatively limited work to produce more product than a single worker. Another major damage of globalization is that some cultures are getting lost. The cultures of the countries that have more economic power are more dominant than others. Because, wealthy countries produce many things that can affect cultures, for example, clothes, movies and technologic products. According to Ikerd, while the global community is increasing, more and more people have became ignorant about social, ethical and moral values which are various in defining groups. (2002) Therefore, globalization damages small cultures which are in risk of being extinct. Big disadvantages. The final significant effect of globalization is the difficulty of competition. With globalization, trade between the countries has been started to remove limits. This situation of enterprises has prepared the ground to be in constant competition with not only national competitors but also international competitors. Therefore, business requires being in a more rigorous and challenging competitive atmosphere to maintain continuity and development. Rising of monopole companies and trough among production costs are the main effects of this hard competition in business. As pointed in Global Policy Forum, undeveloped countries choose to use foreign capital for their improvement however it disposes the equality and stability instead. In conclusion, unemployment, social degeneration and difficulty of competition are the killer disadvantages on people life that based on globalization. In my opinion, people must be aware of this exploitation. Globalization is a one-way tale. 首先，它一直宣称，全球化提供了增加生产力和社会生活的标准。要开始与生产力的确是，因为它可以看出，世界人口增长迅速，甚至无法控制和更多的人增加，意味着有需要更多的产品。因此，全球化响应7亿人的需要。此外，生活标准是很多比50年前，因为它们是在发达国家支持世界所有发明更多的机器和系统更好。然而，事实的另一面。全球化导致的贫困公民有更多的要求。其次，文化的交织是扩大它可以让